Notes. 1. For some of these observations regarding Kant's two conceptions of freedom I am indebted to Lewis White Beck's Commentary on Kant's

Transcription

1 Notes 1 Nature and Mind 1. For some of these observations regarding Kant's two conceptions of freedom I am indebted to Lewis White Beck's Commentary on Kant's Critique of Practical Reason The Past and the Self 1. Johann Gottfried von Herder Outline of a Philosophy of the History of Mankind George Wilhelm Frederick Hegel; born Stuttgart 1770, died Berlin Naturrecht und Staatswissenschaft im Grundrisse Hegel's acknowledgement of the contribution of Rousseau is particularly generous (PR 156). He credits Rousseau with the realization that the State was the manifestation of Will, this, for Hegel displays the recognition that the true comprehension of the existence and right of the State must be in thought. Here Will is the form, and State is the substance. Each without the other is an empty abstraction. 5. Seren Aabye Kierkegaard born Jutland 1813 died Bredgade Afsluttende Uvidenskabelig Efterskrift Gotthold Ephraim Lessing The Condition of Consciousness 1. Jean-Paul Sartre, born Paris 21 June 1905 died Paris 15 April La Nausee Husserl, Edmund Gustav Albert 'Phenomenology' the name given to the philosophy of Husserl is designated in this work by a capital 'P' so it can be distinguished from the general use of the term which originated with Kant's thinking. 5. The Imaginary [L'Imagination] 1936 p L'ttre et le Neant La Transcendence de l'ego The Playful Project 1. L'Etre et le N&mt 1943 all quotation in this work are from Being and Nothingness trans Hazel Barnes Sein und Zeit 1928 translated Being and Time

2 258 Notes 3. Dasein, literally there-being is the cogito of Heidegger, it is the initial point of going out into the world or projecting into being. Unlike Sartre's Neant, it has no immediate relation to itself, its being is being and its relations are those of being. 5 The Sources of Fragmentation 1. Questions de Mtthod 1960, originally published as Between Existentialism and Marxism 1957 then edited as the introductory essay to the Critique of Dialectical Reason. 2. Critique de la raison dialectic The Singular Universal, p The Singular Universal, p Understanding Experience 1. Michael Joseph Oakeshott, born Kent 11 December 1901, died, Acton, Dorset 19 December The Importance of the Historical Element in Christianity p Francis Herbert Bradley The reference to Boethius I owe to R. McKeon, Selections from Medieval Philosophy Vol. 1 p F. H. Bradley, Michael Oakeshott, The Presuppositions of Critical History, p The Vigour of Inheritance Michael Oakeshott, Collective Dream of Civilization, The Listener Vol. 37, 1947 p Ibid., p The Achievement of Legal Order 1. Published as a note in Political Studies XIII 1965 responding to the article of D. D. Raphael. 2. Michael Oakeshott, Social and Political Doctrines of Contemporary Europe, p. xxii fn. 9 The User of Practices 1. Sartre Being and Nothingness p. 451; see also ibid., Chapter Four.

3 Notes 259 Conclusion: Reconstructing the Self 1. The Preface to the Philosophy of Right p Bradley says: 'Alike in the life of mankind and in the development of the individual, the deed comes first and later reflection; and it is with the question, 'What have I done?' that we awake to the facts accomplish and never intended, and to existences we do not recognize, while we own them as creations of ourselves'. The Presuppositions of Critical History p For Hegel's view of Rousseau see Philosophy of Right p Hegel's identification of the real and the rational; The Logic Hegel's notion of 'The Family'; Philosophy of Right p. 110, 'It is... ethical mind in its natural or immediate phase- the Family'.

4 Bibliography Note: I have limited this bibliography to works which have been mentioned in the text. Simone de Beauvoir, Adieux: A Farewell to Sartre. Trans. Patrick O'Brian. Penguin Books , The Prime of Life. Trans. Peter Green, Penguin Books. Lewis White Beck, A Commentary on Kant's Critique of Practical Reason. The University of Chicago Press, F. H. Bradley, Ethical Studies. Clarendon Press, Oxford ,Appearance and Reality. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London , The Presuppositions of Critical History. Ed. L. Rubinoff. Quadrangle Books, Chicago R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of History. Oxford University Press , The Idea of Nature. Oxford University Press Rene Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy. Trans. John Cottingham. Cambridge University Press Joseph P. Fell, Heidegger and Sartre: An essay on Being and Place. Columbia Press, New York G. W. F. Hegel, Introduction to the Lectures on the History of Philosophy. Trans. T. M. Knox and A. V. Miller. Oxford University Press ,Phenomenology of Spirit. Trans. A. V. Miller. Oxford University Press , Logic. Vol. I. The Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences. Trans. William Wallace. Oxford University Press , The Philosophy of History. Trans. J. Sibree. Dover Publications Inc., New York , Philosophy of Right. Trans. T. M. Knox. Oxford University Press Martin Heidegger, Being and Time. Trans. John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. Basil Blackwell, , Basic Writings Ed. David Farrell Krell. Harper, San Francisco , [Letter on Humanism] Trans. Edgar Lohner in Philosophy in the Twentieth Century. Vol , Contemporary European Thought. Ed. William Barrett and Henry D. Aiken. Harper and Row, New York ,[What is Metaphysics]- in Being and Existence. Trans. R. F. C. Hull and A. Crick. Vision Press, London Edmund Husserl, Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy. Trans. Quintin Lauer. Harper & Row, Publishers, New York Emmanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. J. M. D. Meicklejohn. Dent. London , Critique of Practical Reason. Trans. Lewis White Beck. Macmillan

5 Bibliography , Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Trans. Lewis White Beck. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis ,Perpetual Peace. Trans. Lewis White Beck. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis ,Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Trans. J. W. Ellington. Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis Seren Kierkegaard, The Sickness Unto Death. Trans. Alastair Hannay. Penguin Books , Fear and Trembling/Repetition. Trans. H. V. Hong and E. H. Hong. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey , Philosophical Fragments/Johannes Climacus. Trans. H. Hong and E. H. Hong. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey , The Concept of Anxiety. Trans. R. Thomte and A. B. Anderson. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey , Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Trans. D. F. Swenson and W. Lowrie. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of Trans. Anon. Lawrence & Wishart, London , Selected Writings. Trans. David McLellan. Oxford University Press Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil Trans. W. Kaufmann, Vintage Books, New York , On the Genealogy of Morals/Ecce Homo. Trans. Walter Kaufmann. Vintage Books, New York Michael Oakeshott, Experience and its Modes. Cambridge University Press ,Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays. Methuen & Co. London ,On Human Conduct. Clarendon Press, Oxford ,On History and Other Essays. Basil Blackwell , Social and Political Doctrines of Contemporary Europe. Cambridge University Press ,Hobbes's Leviathan. Basil Blackwell, Oxford , [The Masses and Representative Democracy] American Conservative Thought in the Twentieth Century. Ed. W. F. Buckley in Bobbs Merrill, New York. --,[The Vocabulary of a Modern European State Political Studies. pp Vol ,[On Misunderstanding Human Conduct] Political Theory Vol. 4 No.3 August , [The Claims of Politics] Scrutiny. Vol , [Rationalism in Politics: A reply to Professor Raphael] Political Studies. XIII , [Religion in the Moral Life the 'D' Society Pamphlets No. II Cambridge , [The Importance of the Historical Element in Christianity] The Modern Churchman. XVIII pp , [The Authority of the State] The Modern Churchman. XIX pp ,[The Collective Dream of Civilization] The Listener pp

6 262 Bibliography Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Basic Political Writings. Trans. D. A. Cress. Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis , Reveries of the Solitary Walker. Trans. Peter France. Penguin Books Jean-Paul Sartre, [Intentionality: A Fundamental Idea of Husserl's Phenomenology] Trans. Joseph E. Fell. Journal of the British Society of Phenomenology. Vol. I No , The Transcendence of the Ego. Trans. Forrest Williams and Robert Kirkpatrick. Noonday Press, New York ,Nausea. Trans. Robert Baldirk. Penguin Books , The Emotions: Outline of a Theory. Trans. Bernard Frechtman. Philosophical Library, New York , The Psychology of the Imagination. Trans. Anon. The Citadel Press, Secaucus, New Jersey. Undated. --, War Diaries. Note Books from a Phoney War, November 1939-March Trans. Quintin Hoare. Verso Editions, London , Being and Nothingness. Trans. Hazel Barnes. Methuen & Co., London , Saint Genet, Actor and Martyr. Trans. Bernard Frechtman. Heinemann, London ,Three Plays: 'The Respectable Prostitute', 'Lucifer' and 'The Lord, In Camera'. Trans. Kitty Black and Stuart Gilbert. Penguin Books ,The Age of Reason. Trans. Eric Sutton. Penguin Books ,The Reprieve. Trans. Eric Sutton. Penguin Books , Iron in the Soul. Trans. Gerard Hopkins. Penguin Books , Search for a Method. Trans. Hazel E. Barnes. Alfred A. Knopf Inc., New York , Critique of Dialectical Reason. Volume One 'Theory of Practical Ensembles'. Trans. Alan Sheridan-Smith. Verso, London , Critique of Dialectical Reason. Volume Two 'The Intelligibility of History' (unfinished). Trans. Quintin Hoare. Verso, London , Sartre in the Seventies: Interviews and Essays [Situations X] (first published as Life/Situations) Trans. Paul Auster and Lydia Davis. Andre Deutsch, London , [Kierkegaard: The Si11gular U11iversal] 'Between Existentialism and Marxism'. Trans. John Matthews. Verso, London F. W. S. Schelling, Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature. Cambridge University Press Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation. Vol. I. Trans, E. R. S. Payne. Dover Publications Inc., New York

7 Index Adverbiality, 200 Agency,214-20,223,224 Alienation, 116, 119 in Marx, Amor fati, 86, 88 Angst, 65 Anguish, 79, 87 Anti-individual, see Individual manque Anxiety,47 Appearance and Reality, Artificial human Awareness as, 236 Authenticity in Sartre, 76 Bacon, 164, 187 Bad Faith, 83, 91 Being in Heidegger, 64, 70, 73, 97 in Sartre, 67, 76 Being and Nothingness, 92, 116, 123, 222,237,238,240 Being and Time, 73-5 Bodin, 190 Bradley, ,156,207,236,237 Appearance and Reality, 137 Brentano, 53 British Idealism, 135, 141, 207 Capitalism, 109, 127, see also Alienation Causality, 10, 22 Choice, 225 in Being and Nothingness, 83-5 in On Human Conduct, Christianity, 10, 12, 232 Claims of Politics, The, Clarity, 119, 237, see also Translucidity Cogito, 14, 56, 63, 68, 72, 75, 79, 84, 95,97,98,131,248 in Sartre, 56, 77 Coherence, 144,146 Collective Dream of Civilization, The, Collectivism, 177 Collingwood, Communism, 103, 223 Concept, The, 39 Concernful dealing, 74,84 Concluding Unscientific Postscript, 40 Consciousness, 57-9, 61, 68, 85, 91 in Marx, 112 in Sartre, 77 as Artificial, 236 as Synthetic, 236 Conservatism, , 255 Oakeshott, 169 Contingency, 52 Copernicus, 12, 13 Critique of Dialectical Reason, 103, ,241,244,246 Custom, 165 Dasein, 66,74 Death, 75 Deliberation, 85 Descartes, 11, 13-16,24,53, 157, 164, 220, 229 Despair inkierkegaard,44-5 Determination as Mimetic, 41, 222, , 251 as Pathetic, 41, 222, , 251 Division of Labour, 109, see also Alienation Doubt, 14,17 Dread,65 Dualism, 16, 27 Earnestness,47-8 Existentialism is a Humanism, 97 Experience, 139, 141-2, 165 Experience and its Modes, , 159,

8 264 Index Facticity, 88, 90, 95 Fascism, 223 Freedom, 11,20,22,86, 157,174-6, 190,216 as phenomenal, 235 as real, 234 in Being and Nothingness, 82, 83, 90 in Experience and its Modes, 159 in Hegel, 32, 39 in Kierkegaard, 47 in Oakeshott, 152, 153-4, 237 in On Human Conduct, 229 in Rationalism in Politics, 159 in Sartre, 101, 130 Freud, 93, 128 Galileo, 12, 13 Geist, see Mind German Ideology, 109 God, 12,13-14,16,20,40,99,187, 231 Good faith, 84, 91, 96,97 Government in Oakeshott, 169, 171 Group, Th~ Habit, 165 Hegel, 29-39, 40, 42, 53, 76, 107, 112, 113, 129, 135, 137, 140, 157, 163,181,188,205,222,225,227, 233,234,236,242 Heidegger, 62, 72, 118, 151, 156, 158,181,227,230,255 Being and Time, 73-5 Dasein, 74 Nothing, 75 Herder, 27-8 History, Hobbes, 177, 180, 188 Holderlin, 64 Humanism, 103, 118 in Sartre, 97 Husser!, 52-4 and Hegel, 53 Idea of Nature, The, 11 Idealism, 19, 53 Ideology, 167 Individual Mllnque, The, 186 Individual, The, 185 Instrumental relationships, 192, 199 Intentionality, 72 Intimations, 166, 168 Judgement, 142 Kant, 16-23,27,48,53,57, 157,220, 233,234,235,236,256 Kierkegaard,40-7,65,75,224,237, 249 LalY, 190,196,204,216,246,248 in, On Human Conduct, 183 Left The, 241, 242 Letter on Humanism, A, 97, 129 Lex, 194, 196 Liberalism, 174 Libertarian state, 194 Libertarianism, 3, 174 Locke,206 Love, 81 Marx,99, ,242,248,257 Marxism in Sartre, 83, 103 Meditations, 13 Mill, 206 Mimetic determination, 41,222, ,251 Mind,29 Modes in Oakeshott, Monotheism, 232 Montesquieu, Moral relationship, 200-4, 200 Multi-culturalism, 227 Nausea, 52, 70 Neant, le, 63, 67, 71, 76, 79, 88, 93, 95,98,102,104,116, 120,130, 157, 220, 239, 244, 251, see also Nothingness Nietzsche, 69, 82, 86, 92,220, 229, 249 Nihilation, 66, 98 Non-instrumental Practice, 193, ,225,247 Nothing in Heidegger, 64-6, 69, 75

9 Index 265 Nothingness, 55, 63, 66, 67-9, 71, 130, see Neant, le Noumenon, The, 20--2, 220 Oakeshott Adverbiality, 200 Agent, The, , 221,229 Art in, 178, 180 Bradley and, 141 Choice in, 83-5 Claims of Politics, The, 178 Coherence, 144, 146 Conservatism of, Custom, 165 Experience, 141-2, 165 Experience and its Modes, Freedom in, 152, 153-4, 159, 174-6,191,219,228,229 History in, Idealism, 141 Individualism in, 194 Instrumental relationships, 192 Intimations, 168 Law in, 183, 191 Liberalism in, 205 Modes, Montesquieu in, 188 Non-instrumental practice in, 193,204 Phenomenology of, 145 Platforms of understanding in, 209 Politics in, 166, 178, 197 Practical experience, Practice, 199,213,220,222 Rationalism in Politics, 159 Reality in, 144, 145 Rules in, 193, 202 Science in, 148,223 Self, The, 157 Theorist, The, 207-8, 221 Theory in, Tradition in, 167 On Human Conduct, 237, 240, 246, 247,252 Opacity, 127, see Clarity Order, in Oakeshott, 144 Others, Owl of Minerva, The, 39 Pathetic determination, 41, 222, ,251 Phenomenology, 77,107 in Husser!, 52-4 in Oakeshott, 141, 145 in Sartre, Phenomenon,The,20 Philosophy of Right, 32, 243, 247 Platforms of Understanding, 209 Play, 95-6 Pledge, The, 124 Politics in Oakeshott, 166, 177 Practical experience, Practice, , ,220 Practico-inert, The, , Praxis, 74, 106-7, see also Concemful dealing in Marx, 110 Private property, 111, 114, 128, see also Alienation Problem of Method, Procedure, 212 Process, see Procedure Project, The, 75, 81, 86, 89, 105 Protestantism, 232 Psychoanalysis in Sartre, 93 Psychology of the Imagination, The, 56 Puritanism, 256 Radicalism, 255 Rationalism, 178, 227,254 in Oakeshott, 226 in Politics, 166, 172 in Sartre, 72, 86, 236 Rationalism in Politics, 159,239 Realism in Sartre, 84, 98 Reason, 25 in Hegel, 30 Religion, 110 Repetition, 46 Responsibility, 91 Right, The, 241, 243 Rilke, 64 Romantic Movement, The, 70 Romanticism, 28, 162, 244 Rousseau,24,28,36,41,64,241,248 Rules, 193, 202

10 266 Index Sartre, 157, 181, 220, 222, 228, 230. Alienation in, 116, 120 and Husser!, 52,54 Anguish in, 79 Authenticity in, 76 Bad faith in, 83, 91 Being in, 76 Being and Nothingness, 71 Capitalism in, 127 Cogito, The, 56, 77 Conflict in, 119 Consciousness in, 77 Contingency in, 52 Critique of Dialectical Reason, Freedom in, 130 Group, The, 122 Liberation in, 119 Marxism of, 103, 115 Nausea, 52 Phenomenology of, 54 Play, 95-6 Practico-inert, The, 120-1, 122, Praxis, Problem of Method, 102, Project, 75 Psychoanalysis in, 93 Rationalism in, 117,226 Scarcity, 119, 121 Other, The, Pledge, The, 124 Practico-inert, The, 120 Series, The, Self, The, 59 Situation, The, 88 Transcendence of the Ego, The, 56 Vertigo, 78, see also Translucidity; Nothingness; Neant Schopenhauer, 139, 220 Science, 148 Scrutiny Symposium, see Claims of Politics, The Search for a Method, The, see Problem of Method Self, The, 130 in Oakeshott, 152, 157 in Sartre, 59, 80 Self-finitization, 105, 131 Series, The, Sittlichkeit, 35-8, 135, 164, 181, 206, 225,227,242 Situation, The, 88 Socialism, 173 Societas, 184, 189, 192, 193, 216 Sociology, 213 Spinoza, 30 Synthetic Human Awareness as, 236 Technical knowledge, 161 Theorist, , 208, 220 Theorizing, 207 Theory, 159 Theory of Practical Ensembles, see Critique of Dialectical Reason Tradition, 167 Transcendence, 67, 139 Transcendence of the Ego, The, 56, 77, 116,130 Transcendental Field, 55 Transcendental Method, Translucency, 58, 127, see Translucidity Translucidity, 67, 72, 77, 95, 117, 130,131,244,250 Transparency, 15,59,63,72,77,see Translucidity Truth in Oakeshott, 144, 145 Understanding in Oakeshott, 159 Universitas, 184, 186-7, 216 Vertigo, 78 Vorhandenheit, 74 War Journals, 67 What is Metaphysics?, 63-6 Will, 21 in Hegel, 32 Zuhandenheit, 74