Measuring Poetic Style: a Comparative Approach to Historical Poetics. Natalie M. Houston University of Massachusetts
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1 Measuring Poetic Style: a Comparative Approach to Historical Poetics Natalie M. Houston University of Massachusetts
2 style Before the war at a luncheon party like this people would have said precisely the same things but they would have sounded different, because in those days they were accompanied by a sort of humming noise, not articulate, but musical, exciting, which changed the value of the words themselves. Could one set that humming noise to words? Perhaps with the help of the poets one could.. A book lay beside me and, opening it, I turned casually enough to Tennyson. Virginia Woolf, A Room of One s Own
3 history There are historically specific linguistic and formal choices that distinguish texts by time period, genre, place, etc
4 One of the major difficulties of the social history of philosophy, art or literature is that it has to reconstruct these spaces of original possibles [sic] which, because they were part of the self-evident givens of the situation, remain unremarked and are therefore unlikely to be mentioned in contemporary accounts, chronicles, or memoirs. Pierre Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production
5 ... every position, even the dominant one, depends... on the other positions constituting the field. Pierre Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production
6 sociological poetics seeks to understand the structural relationship of literature to social, economic, and cultural forces looks beyond individual writers to the larger social formations that make possible different literary forms
7 The aims of sociological poetics are primarily specification, description, and analysis. That is: to isolate the literary work as such, to reveal its structure, to determine the possible forms and variations of this structure, and to define its elements and their functions.... Before searching for the laws of poetic forms, it is necessary to know what these forms are. These laws can only be found as the result of a largescale literary history. Bahktin/Medvedev, The Formal Method in Literary Scholarship: A Critical Introduction to Sociological Poetics
8 books in the world
9 metadata Bibliographic metadata describe the book as an object that exists in the world
10 The poetical works of James Beattie. Author: Beattie, James, ; Dyce, Alexander,Publication: London : Bell and Daldy, 1866 The lost tales of Miletus, Author: Lytton, Edward Bulwer Lytton, Baron, Publication: London, J. Murray, 1866 The poetical works of Thomas Parnell. Author: Parnell, Thomas, ; Mitford, John,Publication: London : Bell and Daldy, 1866 Poems and ballads Author: Swinburne, Algernon Charles, Publication: London : Edward Moxon, 1866 [WorldCat database search results]
11 metadata as data defamiliarize catalog records from their institutional functions of enumeration and location transform this data to enable exploration and analysis
12 data mining the catalog ch/sru?query=srw.kw+%3d+%28%22verse*%22+or %22poem*%22+or%22elegy%22+or%22elegies%22 +or%22sonnet*%22+or%22ode*%22+or%22lyric*% 22%29+and+srw.yr+%3D+%221860%22+and+srw.m t+%3d%22bks%22+and+srw.la+%3d%22eng%22+a nd+srw.pl+%3d+%28%22london%22+or%22oxford %22+or%22Cambridge%22+or%22Manchester%22 +or%22edinburgh%22+or%22glasgow%22+or%22d ublin%22+or%22leeds%22+or%22liverpool%22%2 9&servicelevel=full&frbrGrouping=off&maximumRe cords=100&startrecord=1&sortkeys=author&wske y=3bglamp5k3t5exzy3lf11ldizi5whnnkr4knmrhw h4qxbvr6kameqa7lex9v2zhs3q9uw6e5iqqp1lxk
13 network of poets (blue) & publishers (gold) books of poetry published in major cities dataset: records
14 the library
15 network of poets (blue) & publishers (gold) books of poetry published in major cities dataset: records
16
17
18 the field of Victorian poetry
19 The Penguin Book of Victorian Verse, ed. Daniel Karlin (Penguin, 1997) The Broadview Anthology of Victorian Poetry and Poetic Theory, ed. Thomas Collins and Vivienne Rundle (Broadview Press, 1999) The Broadview Anthology of Victorian Poetry and Poetic Theory, Concise Edition, ed. Thomas Collins and Vivienne Rundle (Broadview Press, 2000) Victorian Poetry, ed. Valentine Cunningham and Duncan Wu (Blackwell Essential Literature series, 2002) Victorian Poetry: An Annotated Anthology, ed. Francis O Gorman (Blackwell Annotated Anthologies series, 2004)
20 red nodes indicate poets included in 3, 4, or 5 anthologies
21
22 a field this large cannot be understood by stitching together separate bits of knowledge about individual cases, because it isn t a sum of individual cases: it s a collective system, that should be grasped as such, as a whole Franco Moretti, Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for Literary History
23 poetic style in the cultural field Which poetic choices serve as distinguishing markers among individual Victorian poets or groups of poets? Which poetic choices are more broadly observable among canonical Victorian poems? Which are observable in Victorian poetry beyond the canonical texts? How might we use such measures to chart new paths for comparative analysis?
24 Edmund Clarence Stedman, ed. A Victorian Anthology Selections Illustrating the Editor s Critical Review of British Poetry in the Reign of Victoria. (1895) 1274 poems 343 authors
25 Victorian poetry A foundational representation of a literary field as an historical arc Stedman s anthology includes many texts no longer part of the anthology canon
26 historical poetics I simple and relatively uncontroversial features of historical texts
27 poetry words (semantics) sentences (syntax) lines (poetics)
28 the poetic line The sense in prose flows continuously, while in verse it is segmented so as to increase information density and perceived structure. T. V. F. Brogan, Line in The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
29 the poetic line Signals poetic form through number and sequence Audible in metrical rhythm Visual in print conventions of white space and indentation Connected /distinguished through rhyme
30 line features number of lines number of stanzas sentence:line ratio
31 Underneath the growing grass, Underneath the living flowers, Deeper than the sound of showers: There we shall not count the hours By the shadows as they pass. Youth and health will be but vain, Beauty reckoned of no worth: There a very little girth Can hold round what once the earth Seemed too narrow to contain. Christina Rossetti, The Bourne
32 mean: 36.7 number of lines
33 number of lines over anthology
34 number of lines and stanzas
35 enjambment
36 THE BOURNE. 2:10 Underneath the growing grass, Underneath the living flowers, Deeper than the sound of showers: There we shall not count the hours By the shadows as they pass. Youth and health will be but vain, Beauty reckoned of no worth: There a very little girth Can hold round what once the earth Seemed too narrow to contain.
37 Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Sonnets from the Portuguese V I lift my heavy heart up solemnly, As once Electra her sepulchral urn, And, looking in thine eyes, I overturn The ashes at thy feet. Behold and see What a great heap of grief lay hid in me, And how the red wild sparkles dimly burn Through the ashen greyness. If thy foot in scorn Could tread them out to darkness utterly, It might be well perhaps. But if instead Thou wait beside me for the wind to blow The grey dust up,... those laurels on thine head, O my Belovèd, will not shield thee so, That none of all the fires shall scorch and shred The hair beneath. Stand further off then! go. 6: 14
38 end-stop score 10 [.?! ] 8 [: ;] 4 [,] 1 [no punctuation]
39 endstop ratio over anthology
40 words type-token ratio repetition [word frequency] [topic modeling]
41 type-token ratio
42 type-token ratio
43 4grams 27% of the poems have repeated 4grams
44 historical poetics II
45 Documents from the history of poetics... are inevitably saturated with all sorts of cultural idioms which can help us to connect them to the culture of which they are part and in which the people who produced, distributed, and consumed verse texts and performances lived Simon Jarvis, What is Historical Poetics?
46 Perhaps the best way to think about what we do together is to view us as a lab research team (without the white coats)... we are conducting parallel experiments in genre theory, in the history of prosody... Although we do not write our articles and books collectively, what we write individually emerges from the sort of research collective that is less common in the humanities these days than it is in the social and natural sciences. Yopie Prins, What is Historical Poetics? (2016)
47 practical application is not the point of historical poetics. There are other, more interesting questions... Yopie Prins, Historical Poetics, Dysprosody, and The Science of English Verse (2008)
48 operationalizing historical poetics the definitions of many poetic features are historically contingent and contested computational approaches allow us to test different historical models of poetry over historical poetic practice
49 rhyme rhyme is the linkage in poetry of two syllables at line end... that have identical stressed vowels and subsequent phonemes but differ in initial consonant(s) if any are present syllables that, in short, begin differently and end alike T. V. F. Brogan, Rhyme in The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
50 rhyme the definition of what counts as rhyme is conventional and cultural T. V. F. Brogan, Rhyme in The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
51 perfect vs near rhyme cat hat love prove
52 John Walker, A Rhyming Dictionary; Answering, at the Same Time, the Purposes of Spelling and Pronouncing the English Language, on a Plan not Hitherto Attempted (1775, 1806, 1823, 1824, 1859, 1865, 1866)
53 Walker s dictionary Index of Perfect and Allowable Rhymes organized by rhyme syllables (ab, ace, ach) Each entry includes head syllable and lists of words that rhyme with it Cross-references to other rhyme entries Quotations of poetry to illustrate the allowable rhymes
54 approach created key-value dictionary using the head rhyme syllables as keys perfsyll: head rhyme, cross ref syllables, and manually extracted rhyme syllables from th listed perfect rhyme words perfwords: the words Walker lists in the entry allowsyll and allowwords for allowable rhymes
55 extract final syllables and words from each poetic line series of lookups in Walker s dictionary: perfect rhyme syllables, perfect rhyme words, allowable syllables, allowable rhyme words final attempt to match unmatched syllables looks for perfect matches within the poem text
56 produces rhyme pattern conventionally coded as ABABCDCD list of rhyme syllables and rhyme words percentage of perfect or allowable rhymes used
57 rhyme was a shared idiom, without which the lyric was all but unthinkable. To that extent, a rhymed poem did not really represent, in any useful sense, a decision to use rhyme. Peter McDonald, Sound Intentions: The Workings of Rhyme in Nineteenth-Century Poetry
58 rhyme was a shared idiom, without which the lyric was all but unthinkable. To that extent, a rhymed poem did not really represent, in any useful sense, a decision to use rhyme. Peter McDonald, Sound Intentions: The Workings of Rhyme in Nineteenth-Century Poetry 95% of the poems in Stedman are rhymed
59 rhyme dictionaries are both descriptive and prescriptive, thereby closely connected to the poetic idiom of rhyme offers an indirect approach to historical and national English pronunciation differences null matches can point to distinctive authorial styles or to inconsistencies in the source dictionary
60 Prevalence of rhyme Discovering prevalence of particular rhyme patterns Discovering structured poetic forms Exploring the idiom of rhyme
61 most frequent rhyme words me day sea thee be away night love again dead there more eyes see
62 Other rhyme dictionaries J. E. Carpenter A Handbook of Poetry (1868) Tom Hood The Rules of Rhyme (1869) Samuel W. Barnum A Vocabulary of English Rhymes, Arranged on a New Plan (1876) John Longmuir Rhythmical Index to the English Language (1877) R. F. Brewer Orthometry: A Treatise on the Art of Versification (1893) Andrew Loring The Rhymer s Lexicon (1905).
63 poetic style in the cultural field Which poetic choices serve as distinguishing markers among individual Victorian poets or groups of poets? Which poetic choices are more broadly observable among canonical Victorian poems? Which are observable in Victorian poetry beyond the canonical texts? How might we use such measures to chart new paths for comparative analysis?
64 unquestioned representations of what is... need to be subjected to a radical critique to return the humanistic tenets of constructedness and interpretation to the fore. Johanna Drucker, Humanities Approaches to Graphical Display
65 Poetics exists at the intersection of the quantitative and the subjective Part of the literary context we don t yet understand at the large scale
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anecdotal Based on personal observation, as opposed to scientific evidence.
alliteration The repetition of the same sounds at the beginning of two or more adjacent words or stressed syllables (e.g., furrow followed free in Coleridge s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner). allusion
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