Reference works. Website data sources. 258 Bibliography

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1 Bibliography Aristotle, in W. D. Ross, The Works of Aristotle (vol. XI) De Poetica, translated by I. Bywater. Rhetoric (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952) Ball, S. J. Introducing Monsieur Foucault, in S. J. Ball (ed.), Foucoult and Education: Disciplines and Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1990) Biber, D., S. Conrad and R. Reppen, Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use (Cambridge: CUP, 1998) Black, M. Models and Metaphor (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1962) Black, M. More about Metaphor, in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 2nd edn (Cambridge: CUP, 1993), pp Boers, F. and M. Demecheler, A Few Metaphorical Models in (Western) Economic Discourse, in W. A. Liebert, G. Redeker and L. Waugh (eds), Discourse and Perspective in Cognitive Linguistics (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1997) Booth, M. Crossing the Demarcation Line, The Women s Review of Books, 8, (1991), 18 Boyd, R. Metaphor and Theory Change: What is Metaphor a Metaphor For?, in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought 2nd edn (Cambridge: CUP, 1993), pp Cameron, L. and G. Low, Researching and Applying Metaphor (Cambridge: CUP, 1999a) Cameron, L. and G. Low, Metaphor, Language Teaching, 32 (1999b), Capuzzo, M. The Philadelphia Inquirer (1991), p. 2 Carter, R. Investigating English Discourse: Language, Literacy, Literature (London: Routledge, 1997) Channell, J. Corpus-based Analysis of Evaluative Lexis, in S. Hunston and G. Thompson (eds), Evaluation in Text (Oxford: OUP, 2000), pp Charteris-Black, J. Metaphor and Vocabulary Teaching in ESP Economics, English for Specific Purposes Journal, 19 (2000a), Charteris-Black, J. Figuration, Lexis and Cultural Resonance: a Corpus Based Study of Malay, Pragmatics, 10/3 (2000b), Charteris-Black, J. Cultural Resonance in English and Malay Figurative Phrases, in J. Cotterill and A. Ife (eds), Language across Boundaries (London and New York: Continuum, 2001), pp Charteris-Black, J. Second Language Figurative Proficiency: a Comparative Study of Malay and English, Applied Linguistics, 23/1 (2002), Charteris-Black, J. and T. Ennis, A Comparative Study of Metaphor in English and Spanish Financial Reporting, English for Specific Purposes Journal, 20 (2001), Charteris-Black, J. and A. Musolff, Battered Hero or Innocent Victim? A Comparative Study of Metaphor in Describing Euro Trading in British and German Financial Reporting, English for Specific Purposes, 22 (2003),

2 Bibliography 255 Chew, P. G. Islands and National Identity: the Metaphors of Singapore, International Journal of Sociology of Language, 142 (2000), Chilton, P. Security Metaphor: Cold War Discourse from Containment to Common House (New York: Peter Lang, 1996) Chilton, P. and M. Ilyin, Metaphor in Political Discourse: the Case of the Common European House, Discourse and Society, 4/1 (1993), 7 31 Croft, W. The Role of Domains in the Interpretation of Metaphors and Metonymies, Cognitive Linguistics, 4/4 (1993), Dagrut, M. More About the Translatability of Metaphor, Babel, 33/2 (1987), Davidson, D. What Metaphors Mean, in S. Sacks (ed.), On Metaphor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), pp Dawood, N. J. The Koran, 5th edn (London: Penguin, 1990) Deignan, A. Linguistic Metaphors and Collocation in Nonliterary Corpus Data, Metaphor and Symbol, 14/1 (1999), Edelson, P. Sports During Wartime, Z Magazine (1991), 85 7 Empson, W. Seven Types of Ambiguity (London: Chatto and Windus, 1930) Fairclough, N. Critical Discourse Analysis: the Critical Study of Language (London/ New York: Longman, 1995) Fairclough, N. Language and Power (London: Longman, 1989) Fairclough, N. New Labour New Language? (London & New York: Routledge, 2000) Fillmore, C. J. Frames and the Semantics of Understanding, Quarterly Di Semantica, 6/2 (1985), Flood, C. G. Political Myth: a Theoretical Introduction (New York & London: Garland, 1996) Forceville, C. Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising (London: Routledge, 1996) Fowler, R. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press (London: Routledge, 1991) Gentner, D. Are Scientific Analogies Metaphor?, in D. Miall (ed.), Metaphor: Problems and Perspectives (Brighton, England: Harvester Press, 1982) Gibbs, R. W. The Poetics of Mind (Cambridge: CUP, 1994) Gibbs, R. W. Researching Metaphor, in L. Cameron and G. Low (eds), Researching and Applying Metaphor (Cambridge: CUP, 1999), Giddens, A. The Third Way and its Critics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000) Goatly, A. The Language of Metaphor (London & New York: Routledge, 1997) Grady, J. E. A Typology of Motivation for Conceptual Metaphor: Correlation vs Resemblance, in Metaphor and Cognitive Linguistics: Selected Papers from the Fifth International Cognitive Linguistics Conference (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1997), pp Gramsci, A. Selections from the Prison Notebooks, edited and translated by Q. Hoare & G. Nowell Smith (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1971) Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (London: Edward Arnold, 1985) Halliday, M. A. K. and R. Hasan, Cohesion in English (London: Longman, 1976) Hasan, R. Coherence and Cohesive Harmony, in J. Flood (ed.), Understanding Reading Comprehension (Delaware: International Reading Association, 1984), pp Hawkins, B. Ideology, Metaphor and Iconographic Reference, in R. Dirven, R. Frank and C. Ilie (eds), Language and Ideology, Vol. II: Descriptive and Cognitive Approaches (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2000), pp

3 256 Bibliography Henderson, W. Metaphor in Economics, Economics, 18 (1982), Herrera, H. and M. White, Business is War or the Language of Takeovers, Panorama Actual de la Linguistica Aplicada, 1 (2000), Hoey, M. Patterns of Lexis in Text (Oxford: OUP, 1991) Howe, N. Metaphor in Contemporary American Political Discourse, Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 3/2 (1988), Hunston, S. and G. Thompson (eds), Evaluation in Text (Oxford: OUP, 2000) Jansen, S. C. and D. Sabo, The Sport/War Metaphor: Hegemonic Masculinity, the Persian Gulf War, and the New World Order, Sociology of Sport Journal, 11 (1994), 1 17 Johnson, M. The Body in the Mind (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1987) Kittay, E. Metaphor: Its Cognitive Force and Linguistic Structure (Oxford: OUP, 1987) Kövecses, Z. Metaphor: a Practical Introduction (Oxford: OUP, 2002) Kövecses, Z. and P. Szabó, Idioms: a View from Cognitive Semantics, Applied Linguistics 17/3 (1996), Kress, G. and R. Hodge, Language as Ideology, 2nd edn (London: Routledge, 1993) Lakoff, G. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1987) Lakoff, G. The Metaphor System Used to Justify War in the Gulf, Journal of Urban and Cultural Studies, 2/1 (1991), Lakoff, G. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor, in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 2nd edn (Cambridge: CUP, 1993), pp Lakoff, G. Philosophy in the Flesh: Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought (New York: Basic Books, 1999) Lakoff, G. Moral Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002) Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980) Lakoff, G. and M. Turner, More Than Cool Reason: a Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor (Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1989) Langacker, R.W. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. 1: Theoretical Prerequisites (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987) Levinson, S. C. Pragmatics (Cambridge: CUP, 1983) Louw, B. Irony in the Text or Insincerity in the Writer? The Diagnostic Potential of Semantic Prosodies, in M. Baker, G. Francis and E. Tognini-Bonelli (eds), Text & Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1993), pp Lyons, J. Semantics (Cambridge: CUP, 1977) MacCormac, E. R. Metaphor and Myth in Science and Religion (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1976) MacCormac, E. R. A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (London: MIT Press, 1990) Marshall, A. Principles of Economics: an Introductory Volume (London: Macmillan, 1920) Mirowski, P. More Heat than Light: Economics as Social Physics, Physics as Nature s Economics (Cambridge: CUP, 1989) Mirowski, P. What are the Questions?, in R. E. Backhouse (ed.), New Directions in Economic Methodology (London: Routledge, 1994), pp Moon, R. Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)

4 Bibliography 257 Musolff, A. Metaphors and Trains of Thought: Spotting Journey Imagery in British and German Political Discourse, in S. Wright, L. Hanrais and J. Howorth (eds), Language, Politics and Society (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1998), pp Musolff, A. Political Imagery of Europe: a House Without Exit Doors?, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 21/3 (2000), Myers, G. Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990) Newmark, P. The Translation of Metaphor, Babel, 26/2 (1980), Ortony, A. Metaphor: a Multidimensional Problem, in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor & Thought (Cambridge: CUP, 1979a) Ortony, A. (ed.) Metaphor & Thought, 1st edn (Cambridge: CUP, 1979b) Ortony, A. (ed.) Metaphor and Thought, 2nd and revised edn (Cambridge & New York: CUP, 1993) Pylyshyn, Z.W. Metaphorical Imprecision and the Top-Down Research Strategy, in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 2nd and revised edn (Cambridge & New York: CUP, 1993), pp Richards, I. A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric (New York and London: OUP, 1936) Ricoeur, P. The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-disciplinary Studies in the Creation of Meaning, translated by R. Czerny et al. (London & Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978) Sadock, J. M. Figurative Speech and Linguistics, in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor & Thought, 2nd and revised edn (Cambridge & New York: CUP, 1993), pp Schon, D. Generative Metaphor: a Perspective on Problem-setting in Social Policy, in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor & Thought, 2nd and revised edn (Cambridge & New York: CUP, 1993), pp Searle, J. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts (Cambridge: CUP, 1979) Searle, J. Metaphor, in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor & Thought, 2nd edn (Cambridge: CUP, 1993), pp Seliger, M. Ideology and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976) Semino, E. and M. Masci, Politics is Football: Metaphor in the Discourse of Silvio Berlusconi in Italy, Discourse and Society, 7/2 (1996), Smith, A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. Campbell, Skinner and Todd (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1776) Smith, A. The Correspondence of Adam Smith, ed. Ernest Campbell Mossner (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977) Sontag, S. AIDS and its Metaphors (London: Allen Lane, 1989) Soskice, J. M. Metaphor and Religion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985) Straehle, C., G. Weiss, R. Wodak, P. Muntigl and M. Sedlak, Struggle as Metaphor in European Union Discourse on Unemployment, Discourse & Society, 10/1 (1999), Stubbs, M. Text and Corpus Analysis (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1996) Stubbs, M. Words and Phrases: Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001) Sweetser, E. Metaphorical Models of Thought and Speech: a Comparison of Historical Directions and Metaphorical Mappings, Proceedings of 13th Annual Meeting Berkeley Linguistic Society (Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society, 1987) Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics (Cambridge: CUP, 1990)

5 258 Bibliography Thornborrow, J. Metaphors of Security: a Comparison of Representation in Defence Discourse in Post-Cold-War France and Britain, Discourse and Society, 4/1 (1993), Van Teeflen, T. Racism and Metaphor: the Palestinian Israeli Conflict in Popular Literature, Discourse sand Society, 5/3 (1994), Reference works Chambers English Dictionary, 7th edn, ed. S. I. Landau and W. S. Ram (Cambridge: Chambers, 1988) Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, ed. J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weinar (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989 Website data sources General Lakoff Conceptual Metaphor Page at: metaphor_toc.html Chapter 4 British Party Political Manifestos at: platform.htm Chapter 5 US Inaugural Speeches at: and cogsci.berkeley.edu/sources/heat.html Chapter 6 Cobuild Bank of English available from: direct@cobuild.collins.co.uk The Times at: The Sun at: Chapter 7 The Economist at: Chapters 8 & 9 The Bible at: Chapter 10 The Koran at:

6 Index agency, 78, 154, 156, 165 American political discourse, 88ff. Arabic, 218 Arabs, 51 authoritarian discourse, 63 Bank of English, 31 Berlusconi, Silvio, 51 Blair, Tony, 58, 104 Bible, the, 27, 177ff. compared with Koran, 238ff. Gospel of St John, 187 New Testament, 178, 217 Old Testament, 178, 202ff., 217 parables, the, 174, 191 bodily experience, 14, 167 Brown, Gordon, 61 Bush, George, 8, 36, 39 Cameron, L. & Low, G., 34 capitalism, 131, 133, 145, 168 9, 251 Clausewitz, W., 40, 115 Clinton, Bill, 104 cognitive criteria for metaphor, 21, 246 cognitive semantics, 9, 13ff. coherence, 94, 153, 190, 217 cohesion, 121 conceptual key, 15, 16, 22, 189 conceptual metaphor, 9, 15, 16, 21, 22, 204 conflict lexicon, 117ff. Conservative Party, 65ff. control, 53 conventional metaphor, 17ff., 22, 69 corpus linguistics, 30ff., 42 critical awareness, 42 critical discourse analysis, 28ff. Critical Metaphor Analysis, 13, 34, 88, 115, 127, 219, 243ff. Crusade, 36, 38 cultural differences, 105 diachronic metaphor shift, 79ff. discourse, 9, 246 domains, 15 equality of opportunity, 62 ethical discourse, 55, 57, 60, 61 European Union, 48 evaluation, 11, 85, 91, 102, 135, 195ff., 199, 206, 212, 250 covert, 26 positive & negative, 25, 33, 185, 198, 200, 211 evangelical Christianity, 57, 84, 103 experiential basis of metaphor, 15 Fairclough, N., 29 financial reporting, 135ff. frames, 22, 57 Frankfurt School, 29 freedom, 134, 253 generative metaphor, 23 grammatical metaphor, 52 Gulf War, 41, 115 humour, 124, 129 hyperbole, 136, 137, 154, 158 idealism, 107 ideology, 8, 28, 41, 114, 168, 244 image schemas, 14 inheritance hierarchy, 190, 195, 244ff. interpersonal bond, 12 invariance principle, 14 Iraq, 115 isomorphism, 15, 91 2, 151, 157, 191 jihad, 41 Johnson, Lyndon, 94 justice,

7 260 Index Koran, 218ff. paradise, 236 Prophet Mohamed, 218, 225 unique metaphors of, 222ff. Labour Party, 65ff. Labour Party conference, 59 Lakoff, G., 115 language competitive, 113 metaphor and, 3 lexical chains, 57 linguistic choice, 9, 30 living martyr, 41 manifesto, party political, 54, 67 British manifestos, 67 Conservative manifestos, 68 Labour manifestos, 68 manipulation, 47 mapping, 13 markets, 144, 156 metaphor, analysis of, 11 animate, 135 clustering of, 146, 153 comparison view of, 25 contexts of, 2, 37 cumulative effect of, 190 dead and alive, 18 definitions of, 20ff. discourse function of, 116, 247ff. emotional response to, 1, 11, 19, 99, 114, 176 etymological origin of, 19 evangelical role of, 175 explanation of, 39, 216 heuristic role, 2, 49 identification of, 35, 176, 178 ideology and, 137, 138 inanimate, 136, 157 interpretation of, 37, 175, 176 interaction view, 27 keywords, 35, 37, 68, 139 linguistic criteria for, 21 nested metaphors, 153, 184, 185, 200, 224, 230, 231 persuasive function of, 9, 41, 115, 247 prototypical, 184, 185 resonance of, 90 1 salience of, 182, 201, 222, 252 subliminal role of, 52, 114, 249ff. theory construction and, 22, 137 variation in interpretation of, 19 metaphorical expression, 14 mind, 24 neo-liberalism, 49, 143, 148 New Labour, 47, 54ff. novel metaphor, 22 Osama bin Laden, 7, 38, 230 personification/depersonification, 21, 158, 168, 191 persuasion, 7, 11, 12, 39, 247 pilgrimages, 205 political correctness, 64 political discourse, 47 politicians, 64 polysemy, 18 power relations, 53 pragmatic criteria for metaphor, 21 pragmatics, 10ff., 49, 247 prayer, 173 press British, 116 broadsheet, 121 tabloid, 121 qualitative analysis, 32 quantitative analysis, 32 reification, 21, 92, 96, 158, 168 religion God, 179 hell, 180 parables, 222 (see also Bible) persecution, 230 religious thought, 173ff. rewards and punishments, 221, 228 spiritual guidance, 186 rhetoric, 10, 252

8 Index 261 semantic prosody, 33 role of metaphor, 8 shift, 180 tension, 16, 35, 37, 187 source domains of metaphor agriculture, 193 American football, 125 animals, 181, 182ff., 235, 237 attack metaphor, 65 barrier metaphor, 73 biology, 136 body, 181 building, 70, 91, 95, 107, 181, 202 burden metaphor, 76, 93, 206 clothes, 181 conflict, 60, 65, 69ff., 80, 91, 106, 146, 181, 207, 209 darkness, 185 defence metaphor, 66 dirt and cleanliness, 181 fire, 214ff., 223 fishing and hunting, 181 food and drink, 181, 199ff., 235 foundation metaphor, 71 framework metaphor, 72, 83 gardening, 108 Great Chain of Being metaphor, 74 harness metaphor, 53 4 home metaphor, 48, 99 house metaphor, 48, 99 ill-health, 150 journeys, 74ff., 91, 93ff., 107, 181, 204, 223 light and fire, 100, 107, 181, 181, 185, 223, 230ff. machines, 136 mental states, 146ff. military, 92 physical environment, 102ff. physical states, 149 plants, 77ff., 181, 190ff., 195ff., 223, 233ff. religion, 55, 58, 79, 103ff. sheep, 183 space, 74 sports, 51, 88, 114ff. time, 74 trains, 50 treasure, 181 trees, 197 war, 88, 122ff., 145 weather, 102, 181, 209ff., 223, 228 windfall metaphor, 77 speeches inaugural, 87ff. political, 87ff. spin doctor, 47 struggle, 49, 246 Stubbs, M., 33 subliminal, 52 survival, 126, 128, 133 terrorism, 8, 39, 40, 41 theological hermeneutics, 175 theory constitutive metaphor, 23 values, 60 war, 39, 126 war reporting, 114

9 Index of Conceptual Metaphors and Conceptual Keys ALLAH IS THE GUIDE, 226 ALLAH IS LIGHT, 231 AMERICA IS A MORAL LEADER, 16 AMERICA IS A PERSON, 16 ANGER IS FIRE, 216 ARGUMENT IS WAR, 113 BAD MARKET IS AN EARTHQUAKE, 155 BAD MARKET IS A NUCLEAR DISASTER, 154ff. BEHAVIOUR OF THE MARKET IS THE BEHAVIOUR OF GAS, 15ff. BLOOD FOR LIFE, 26 BODY IS A BUILDING, 203 BODY IS A CONTAINER, 98 BOXING IS WAR, 125 CHRISTIANS ARE SHEEP, 184 CIRCUMSTANCES ARE WEATHER, 103, 210, 230 CONDITIONS OF SPIRITUAL GROWTH ARE CONDITIONS OF NATURAL GROWTH, 192, 195 CONFLICT IS RELIGION, 8, 38, 39, 42 CREATION IS BUILDING, 202 CRICKET IS WAR, 113, 125 ECONOMY IS HUMAN, 140, 150 EFFORT MADE TOWARDS A SPIRITUAL GOAL IS WORTHWHILE, 207, 226 EMOTION IS THE WEATHER, 164 EVIL IS DARKNESS, 188, 232 FAILURE IN WAR IS DEATH, 133 FAITH IS A BUILDING, 203 FAITH IS LIGHT, 189 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ARE PEOPLE, 140 FINANCIAL INSTITUTION IS A BODY, 151 FOOTBALL IS WAR, 113, 122 GENERIC IS SPECIFIC, 126 GOD IS A FISHERMAN, 179 GOOD IS UP, 97 GOODNESS IS LIGHT, 188, 232 HARMING IS SEPARATING, 26 HEAT IS EMOTION, 216 HOPE IS LIGHT, 90, 185 HUMAN BEHAVOUR IS ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 183, 237 HUMANS ARE PLANTS, 191, 192, 195 DIVINE ANGER IS FIRE, 215 DIVINE BLESSING IS A FAVOURABLE WEATHER CONDITION, 212, 230 DIVINE JUDGEMENT IS A WEATHER CONDITION, 213, 218 DIVINE PUNISHMENT IS A HOSTILE WEATHER CONDITION, 210, 228ff. DOWN IS BAD, 153 DOWNWARD MARKET CHANGES ARE DISASTERS, 152ff. INTELLIGENCE IS A LIGHT SOURCE, 185 JESUS IS A SHEPHERD, 183 JESUS IS THE LIGHT, 189 LACK OF VALUE IS LACK OF SUBSTANCE, 210 LIFE IS A JOURNEY, 74 LIFE IS A STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL, 65, 91, 92, 106, 208 ECONOMIC LIFE IS A STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL, 138 ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE NATURAL DISASTERS, 140, 151ff. MARKET CHANGES ARE NAUTICAL CONDITIONS, 163 MARKET CHANGES ARE PHYSICAL MOVEMENTS, 140, 158ff. 262

10 Index of Conceptual Metaphors and Conceptual Keys 263 MARKET CHANGES ARE WAYS OF MOVING IN THE AIR, 165ff. MARKET CHANGES ARE WAYS OF MOVING ON THE GROUND, 159ff. MARKET CHANGES ARE WAYS OF MOVING IN THE WATER, 162ff. MARKET TRADING IS PHYSICAL CONFLICT, 139, 142ff. NATION IS A PERSON, 76 PEOPLE ARE ANIMALS, 182 PEOPLE ARE CROPS, 192, 195 PEOPLE ARE FRUIT, 191 2, 195 PEOPLE ARE TREES, 191 2, 195 POLITICS IS CONFLICT, 69, 70, 92 POLITICS IS FOOTBALL, 51, 113 POLITICS IS RELIGION, 38, 39, 41, 42, 48, 58, 79, 84, 104, 109, 252 POLITICS IS WAR, 51, 114 PURIFICATION IS HEAT/ FIRE, 90, 101, 102 PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITY IS TRAVELLING ALONG A PATH TOWARDS A DESTINATION, 65, 74, 90, 93, 98, 204 RUGBY IS WAR, 113 SATAN IS DARKNESS, 233 SOCIAL CONDITION IS A WEATHER CONDITION, 103 SOCIETY IS A BUILDING, 97 SOCIETY IS A PERSON, 65, 92, 150 SPIRITUAL ACTIVITY IS FARMING, 196 SPIRITUAL ACTIVITY IS TRAVELLING ALONG APATHTOWARDSAGOAL, 205, 225 SPIRITUAL FAILURE IS INFERTILITY, 198 SPIRITUAL FICKLENESS IS WIND, 211 SPIRITUAL GUIDING IS NURTURING, 191 2, 195 SPIRITUAL IS NATURAL, 191, 192, 195, 233 SPIRITUAL IS PHYSICAL, 173, 199 SPIRITUAL IGNORANCE IS DARKNESS, 187, 231, 232 SPIRITUAL KNOWLEDGE IS LIGHT, 187, 231 SPIRITUAL LIFE IS A JOURNEY, 205, 225, 226 SPIRITUAL LIFE IS A STRUGGLE FOR SALVATION, 206, 208, 226, 227 SPIRITUAL NEEDS ARE PHYSICAL NEEDS, 199 SPIRITUAL PARTICIPANTS ARE NATURAL PARTICIPANTS, 195 SPIRITUAL PROCESS IS NATURAL PROCESS, SPIRITUAL SUCCESS IS FERTILITY, 198 SPORT IS A STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL, 113, 127, 132 SPORT IS WAR, 125, 133 STATES ARE LOCATIONS, 103 SUCCESS IN SPORTS IS LIFE, 133 UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING, 79, 84, 100, 109 VALUE IS SUBSTANCE, 158 WILL OF ALLAH IS A WRITTEN TEXT, 224 WORTHWHILE ACTIVITY IS A BUILDING, 73, 90, 96