3 Metaphor and Methods of Metaphor Identification

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1 Notes 1 The Language of International Actorness 1. The New York Times, World, Asia Pacific, 6 December 2010; nytimes.com/2010/12/07/world/asia/07diplo.html (accessed 10 January 2011). 2. Time, US, 2 April 2001; ,00.html (accessed 19 March 2013) (accessed 2 December 2011) (accessed 7 December 2011) (accessed 7 December 2011) (accessed 7 December 2011) (accessed 7 December 2011). 8. For insightful discussions of the category rogue state, see, for example, Litwak (2000, 2001), Caprioli and Trumbore (2005), and others. 2 The Politicization of Linguistic Research 1. Kennan s X-Article is shorthand for the essay The Sources of Soviet Conduct published by George Kennan, a former American diplomat stationed in Moscow from 1944 to 1946, under the pseudonym X in the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs. The article constitutes the essence of his famous Long Telegram of Report to the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (5 March 1949), Selected Works, vol. IV, p Metaphor and Methods of Metaphor Identification 1. The excerpt comes from Locke s (1988/1689) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book 3, chapter 10, p Both concepts, meaning and sense, are used in, for example, Steen et al. (2010: 6, 54). 4 The Metaphorized Language of IR 1. The New York Times, 14 April 1967, p. A18; after Rohrer (1991: 169). 2. For more on anti-americanism, see, for example, Spiro, 1988; Shin, 1996; Ceaser, 2003; Chiozza,

2 Notes In Search of the State Is a Person Metaphor Economist (accessed 10 December 2010). 2. Results designates the option all results, which includes all possible uses of a given name recorded in the online archives in a given time frame. 3. The students conducting the search were all in their preparatory class leading to the MA seminar in the winter semester of the 2010/2011 academic year in the Institute of Anthropocentric Linguistics and Culturology (formerly, Department of Languages for Specific Purposes), Faculty of Applied Linguistics, University of Warsaw. 4. England has been included in the search, as very often this name is used metonymically in the sense of the UK. 5. The CIA World Factbook: (accessed 20 May 2011). 6. The CIA World Factbook: (accessed 20 May 2011). 7. The CIA World Factbook: (accessed 20 May 2011). 6 The Metonymization of the State 1. Newsweek, 30 April Some further illustration of the above point can be found in Section Langacker (2009: 46) uses the notion right neighbourhood from which we have to find the right address by some other means. 4. It is unrealistic to expect that such a nest of active zones has any real value in the comprehension of a short clause such as Norway denied the allegations. The time needed to comprehend such an expression is not unlimited, while the open-ended procedure involving the stipulated string of active zones does not appear to have an end. 5. Also, see our discussion of a related issue earlier in this chapter, in Section Semantic Extensions 1. Also, for an insightful account of Wittgenstein s rejection of the idea of meaning as contained in mental images, see Haser (2005). 2. For a culturally oriented account of groupings of states, see Huntington s (2002: chapter 7) discussion of the dominating role of core states and concentric circles spreading out around them and accommodating other culturally similar states (accessed 20 January 2011). 4. Thing is a technical term proposed in Langacker s model of cognitive grammar (see, e.g., Langacker, 1987a, 1991a). It is defined as a region in some domain of conceptual space (Langacker, 1987a: 494).

3 222 Notes 5. Process is defined in Langacker s model as a relation having a positive temporal profile (Langacker, 1987a: 491). 6. In cognitive grammar, a verb s landmark corresponds to its object. 7. A verb s trajector corresponds to its subject. 8. The semantic pole is defined as a semantic structure as it is related to a phonological structure that symbolizes it (Langacker, 1987a: 493). 9. Newsweek, 9 November The Wall Street Journal, 2 March Newsweek, 28 December January Some of the ideas laid out in Sections and have also been presented and discussed in Twardzisz (2012a: ). 13. Newsweek, 26 April Newsweek, 5 October Newsweek, 21 September Newsweek, 10 May Newsweek, 5 October Time, 22 May Newsweek, November 1998 February Hill (2003: 242). 21. Litwak (2000: 51). 22. Litwak (2000: 77). 23. Lee (2007: 436). 24. Langacker s differentiation of the actual plane and the virtual plane in cognitive linguistics seems to parallel a comparable division into the operational environment and the psychological environment in foreign policy analysis (see, e.g., Sprout and Sprout, 1956; also see Section 1.2.1). Interestingly, both disciplines make the above distinctions independently of each other. 25. See Section 7.2.1, note 8, and Section The details of the semantic and phonological poles have been omitted for clarity of presentation. 27. The first 300 results have been considered. Conclusion 1. (accessed 20 November 2012).

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18 Index Abrahamian, Ervand, 127 absolute truth, see truth accuracy, semantic, 174, 177, 202, 207 active zone, see zone actor (also agent) dominant actor, 17 primary actor, 17 state-actor v. non-state-actor, 2, 13 15, 17, 19 22, 28 9, 35, 154 5, 186, 188 sub-state-actor v. supra-state-actor, 9, 17, 22 unitary actor, 8, 12, 14 15, 26, 178 agent, see actor Ainley, Kirsten, 8 11, 19, 23, 26, 30, 34, 46 Allen, David, 19, 23, 25, 28 anarchy, 13, 27, 99 animation, 111 Aquinas, Thomas, 11 Aristotle, 57, 67, 76 7 Arnold, Thomas C., 37 Baehr, Peter R., 189 balance of power, 33, 87, 100 bandwagoning, 34 Barber, Benjamin R., 37 Barcelona, Antonio, 80, 156, , 163 6, 172, 175, 193 Bartsch, Renate, 168, 173 Bauer, Laurie, 13, 192 Beard, Adrian, 39, 66, 156 Beer, Francis A., 7 9, 37, 93, 102 Bell, Allan, 42 Biber, Douglas, 126 Bierwiaczonek, Bogusław, 164 billiard balls, 30, 95 Billig, Michael, 66 Black, Max, 70 1, 133 Blanton, Shannon L., 11, 13, 17 19, 23 Bloomfield, Leonard, Bolinger, Dwight, 191 boundaries, fuzzy, 56, 164, 218 Bourdieu, Pierre, 41 Boynton, G. Robert, 102 Bradford, Richard, 70 Brown, Chris, 8 11, 19, 23, 26, 30, 34, 46 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 18 Bull, Hedley, 8 9, 13, 19, 23, 27, 32 3 Cameron, Lynne, 65, 83, 89 Campbell, Steven J., 110 Caprioli, Mary, 15, 35, 45, 220 Carragee, Kevin M., 34 Cassirer, Ernst, 10 11, 186 catalyst, see middle power categorization by prototype, 186 by schema, 186 CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis), 42 5 Ceaser, James W., 220 chains (of metonymic transfers), 173 4, 182 Chantrill, Patricia A., 152 3, 162, 170 Charteris-Black, Jonathan, 42 3, 47, 50, 59, 81, 83, 90, 104 7, 109, 113 4, 117, 121 2, 149, 153, 213 Chilton, Paul, 4, 12, 39 40, 55 6, 65 6, 68, 72 3, 79 80, 84 7, 94, , , 121, 125, 128, 150, 178 Chiozza, Giacomo, 220 Cienki, Alan, 80 1, 89 92, 94, 213 Clarke, Michael, 24 6, 38, 153 Cold War, 33, 44 5, 55, 100, 104, conceptual domain, see domain container metaphor/schema, contiguity, 70, 156, 161 3,

19 238 Index conversion semantic conversion, semantic extension, 184 5, 187, 191 6, 198, 200 2, 204, 214, semantic transfer, 191, zero-derivation, 185, 191 3, 198 Cooper, Andrew F., 33 core sense v. meaning chain, 187 Croft, William, 75, 126, 156, 160 1, 163, 175, 177, 179 Cruse, D. Alan, 75, 126, 156 Daddow, Oliver, 196 Dallmayr, Fred R., 37 D Angelo, Paul, 127 dead metaphor, see metaphor Deignan, Alice, 45 6, 59, 75, 77, 80, 90, 152, 157 8, de Jouvenel, Bertrand, 50 De Landtsheer, Christ l, 66, 83, 93, 100, 149 de-personification, 111, 114 de Saussure, Ferdinand, 41, 67 8 dichotomies, 44 6, 51, 62 Díez Velasco, Olga I., 163, Dirven, René, 156, domain conceptual domain, 80 1, 85, 113, 115, 160, 164 domain highlighting, 161 domain matrix, domain shift, 161 source domain, 66, 80, 99, 109, , , 164 target domain, 80, 88, 95, 114, 119, 154, dominant actor, see actor Drulák, Petr, 21, 77, 81, 96 8, 106, 109, 115 6, 133 D Souza, Dinesh, 106 Ðurović, Tatjana, 81 2, 90, 112, 125, 128 Eco, Umberto, 63 Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette, 16, 20 Ennis, Timothy, 81, 83 environment operational environment, 15, 25, 222 psychological environment, 15, 25, 222 Esser, Frank, 127 facilitator, see middle power failed state, see state Fairclough, Norman, 39 42, 44, 48 Farrands, Christopher, 25 Fazal, Tanisha M., 29 Feaver, Peter D., 25 Fetzer, Anita, 125 Feyaerts, Kurt, 156, 158 9, fictive reality, see virtual reality Foucault, Michel, 41 Fox, W. T. R., 32 fuzzy boundaries, see boundaries Garrett, Peter, 42 Gelpi, Christopher, 25 Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr, 63, 67, 77, 82, 157 8, Glucksberg, Sam, 71, 87 8 Goatly, Andrew, 50, 58 9, 64, 72, 78, 113 Goossens, Louis, 165, 173 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 110 Gordenker, Leon, 189 great power, see power Griffiths, Martin, 11, 35, 109 Grotius, Hugo, 8 Habermas, Jürgen, 41 Harding, Sandra, 51 Hariman, Robert, 7 9, 37 Haser, Verena, 52, 55, 63, 84 8, 156, 163 4, 182, 221 Hekman, Susan J., 51 Henderson, Conway W., 12, 17, 19, 30, 34 Herbeck, Dale A., Herodotus, 10 Herrera, Honesto, 59, 164, 216 Hill, Christopher, 12 15, 17, 19 20, 24 5, 27 9, 32, 34 5, 38, 125, 154, 222 Hobbes, Thomas, 7 8, 11 12, 27, 71 3