Failure to acknowledge sources or how to plagiarise - 1. Referencing and references. Failure to acknowledge sources or how to plagiarise - 2

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1 Referencing and references Researchers are expected to refer to the work of others in their own written work. This is done to acknowledge intellectual debt; to support facts or claims; to enable readers to explore related material. Whatever the reason, it is important to present references in a way that will communicate the information necessary for the reader to identify the item referenced effectively and easily. how to plagiarise - 1 The obvious method copy words written by someone else without using quotation marks ( ) and/or without putting an author-and-date citation (e.g. Smith, 2005) next to them. Still plagiarism, even if the omission is out of carelessness (without intending to deceive). 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references 1 how to plagiarise - 2 The slightly subtle way paraphrase - i.e. to rearrange the words The almost cunning method summarize - or to write a summary in other words (make a précis), without stating that you are making a summary and without citing the source that is being paraphrased or summarized. Misrepresentation of empirical observations Cheating includes writing summaries or analyses that include material which was not actually derived from records made during the writer s own observations (or from someone else s observations). In other words, you can t make up the data to fit the conclusions you would like to make. This is also known as fabrication of data. 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references Writing - 3: Referencing and references 3 forgetting secondary citations - 1 In a secondary source, the author reports work presented in other papers. Textbooks often report the work of other people. Students read textbooks and then write their essays as if they had read the original papers. Indirect access to sources should always be acknowledged as secondary citations, e.g: Cited by the paper that you read forgetting secondary citations - 2 Secondary citation is not generally acceptable in a publication. As good scholars, you should have consulted the original paper, to be sure you are fair to its writer. Always try to consult primary sources in project reports, other continuous assessments work and theses. 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references Writing - 3: Referencing and references 5 1

2 Examples of correct attribution - 1 If plagiarism is such a big issue, how can you avoid it? Fortunately, there are some acceptable ways of using other people s work. The key point is honesty. Anyone reading your work must be certain what is your work and where you have relied on other people s work. Examples of correct attribution - 2 Acceptable usages Summarizing the important points while demonstrating some understanding of the material: In reviewing the literature, Smalley (1998) concludes that all attempts to parse English with grammars of no more power than context-free have failed. You must include Smalley s paper in the references. 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references Writing - 3: Referencing and references 7 Examples of correct attribution - 3 Examples of correct attribution - 4 You may wish to provide more information about the previous work so you can discuss individual points: Smalley (1998) cites Crouch s claim that parsing centre-embedded sentences should be parsed using finite state machines with a limited number of transitions, thus modelling the limited capacity of short-term memory. You must include Smalley s but not Crouch s paper in the references. 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references 8 An alternative method: To summarize Crouch (as described by Smalley (1998)), centre-embedded sentences should be parsed using finite state machines with a limited number of transitions, thus modelling the limited capacity of short-term memory. You must include Smalley s but not Crouch s paper in the references. 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references 9 Examples of plagiarism - 1 No acknowledgement of a source: Centre-embedded sentences should be parsed using finite state machines with a limited number of transitions, thus modelling the limited capacity of short-term memory. 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references 10 Examples of plagiarism - 2 Representing papers as though they had been read by the author, while the phrasing is clearly based closely upon Smalley s summary. Crouch (1993) states centre-embedded sentences should be parsed using finite state machines with a limited number of transitions, thus modelling the limited capacity of short-term memory. Including Smalley s paper in the references is not satisfactory because there is nothing in the text to explain why it is included in the references. 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references 11 2

3 How to reference There are two parts to referencing: Making a reference in text Recording the details of an item in a bibliography or list of references. Making a reference in text There are many styles of making references. There are two basic families: Harvard system - Author/date method Vancouver system - numbering. 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references Writing - 3: Referencing and references 13 Vancouver system numbering - 1 References are made by giving a number which points to a numbered bibliography. Simpkins(1) includes a review of implementations of LFG written from the database interface perspective and with a concentration on semantic systems imposed on LFG. This review was later extended with a concentration on the parsing of co-ordination.(2) There have been two notable implementations of LFG, both originating from the Institut für Linguistik of the Universität Stuttgart. The first implementation(3-4) was part of a larger system investigating the use of Kamp s Discourse Representation System. Vancouver system numbering - 2 This is widely used in the Arts and Humanities. It works well whether or not there is an obvious author. It doesn t break the text up so much as the Harvard system. The reader probably doesn t know the reference without consulting the bibliography. It is difficult to use if you have to insert the number manually. 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references Writing - 3: Referencing and references 15 Harvard system - Author/date method - 1 References are made by giving the author s name and the date of publication. Simpkins (1988) includes a review of implementations of LFG written from the database interface perspective and with a concentration on semantic systems imposed on LFG. Hurt (1991) builds on this review with a concentration on the parsing of co-ordination. There have been two notable implementations of LFG, both originating from the Institut für Linguistik of the Universität Stuttgart. The first implementation was part of a larger system investigating the use of Kamp s Discourse Representation System (Frey and Reyle, 1983; Reyle and Frey, 1983). 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references 16 Harvard system - Author/date method - 2 This is widely used in Sciences, Engineering and now, Social Sciences. It works well when there is an obvious author; badly when there is no obvious author. It can be made to fit well into a piece of continuous text. The reader often knows the reference without having to consult the bibliography. It looks ugly when there are lots of references at the end of a sentence or paragraph. 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references 17 3

4 placing a citation in the text - 1 There are a number of guidelines for placing citations: Obvious guideline 1 A citation in the text must point to a specific entry in your list of references. Easy examples: (Jones, 1996) (Jones and Jones, 1995) (Jones, Jones and Jones, 1994) 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references 18 placing a citation in the text - 2 More difficult cases: Distinguishing between two authors with the same family name, e.g.: (Sloman, A, 1999) and (Sloman, M, 1999). More than three authors (Jones et al, 1993) Corporate authors (Apple, 2009) or (Microsoft, 2012) 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references 19 placing a citation in the text - 3 Obvious guideline 2 If you want to refer to a: specific page (e.g. for a quotation), section / chapter, figure / picture, table, equation you have to include the appropriate information, e.g: (Hancox, 1989, fig. 2) (Hancox, Mills and Reid, 1990, pp ) (Simpkins and Hancox, 1990, sec. 6.1) placing a citation in the text - 4 When you write your text, you should place your citation where it doesn t get in the way of reading. Hint - try to place citations before punctuation marks: Many previous NLP systems have simply used the search strategy of Prolog directly (Pereira and Warren, 1980; McCord, 1985). 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references Writing - 3: Referencing and references 21 placing a citation in the text - 5 Other places look quite obvious: Some previous implementers (Phillips, 1987; Matsumoto, 1983) have used the opposite method. And sometimes you use part of the citation in your text: Sharp (1965) introduced the SLIC system. Referencing in LaTeX - 1 When a reference is placed in some text, it is necessary to include a command, e.g: This is a document with a reference to \cite{doc1} and is very short. \cite{doc2} To make LaTeX pick-up the bibliography file, you need to add two commands: \begin{document} \bibliographystyle{plain} text \bibliography{bibtext_doc.bib} \end{document} 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references Writing - 3: Referencing and references 23 4

5 Referencing in LaTeX - 2 BibTeX has a number of built-in referencing styles: plain - numbered and reference list sorted unsrt - numbered but reference list not sorted abbrv - as with plain, but some parts shortened alpha - as with plain, but a key is produced to replace the number in the text, e.g. [Han94]. The plain style will produce a text in the form: This is a document with a reference to [1] and is very short. [2] This is the Vancouver system mentioned above. Using the Harvard system - 1 To implement the Harvard style, we have to extend our knowledge of LATEX by including a LATEX style file: \documentstyle[harvard]{article} where harvard is an instruction to read a style file called: harvard.sty In addition, we have to specify a different BIBTEX style: \bibliographystyle{dcu} where dcu is an instruction to read a style file called: dcu.bst 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references Writing - 3: Referencing and references 25 Using the Harvard system - 2 Remember that the Harvard style allows us to include authors names in running text. There are two ways in which we might want to incorporate names, e.g: Jones (1987) showed Other studies showed the Earth to be cuboid (Black, 1993). Using the Harvard system - 3 To implement this, we need two forms of citing references in a text: Jones (1987) showed \citeasnoun{jones87} showed Other studies showed the Earth to be cuboid (Black, 1993). Other studies showed the Earth to be cuboid \cite{black93}. 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references Writing - 3: Referencing and references 27 In summary If ideas, words, pictures, tables, data, program code, etc aren t yours add a reference 7 - Writing - 3: Referencing and references 28 5