Innovation on Islamic Architecture

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International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2013 Available online at www.irjabs.

1 International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2013 Available online at ISSN X / Vol, 5(1): Science Explorer Publications Innovation on Islamic Architecture Zohre Asgary * Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch Esfahan * Corresponding Author sedaghati7263@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: The daily increasing development of industrial manufactured from last parts of nineteen century, especially in twenty century that, caused increasing of living manufactures and crowd statistics. Following them, changing in development of building in countries that, they started this development, by that transformation, their culture deeply changed. The new culture that identified modernism and their philosophical bases founded on manufacture and usage, and another base of them founded on industrial tool, to take anymore sources material to anymore usage, because of, consumerism and materialism reflected notable to human soul. Their attention was leaded from moral and metaphysical educations (that by, human living s bases and appropriate condition life were notified by God messengers and by, human was leaded to freedom, thanksgiving of appropriate real fortunes) to experimental and mathematical educations and human was claimed from God agency to govern to God creatures, he tested any universe phenomenon by intellect and reason and then human moral nobility was suspected and their idea that was knotted with feeling disconnected and order to its global nature penetrated to hole world countries. It was very high challenging happened with human believes that who was agency of God. The architecture of before modernism that was being planned and innovated gradually appropriate with human moral and soul and had time and place identity and didn t flow aim in existing except human nobility, suddenly changed and completely served functionalism logic and became international and didn t belong to especial nation. This new phenomenon created irreparable unrest in existing, culture, social relations, economy, politic and belief of the human who related to idea. Because of this, from last parts of twenty century, scientists in every country attempted to save the human from machinism, created very academicals efforts and etc. Influenced of, after Iran revolution, paid high attention to identity the Iran architecture and in this process spaced effective and it is trying to give value to this important aim in their future development planes. Being operational in architecture is manifesting in architecture of place for public prayer and unknown martyrs monuments. For example, the monument architecture of unknown martyr that have built at Gachsaran Azad University in Kohgiloye and Boierahmad province after end of 8 year war of Iran and Iraq, in order to concepts related to events of war, rationally, could create and indicate a philosophy base of people union and intimacy together with their historical messages in that land. Consequence, the aim of this knowing and flowing is: help to this famous transformation by multilateral investigation and searching in past and present architecture and the manner of their innovation until can flow base paces on its rise quality. Key word: Innovation, Functionalism, Modernism, Past Modern, Identity. INTRODUCTION For against to the modern architecture that have challenged the principal and divine values related to human with creating and developing industrial tools and have decreased human position as same as machine and completely serve machine and challenged all human believes from the last parts of nineteen century. Creating innovation in Islamic architecture elements is going to fill valuable the identification blank that figured by industrial revolution. In this strategy and new turning, it have been considered, on a side, in order to types of usual and especial concepts hidden behind architecture elements that arrange a volume and volume totality, and on another side, new method inclined to trueborn nation method related to functionalism and order to culture especially to interest of people who live at that area.all considered elements, attempt to benefit by culture especially believes, political, accidents, experienced social's manners, myths and common rituals that related to the especial area. In these type of planning and construction are pay special attention to believe basic and in result of,to family union by nationalism and religion that are a new view in Islamic innovation. Although, this type of view in first step is looking at monument projects such as unknown martyrs tombs of Gachsaran Azad University, sharkord, and some of prayer places, without any doubt this type of architecture phenomenon is first nucleus or sampling that will be become gradually fruitful and strong. If there is attempting

2 for a nation's union and intimacy or another way and the aim is having to anew civil society that look especially to micro cultures, then, must be known the nation manner convergence in respect to all social values consist manners, characters, costumes, moving and progress of nations and the cultural convergence especially at religion believes for desires and the rise of human spiritualities and greatness, and the political convergence for protection of nation security and to defend of identity borders of a country. In all condition, they are basic bases and related to permanence of a nation at global field, that they must be recognized rightly. In this article, the knowing of the base of remembered values on powers and faults and the quality of adaptation them by new Islamic architecture is aimed that can recognize the values of new architecture elements. The remembered monuments have so internal, external and futurist concept and they follow transferring of their messages at any defined place at any time to their speakers. Today, the monuments architectures of unknown martyrs that were built and are building in Iran, they are the place of people meeting at every zone at especial days and become there so greatness union and national and religion convergence. Forman architecture monument, what we can expect? The unknown martyr monument of Gachsaran Azad University is an index sample case in this article that almost have showed so greatness the all remembered bases, any of their elements designed and constructed in order to especial object and didn't forget any message, today at that zone, it is a meeting place for common and especial people. Only criticism about is the consumed materials that have not any relative with nation materials, but masterly usage of modern material in this monument, it is charactering to the modern materials that serve the nation architecture. In this article: Question: Iranian architecture at revolution age, will go which way? The way of investigation: free research, library studying and analyze of a sample case to concept recognize. Innovation in Islamic architecture. Cultural transformation by industrial revolution, caused changing in architecture that created new architecture, that known as modern architecture, it appeared at Bave Haves School at Europe and the related first presentation was done clearly in Chicago school at America, and by their process has exerted a waste and nonstop invasive to the countries architecture identity such as Islamic countries. The current of modern and past modern architecture that today follows international whole pattern architecture with without border and their attention is completely to the functionalism and more to the economic development in applied elements or at urban sites " in philosophy base more divided the idea and sense that is the soul origin of architecture, and the most their duty loading is thinking about economic development and although, had been to connected tow always, it is interesting that have not been successful" (Schulz, 2003) and from another side, has less pay attention to the cultural identity of nations at past and at present, and also to today under consideration civic society and because of international, will not transfer less identity precedent of an especial nation to future. In this direction, this tendency architects have changed all the bases and origins of past architecture of nations" modern architectures not only changed the contain but changed the concepts and thinking form and architectural practices, the responsible of architecture is not only investigation on qualitative factors, but from sides conditioned also that at past ages, undertake artists who were tended to devotion on art way without incomparable with another human responsible have distanced" (Benevolo Leonardo 1993) increasing penetration of this tendency have challenged all sides of culture and architecture of any nation, in this way, from earlier, the scientists of this course are attempting to best using of unavoidable development of living subjects on all fields on a side and on another side, such as past ages by using nation continued culture in related architecture, the construction that is conform on any nation data, lead to true current "on all clear sighted believe, the human past values must be powered in architecture an urbanism again: buildings and urbane have suitable scale and human living, supply the man's right and to out the disturbance of present passage. In behind of all these demands there are a sustainable true that be created a suitable living to human"( Giedion, Sigfried )and can say bravely that in this time Islamic architecture became weak and outgrowth in any Islamic country for a long time especially at twenty century and less appeared flowering by themselves, and the most of their sustainable origins that could following suitable at sustainable architecture failed and followed a general pattern that was clearly formal, from the late of twenty century, the attempting of architects to against to new phenomenon didn't so success and created more investigation and record of history to protect of Islamic tradition architecture identity values. For example, on protecting of the Islamic tradition architecture identity values of Iran school, it is not hidden to anyone the suitable attempting of Pirnia Mohamad karim. But, attempting to become performed have not forgotten never, must be accepted that such process needs a long time and it is a cultural creating. After Iran revolution, its architecture followed a new technique and can be said bravely, it is the most logic method because it is not dogmatism, don't look at to past only and avoid from dogmatism, and on other side don't deliver anxious himself to "modernism" and "past modernism", but use it logically and from this process create an new, so excellent and sustainable art," transformations that 45

3 have been shaped in Iran society at latest three ten, its true gleams become more bright and shiny, also daily increasing, have been begun attempts at the art fields to recognize what was failed" (Nadimi,2007)this art can be investigated and studied on many monument architectures that were created after revolution. For clear understanding of this innovation, more friendship and attempt to power, in this article we will review and careful on the unknown martyrs monuments of Gachsaran Azad University. On understanding of architecture innovation, at first must analyzed the architecture identities at past and now, the new can have a comparable standard to assessment them. In this way, if we accept that the identity of past architecture is the background of today architecture and on a side, repeating it as same as it will be so dirtiness and on other side it is offense to today architecture, more important to all, continuing as same as it is not the identity of a nation at today but it is repeating of a solid and ugly architecture that has become historical subject, in this condition we can analyze and show clearly the today architecture that is going to rebuilt their proportional unidentified. The meaning of identification," Identity resulted from God word, then it related to and attention to God principal from view of dictionary: "Amid dictionary: the real of object or person. Moein dictionary: substance of God, existence, presence- characteristics difference between persons. From view of scientists: Steward Hall: identity is a process that is being and it is a certificate and subject to recognize. Junk son Churls: identity is category of objects and persons and related self with an object or another person.) (Magazine of Ural identity,2010) In fact, by recognizing of the identity we can know the phenomena's separately. The before modernism architecture identity produced by human that, who has God identity" the human of before modernism was being followed principals that had exported by her or his God and communicated by chosen messengers" ( Hojat 2004)-"the past architecture emphasize was on human generosities and workability, beauty and durability demanded for human greatness by architecture on that time, believed that innovation is a gradually completing and shape architecture is a new once, but existed born and its completer that architect adds a value to architecture values, and don't claim to spontaneous architecture" ( Hojat Isa) on that time, architect was being used from all existed natural and cultural energy to create a new and sustainable value correspond on existed and demanded condition. The identity of modernism was generated by a human who, because of keeping aloof from spirituality and divine, flowed the intellectual way and in this case" the most important changing is: human knowing related to position, station and his or her rule in universe, because at this during human was promoted from God position to God replacement" (Taghizadeh,1989 at the modern during human accepted her or his believe by experimental measurements with intellect criterion" so that, from modernism time by attention to pure intellect, the feeling, moral and spiritual needs have been ignored and its reflection in the architecture was appeared by functionalism and blinded the quality of life"( Ahmady,1980)therefore, architecture related to this during looked after to functionalism at all dimension that caused development of phenomena's and its less attention was paid to demands that promote human greatness;" the modern world surpassed the rest of recent human by intellectualism and have retired him in a machine, modern intellect more than serve the human, toke captive human in machine living and surpassed human characteristics" (Mahdavinegad,1993)and because of this, architecture identity that was valuable wakened. Loss of credit by modern architecture on a side and it unsuitability conditions on other side caused appearing past modern architecture that known as "my architecture", it is result of architect's tact composed by attention to tradition, history, industry and customer demand, and usually they are imitation "in the time of past modern, there are different spectrums as historical tendency, regional tendency, revival direction tendency, spontaneous architecture and urbanization, and metaphor, symbolic and metaphysic architecture were shaped in space of past modern architecture" (Tahae,1992) the identity of such architecture is confused and don't appear a solid explain from an especial cultural identity and can't stay and explain the union and correlation, one of important aims. With attention to considerations about identity of a Islamic country that have shaped in Iran after revolution, this cultural review have impressed all cultural field such as architecture and try to found it in planning of country development at future. All academic planning, conferences, regional lectures, magazines, articles and etc are explaining this subject. Attention to principal restoration, rebuilt and development of religious, custom and creation of new general architecture such as Isfahan and Tehran's grand prayer place and etc. that shaped in this direction. In these types of appeared architectures, it is clear the nationalism. Related samples architectures are the monuments of unknown martyrs that by the innovation is creating from after Iran and Iraq fighting, in studying and analyze of the monument of Gachsaran unknown martyr (fig.-1) we can obtain: 46

university have attracted himself all visual and mental attention, and in other side have moved all architecture elements that staid at there and created a suitable space on their around, it is the

4 Figure 1. Unknown Martyrs Monument Of Gachsaran University. What have been hidden in the philosophy bases of these architectures that, it is very important, having the all field's moral value, and by staying with having greatness at the center of an university have attracted himself all visual and mental attention, and in other side have moved all architecture elements that staid at there and created a suitable space on their around, it is the best area for student gathering and exchange views. Over these subjects, severely, it reminded himself the Gachsaran region mental as the people of this region automatically done their religious customs nearby. This subject cause a more correlated and unanimity between that region people, thus, architecture in company with having messages, have all attention to human values. The message of this monument is transferring of the Iran-Iraq fighting remembrance, this fighting that longed 8 years, known as "holy defend" in Iranian people.8 is the shape's scale of this architecture and explains 8 years that Iranian defeated to Iraq. In this monument can obtain: An 8 lateral plan. It has 8 columns. Columns have 8 lateral and such as ziggurat column base, they carry a holy building (fig- 2). Figure2. Column Base As Ziggurat. 47

The dome had built as somersault on the tulips by 8 intersecting interior ribs and has 8 decorative ribs on exterior surface, it looks as a soldier hat, the dome is as somersaulting that seems it is

5 The half bottom of columns has 8 lateral sections and the half top of them have Iranian cruciform sections that remember holy. All shape of columns are as tulip figure that remember the known poem tulip opened by our young s blood the half of columns façade had built by stone that indicate opening of tulip from stem (fig.-1). The dome had built as somersault on the tulips by 8 intersecting interior ribs and has 8 decorative ribs on exterior surface, it looks as a soldier hat, the dome is as somersaulting that seems it is uneasy on tombs by its weight and want to rise to sky (figure3). Figure3. dome with intersection ribs. The building has stayed on a ziggurat flat such as Mesopotamia temple that indicates it is a holy building (fig.-4). Figure4. building stayed on ziggurat flat. There is a pool at the around of building that remember the defensive moat thus the war was imposed and we are at defense condition (figure 5). 48

- CONCULSION In order to theoretical and practical studied on prayer places and unknown martyr monuments that have been shaped in Iran areas after Islamic revolution and by analyze a known sample

6 Figure5. the pool on around of Tombs petro graphs have stayed at a ziggurat flat that indicate holy condition (fig.-6). Figure6. tombs on ziggurat There are 8 stone monuments on shape of lotus flower at around of building that explain the peace proposal at 8 year of war during(fig.- CONCULSION In order to theoretical and practical studied on prayer places and unknown martyr monuments that have been shaped in Iran areas after Islamic revolution and by analyze a known sample such as three unknown martyrs monument that has been built at Gachsaran Azad University, shows that after Islamic Revolution, the Iran architecture is going to fight as together theory and practical areas with respect to development planning to modern and past modern architecture that in flounced their cultural values and national identity. In this case, with creating cultural architectures such as prayer places and monuments of unknown martyr s tombs that started a new and national architecture, it has individual identity. It will be a good pattern to other nations to improve their architecture on development of culture. 49

Figure7. Lotus Flower, Peace Monument. REFERENCE Ahmady B.1993.Philosophical view to past modernism, Abady magazine, number 10,, Tehran. Benevolo L. 1993.

7 Figure7. Lotus Flower, Peace Monument. REFERENCE Ahmady B.1993.Philosophical view to past modernism, Abady magazine, number 10,, Tehran. Benevolo L Introduzione all architettura Giedion, Sigfried Space, Time and Architecture: the growth of a new tradition ). Giedion, Sigfried Space, Time and Architecture: the growth of a new tradition ). Hojat I. Disvalue of worth's, Magazine of honarhaye ziba, number 14, Iran, Tehran. Hojat I. The identity that makes human, Human that makes identity, the magazine of Honarhaye Ziba, number 24, Iran, Tehran. Magazine of Ural identity number 7, five year, Tehran Iranwww.SDI.ir Mahdavinegad M.2004.Pioneer Architecture,, Abadi magazine, number 46, Tehran. Noberg S.2003.Christian- Architecture: Presence, Language, Place. Translated into Persian by Seyyed Ahmadian Alireza- Memar Nashr Institute Tehran. Taghizadeh M the related of architecture's customs of Iran with Modernism and Innovation, the magazine of Honarhaye Ziba, number 7, Iran, Tehran. Tahae A Analyze of past modern phenomena and their relation with Iranian recent architecture, PH, D thesis, Tehran University, Tehran. 50

The Significance of Identity in the Image of the Iranian-Islamic City *

Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 6(10), 135-144, Spring Summer 2013 ISSN: 2008-5079 The Significance of Identity in the Image of the Iranian-Islamic City * Tahereh Nasr 1** 1 Ph.D of Urban