REFERENCING & CITATION

Transcription

1 REFERENCING & CITATION HARVARDSTYLE PREPARED BY: TIMOTHY DIVER [CUT LIBRARY]

2 Referencing, NOT Plagiarising!

3 Learning Objectives At the end of the session you will be able to: Understand why plagiarism should be avoided understand why we cite and reference information sources understand what the Harvard referencing system is

4 Research Ethics Ethics is a very important issue in research. It is dangerous to assume that all researchers know about ethics or that all researchers work ethically. Consider the excerpts below from studies on ethical violations in research. "Research misconduct fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism is a problem in the scientific community today with the capacity to harm science, scientists, and the public." Kornfeld, Donald S. "Research misconduct: The search for a remedy." Academic Medicine 87.7 (2012): < >

5 "Levels of misconduct appear to be higher than in the past. This may reflect either a real increase in the incidence of fraud or a greater effort on the part of journals to police the literature." Steen, R. Grant. "Retractions in the scientific literature: is the incidence of research fraud increasing?" Journal of Medical Ethics (2010). Web link "The percentage of scientific articles retracted because of fraud has increased 10-fold since 1975." Fang, Ferric C., R. Grant Steen, and Arturo Casadevall. "Misconduct accounts for the majority of retracted scientific publications." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2012): Web link

6 What is plagiarism The word plagiarise comes from the Latin word plagium which means the act of kidnapping. Kidnapping is snatching or taking furtively and illicitly that which is not yours.

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8 Avoid Plagiarism Plagiarism is a serious issue in academic writing: It s intellectual dishonesty; It s academic theft It discredits your work It s a punishable offence You avoid plagiarism by referencing properly.

9 What is referencing? Referencing is the process of acknowledging your sources. Sources include anything you take information from, eg, books, journals, magazines, newspapers, websites, lectures, interviews, legislation, maps, television and radio programmes, works of art, etc.

10 Why Referencing? Referencing is used to: Enable the reader to locate the sources used. Credit sources of information & ideas used in your work.. Show the scope and breadth of your research. Validate your arguments and give credibility to your work. Avoid plagiarism

11 Which referencing style? The are different referencing styles being used by different disciplines across the world. Notable ones: APA (American Psychology Association) MLA - Modern Language Association ( widely used in humanities) Oxford (Usually used in legal studies) Vancouver (often used in Medical & Engineering) Harvard(often adopted in education, business studies, social sciences)

12 Harvard Referencing System Often referred to as authordate system. One of the most widely used style of referencing worldwide. Adopted by CUT

13 How to Reference Referencing is a two part process: 1. Citing within the text The author and date of publication appear in brackets immediately after the idea, information or quote you are referring to in your work eg: Political reform is needed (Kruger 2007). 2. References at the end of the work This appears at the end of your assignment giving full publication details for all of the sources you used, eg: Kruger, D. (2007) On fraternity: politics beyond liberty and equality. London: Institute for the Study of Civil Society.

14 In-Text Citation Author surname(date) For example:- Holloway (2009) argues that... David & Gunda (2010) are of the view that... Cultural tourism is on the rise in Zimbabwe (Taguta 2012)

15 Bibliographic elements Bibliographic elements are the pieces of information you get from a book, journal/periodical/magazine, newspaper, or Internet resource that you will then use to do create your works cited or bibliography entry for your paper/assignment/thesis.

16 Bibliographic elements cont d Books Author/Creator Title Publisher Place of Publication Date of Publication The medium of publication for all hard copy books is Print.

17 Bibliographic elements cont d Journal Articles Article Author/Creator Article Title Journal Title Volume Issue Date Inclusive Pages Periodicals (e.g. magazines, newspapers, and scholarly journals)

18 Bibliographic elements cont d Newspapers Article Author/Creator Article Title Newspaper Title Date Page(s) Format e.g. print or electronic

19 Bibliographic elements cont d Internet Resources Author/Creator Article name in quotation marks (if applicable) Title of the Website Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date. Take note of any page numbers (if available). Medium of publication. Date you accessed the material.

20 How to reference a BOOK Author (date) Title. Place of Pub, Publisher. Author(s) Surname.Initial(s), Use & between two authors. Date Year of publication Holloway, J. C. (2009) The business of tourism. (8 th ed.)harlow, Prentice Hall. Title In sentence case and italicised. Publisher Place of publication, publisher.

21 How to reference an e-book Author (date) Title. Place of Pub, Publisher. [online] Website address. Date accessed Author(s) Surname.Initial(s), Use & between two authors. Date Year of publication Title In sentence case and italicised. Nathull. P.L. (2009) Farm business management: the human factor. Chichester, CabiPublishing [Online]. Available at nagement. Accessed on 3rd February 2015, 10:22 am. Publisher Publisher followed by [Online]. Access information Give homepage of website, and date and time you accessed the resource. (As e-books often require a login, only the homepage needs to be given.)

22 How to reference a JOURNAL ARTICLE Author (date) Title of article. Journal title. Vol. no. (issue no) pages. Author(s) Surname.Initial(s), Use & between two authors. Date Year of publication Article Title In sentence case Benhin, J.K.A. (2008) South African crop farming and climate change: An economic assessment of impacts. Global Environmental Change, vol. 18 (4) p Journal Title In Title Case and italicised Journal information Give volume and issue as x(x), followed by page numbers pp. For multiple pages p. For a single page item

23 How to reference a e-journal ARTICLE Author (date) Title. Title of article. Journal title.vol. no. (issue no) pages. [online] Website address. Date accessed Author(s) Surname.Initial(s), Use & between two authors. Date Year of publication Article Title In sentence case Journal Title In Title Case and italicised Mumford, J.D. & Norton, G.A.. (1984) Economics of Decision Making in Pest Management. Annual Review of Entomology, vol.29 pp [Online]. Available at /annurev.en Accessed on 3rd February 2015, 09:43am. Journal information Give volume and issue as x(x), followed by page numbers pp. For multiple pages p. For a single page item Follow with [Online]. Access information Give homepage of website, and date and time you accessed the resource. (As e-journals often require a login, only the homepage needs to be given.)

24 Please note the following: Name of journal is italics, and not the title of the article itself There is no comma after the journal title DO NOT use words/abbreviations for volume(vol.) or number (no.) to indicate volume and issue. The issue number is enclosed in parentheses, for example volume 8, number 2 of a journal will be as indicated as 8(2). NB: Redreaming the Plain 2(1):25-30

25 How to reference a WEB PAGE Author(s) Surname.Initial(s) if a person is the author. Otherwise use corporate author or organisation. Date Year site last updated (often shown at the bottom of the page). If not known, enter (no date). Ministry of Lands & Agriculture. (2009) Land reform policy. [Online]. Available at Accessed on 2nd February 2015, 11:10pm. Page Title In sentence case Website Title In Title Case and italicised. Followed by [Online]. Access information Give full address of webpage, and date and time you accessed the resource.

26 Citing one author Citing a book in the text : Acknowledgement in the text: Salinger (1996:8) contends that (Phillips 2006:25) describes a new In the reference list: Phillips, T Mechatronicsmade easy. Harare: University of Zimbabwe. Salinger, TS Literacy for young children. 2 nd ed. Harare: Oxford University Press.

27 Citing two authors Acknowledgement in the text: Coveney and Highfield(1995:29) argue that The universal Turing machine (Coveney& Highfield 1995:29). In the reference list: Coveney, P & Highfield, R Frontiers of complexity. New York: Ballantyne Books. NB: The ampersand is used if the reference is in brackets but if the names are given in the discussion and is used.

28 Citing three or more authors When there are three or more authors the work is entered under all the author names the first time it is cited but subsequently only the first author s name followed by (et al.) which indicates that there are several other authors whose names have not been given in full. In the reference list all the authors names are given. Acknowledgement in the text for the first time: Stilwell, Leach and Burton (1999:34) state that knowledge and development or Knowledge and development in Africa (Stilwell, Leach & Burton 1999:34)

29 Citing three or more authors Cont d Acknowledgement in the text subsequently: Stilwell et al. (1999:34) state that knowledge and development Knowledge and development in Africa (Stilwell et al. 1999:34) In the reference list: Stilwell, C, Leach, A & Burton, S Knowledge, information and development. Pretoria: One Step.

30 Chapter in a collected work Chapter author (Year) Title of chapter, in Book editor (ed.) Title of book. Place Place of publication: of Publisher, Publisher, page numbers. page numbers. Chapter author (Year) Title of chapter, in Book editor (ed.) Title of book. When compiling a reference for a chapter in a collected work you do the following: Acknowledgement in text: According to Moyo(2010:7) one of the experiences One of the experiences (Moyo2010:7)

31 Chapter in a collected work Cont d In the reference list: Moyo, P Zimbabwe: 35 years old, in Children in post independency, edited by W Zvakafa. Harare: Gushungo Books

32 Citing more than one source There are two ways to do that: 1.in-text alphabetically Braman(1998), Chavhi(2010), and Zvake (1985) emphasise the importance of Zimbawedoes not yet have an information policy (Braman 1998; Chavhi 2010; Zvake 1985).

33 Citing more than one source cont d 2. In-text chronologically [listed with the most recent source cited first] Zimbawedoes not yet have an information policy (Chavhi2010; Braman 1998; Zvake 1985).

34 Book with an editor Where there is an editor/editors enter the work under title followed by the date of publication. Give the name(s) of the editor/editors: In the reference list: Cook-Gumperz, J. (ed.) The social construction of literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In text: The issue of the social context of reading is discussed by a number of authors (Cook-Gumperz 1986). In the book The social construction of literacy (Cook- Gumperz1986) the issue of social context is discussed by a number of authors.

35 News paper article In text: Many will remember the drawn out battle in 2004 to ensure people received ARVs (Zvaks 2009:7). According to Zvaks (2009:7) in 2004 In the reference list: Zvaks, W The madness of Aids-denial era. Zvimba News 20 July:7.

36 Theses and dissertations In-text citation : Mazvake s(2007) research shows the benefits of using an adjusted earnings approach for internet brand valuation. Reference list : Mazvake, W. (2007) The evaluation of internet brands. MScthesis. National University of Technology. Author (Year) Title of thesis. Type of degree thesis. Institution.

37 Theses and dissertations from the internet In-text citation : Zimbabwean working-class women s literature experienced a renaissance during the 1980s (Moyo 2009). Reference list : Moyo, S. (2009) Working-class women and contemporary Zimbabwean literature. PhD thesis. ChinhoyiUniversity of Technology. Available at: (Accessed: 8 August 2011).

38 Effective quoting and citing Direct Quotation: This is where you take the words directly from a source, without changing anything, and here you must use quotation marks. For example: Direct quotation means using the exact words of another person, e.g. In text: Figure captions should be as concise as possible (Smyth 2009:38).

39 Effective quoting and citing cont d Rules for short quotations: Put short quotations (around twenty words or less) in inverted commas within the text. Example: Society has developed a boundary-free culture (Zvaks 2015:31)

40 Effective quoting and citing cont d Rules for long quotations: Long quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph, in a smaller font. Cite the author and date in the same and in brackets at the right margin of the page, under the quotation: Nowhere did this new boundary-free culture of American food consumption thrive better than traditional American family, which by the 1980 s was undergoing rapid change. (Zvaks 2015:36)

41 Paraphrase Paraphrasing involves restating the author s idea in your own words. The ideas are not enclosed in quotation marks but must still be acknowledged. It is not essential to give page numbers when you paraphrase.

42 Rules for Referencing References should be in alphabetical order by author surname. References must not be numbered. The layout, punctuation and capitalization of all references must be consistent: Capitalize all personal names and places. Put book and journal title in italics.

43 Reference list Emphasise the title of the source using italics, bold or underlining. List in alphabetical order by author's surname regardless of the type of source. Use capital letters for author names, source titles & all main wordsinthetitleofajournal.

44 Reference List Example Behrens, SJ, Olen, SII & Machet, MP Mastering information skills.pretoria: Unisa Press. Crouch, D. (2006) Tournament. Harare: Hambledon Continuum Grbich, C Male primary caregivers and domestic labour: involementor avoidance? Journal of Family Studies 1(2): McGreal, Chris. Parliament passes payroll tax cut. 16 February Available at: [Accessed 17 February 2012]

45 Referencing Tools Mendeley < > Bibme < > Zotero < > Cithisfome < > Easybib < Endnote < > Refworks < >

46 END