Introduction to Referencing

Transcription

1 Introduction to Referencing 2008 Dr Daniela Rosenstreich. NOTE: While every effort has been made to ensure that this guide is accurate, it is not intended to act as a substitute for consulting an authoritative style guide. What is referencing? References are the sources (books, articles, web sites) you use to gather ideas and supporting information for your written work. When you provide details of one of your references, you have provided a citation, or, putting it another way, you have cited that reference. Different disciplines and publications have their own systems for the format of citations, referred to as Citation Styles, or Referencing Systems. Why is it important? Referencing has two purposes: 1. Acknowledging other people s work. If you fail to cite sources correctly you can be guilty of plagiarism which has serious consequences. Plagiarism is when you use someone s ideas or words and pass them off as your own (Merriam-Webster Online, 2005). If you reference poorly as a result of ignorance or carelessness, you can still be guilty. It is your responsibility to learn referencing and to seek help if you are unsure. 2. Corroborating and validating your ideas. Good referencing gets you better grades! Referencing shows that your arguments are supported by authoritative sources - this strengthens your writing. It means that instead of just giving your opinion, you are backing up your ideas. (Accurate referencing format also enhances the presentation of your work.) When do you have to cite sources? Whenever you write anything that is not your own idea you must cite the source. (NB: Find a published source rather than citing lecture content researching sources is part of the writing process.) For example, you must cite a source when you: describe a theory/idea/definition that is not your original work (e.g. Maslow s hierarchy suggests that people address their physiological needs first ); quote someone else s words, or paraphrase (i.e. reword) their ideas; or give statistics that are not from your own original research (e.g. 40% of North Americans wear blue jeans )

2 Forms of citation In your writing you will use two forms of citation: 1. In-text citations. Within the body of your writing you give brief pointers to the source you used. The details you provide allow the reader to find the full source in your reference list. For each individual sentence it must be clear whether a source was used. If several sentences are drawn from the same source, you must repeat the in-text citation or make it clear through other means that the ideas come from that source (e.g. by using phrases like, "The same study also showed "). If you quote/copy any words from a source, you must put quotation marks around them and provide exact details of where the quotation is from. It MUST be 100% clear which words are your own as opposed to those you have taken from a source. 2. Reference list. At the end of your writing you must provide a list with full details of all the references you used. All in-text citations should have a matching entry in the reference list. Reference lists are presented in a set order so that it is easy to look up the sources you have cited within your writing. Often the order is alphabetically by the first surname. Which citation style to use? Some subjects specify a style while others leave you to choose a style. Whichever style you use, ensure that you apply it consistently. Notes on the APA style are provided below. These are provided to get you started and are not comprehensive. Comprehensive referencing guides are available from libraries and bookstores, and some abbreviated guides can be found on the Web. APA Referencing style APA is an author-date type of referencing style - this means that (where ever possible) authors' surnames and publication dates are used within your writing to identify your sources, and the reference list is presented in order by surnames/dates. APA in-text citations The same principles apply regardless of the type of source, i.e. material from web sites, books, articles, videos all get cited in a similar way within your writing. Include the authors surnames and year of publication. Surnames are in the order they appear in the source. Do not include first names or initials. Citations should appear within the relevant sentence (i.e. not just added to the end of a paragraph) often at the end of the sentence in brackets. For quotes you must give the numbers of the page/s the words are from as well as author/date

3 Table 1: In-Text Citation Format IN-TEXT CITATIONS Selected Types of Sources 1-2 author/s Usual format: (Authorsurnames, PublicationYear). If you mention the author in the sentence, do not repeat their name in the parentheses. Use & within your parentheses but and needs to be in full if in the text of your sentences. If you also mention the year within your sentence, then parentheses are not needed. IN-TEXT CITATIONS Examples...have all been found to resolve cognitive dissonance (Block & Forde, 2002)....have been known to affect decision making (Smith, 1998). Block and Forde (2002) note that dissonance occurs in In 1998, Smith found that dissonance could be reduced through 3-5 authors The first time you cite a source list all surnames in the order they appear in the source. Basic format: (Authorsurnames1, Authorsurnames2, & Authorsurnames3, PublicationYear). When you cite the same source again only give the first surname and replace other names with et al....in contrast to other situations (Brown, Jones, & Wilson, 2001).... was also found to apply (Brown et al., 2001). Brown et al. (2001) offer an alternative explanation for... No author (NB: you may be able to use a corporate author see below) Use the full title in italics for a book or website (if short), or just the first few words of a long title. Titles of articles should be in double quote marks....is normally highly regarded (Insights into advertising, 2004). A recent newspaper report ( Consumers spend more, 1993) suggests that... Corporate author (If an organisation is responsible for the content) Use the full name the first time you cite it. You can abbreviate future citations if the abbreviation is clear....seen as a major cause (American Marketing Association [AMA], 1989)....was also significant (AMA, 1989)....the proportion of such people is high (Praxium Research Ltd., 2008). No year of publication (Do not use the date you accessed the source). Use the abbreviation n.d in place of the date....these effects can be linked to colour perception (Jones, n.d.). Jones (n.d.) found that... Short quotations (less than 40 words) Put double quotation marks around the words you have copied. Provide a page number straight after the quote. Basic format is: (Surname/s, PublicationYear, p. xx) If the author is noted within the sentence, do not repeat their name in the parentheses. but, customers shop more with mood lighting (Wilson, 2005, p. 149). Wilson suggests that customers shop more when happy (2005, p. 149).... called the most evil interlopers (Wilson & Dent, 2001, p. 230)

4 APA Reference lists Your reference list at the end of your document should be one list in alphabetical order. Sort alphabetically regardless of the type of source or whether the reference starts with an author s surname, corporation or title. The sources in the reference list should match your in-text citations i.e. the same number of sources and each source will have consistent details. The reference list must include more details than in-text citation, e.g. authors initials, full titles, editions, place of publication, publisher (see notes in Table 2 below). The following rules from in-text citations still apply: If there are no authors, list under title followed by year; treat corporate authors like individual authors; and if there is no year of publication, n.d. replaces the year. If the source has editors rather than authors, list surnames and initials as usual but add (Ed.) or (Eds.) after the last surname and before the year of publication. Use a hanging indent in your list this means the first line of each reference is on the margin, but further lines start about 1.5cm in from the margin. In the samples below, note that the punctuation, capitalisation, spacing and font style are precise and should be followed carefully look closely at the examples to ensure you have understood the format. Table 2: Reference List format Selected Types of Sources Print Book/Report (PublicationYear). Title of the book: Subtitle of book. (edition# ed.) City, Country 1 : Name of Publisher. Examples Axis Research Ltd. (1999). Facts on referencing. Chicago, IL: Axis Research Ltd. Devitt, M. H., & Williams, G. (2007). Realism and truth (2nd ed.) Oxford, UK: Palgone Press. Flora of New South Wales. (1935). Sydney, NSW: Hudson Reed. Hunt, S., Wills, I., Brown, G., & Hart, F. (Eds.) (2003). Controversy in marketing: Realism and truth. Armonk, NY: Brown & Sons. Print Book Section / Chapter If sections are individually authored, or you read only one chapter, use this format. (If no editors, simply omit that detail). (PublicationYear). Title of chapter. In A. Editorsurname & B. Editorsurname (Eds.), Title of the book (edition# ed. pp. pages of chapter). City, Country 1 : Name of Publisher. Belch, G., & Belch, M. (1995). An introduction to advertising. In Communications (3rd ed. pp. 1-57). Sydney, NSW: Irwin. Hall, C., Matthews, K., & Sawicka, T. (2003). Policy and practice in research. In I. Livingstone. (Ed.), Review of Educational Research (pp ). Hamilton, NZ: Waikato University. McColl-Kennedy, J. (2008). Product strategy, Services strategy. In Marketing: A new approach (pp ). Melbourne, VIC: Nelson. 1 Note: For Australia & USA, place of publication is City, State rather than City, Country - 4 -

5 Selected Types of Sources Print Journal / Magazine Article (Some journals have only a volume or issue rather than both include all available details). Authorsurname, A., Authorsurname, B., & Authorsurname, C. (PublicationYear). Title of article. Title of Journal or Magazine, volume#(issue#), page numbers. Examples Bent, A. B., & Wilson T. (2007). Empirical evidence on point of sale tobacco advertising. Journal of Made-Up Stuff, 22(2), Brown, A., Jones, O., & Wilson, L. (2001). A study of brand loyalty in Japanese consumer goods. Journal of Marketing Management, 11, Donovan, R., Jancey, J., & Jones, S. (2002). Tobacco point of sale advertising. Tobacco Control, XXI, Print Newspaper Article (Some sources may not have authors or volume/issues include all available details). Authorsurname, A. (PublicationYear, Month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, volume#(issue#), page numbers. Albanian Press Association. (2005, May 6). Citing newspapers. News Time, pp Consumers spend more on luxury goods if local heroes perform well. (2003, April 12). Sydney Morning Herald, p. 23. Sweet, M. (2004, October 3). Too many babies unvaccinated. Waldo Morning Herald, p. 5. Wilkie, J. (2007, June 30). Obesity affects economic status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. Internet / Web / Online Source (Last update date is sometimes at the bottom of a web page omit if not found). (PublicationYear, last update Month day). Title of source. Retrieved month day, year, from address. Block, F. D., & Forde, D. B. (2003). Random thoughts on referencing. Retrieved June 4, 2005, from Chartered Institute of Marketing. (2003, March 12). Marketing Glossary. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from Insights into advertising. (2004). Retrieved May 20, 2007, from Jones, L. B. (n.d.). Jones on colour. Retrieved March 1, 2007, from Article From an Online Article Database (Newspaper databases do not always provide page or volume/issue numbers include all available details). (PublicationYear). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume#(issue#), page numbers. Retrieved Month day, year, from DatabaseName database. Jacobs, J., Mulick, J., & Schwartz, A. (1995). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist, 50, Retrieved August 29, 2007, from PsycINFO database. Williams, A. K. (2005). The effect of mood lighting on consumer behaviour. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 61(1), Retrieved April 23, 2005, from ProQuest 5000 database. Wilson, N. (2007, November 6). Study weighs in on fast food. The Advertiser. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Factiva database

6 APA Referencing Additional Examples Table 3: Additional Referencing Examples Chapter in book Journal article Web site / corporate author Newspaper article Edited book Web site / no author Web site / no date Book Article from database Chapter in an edited book COMPLETE Belch, G., & Belch, M. (1995). Advertising. In Integrated Communications (3rd ed. pp. 1-51). Sydney, NSW: Irwin. Bent, A., & Wilson T. (2007). Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of point of sale tobacco advertising. Journal of Made-Up Stuff, 22 (2), Brown, A., Jones, O. H., & Wilson, L. (2001). A study of brand loyalty in Japanese consumer goods. Journal of Marketing Management, 11, Chartered Institute of Marketing. (2003, March 12). Marketing Glossary. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from o.cfm. Consumers spend more on luxury goods if local heroes perform well. (2003, April 12). Sydney Morning Herald, p. 23. Hunt, S., Wilson, I. F., Brown, G. G., & Harrold, F. B. (Eds.) (2003). Controversy in marketing theory: For reason, realism, truth, and objectivity. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. Insights into advertising. (2004). Retrieved September 20, 2007, from sing.html. Jones, L. (n.d.). Jones on colour. Retrieved March 1, 2007, from on.html Wild Sydney fauna. (1935). Sydney, NSW: Hudson Reed. Williams, A. (2005). The effect of mood lighting on consumer behaviour. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 61(1), Retrieved April 23, 2005, from ProQuest 5000 database. Wilson, J., Mulick, J, & Schwartz, A. (1995). A history of communication. American Psychologist, 50, Retrieved May 29, 2007, from PsycINFO database. Yew, C., Matthews, K., & Sawicka, T. (2003). Policy in research. In I. Livingstone. (Ed.), Review of Educational Research (pp ). Hamilton, NZ: Waikato University. MATCHING IN-TEXT CITATION (Belch & Belch, 1995) (Bent & Wilson, 2007) (Brown, Jones & Wilson, 2001) - after first cite: (Brown et al., 2001) (Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2003) ( Consumers spend more, 2003) (Hunt, Wilson, Brown & Harrold, 2003) - after first cite: (Hunt et al., 2003) (Insights into advertising, 2004) (Jones, n.d.) (Wild Sydney fauna, 1935) (Williams, 2005) (Wilson, Mulick & Schwartz, 1995) - after first cite: (Wilson et al., 2000) (Yew, Matthews & Sawicka, 2003) - after first cite: (Yew et al., 2003) - 6 -