Lecture 18: Production & Perception
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1 Lecture 18: Production & Perception Kobey Shwayder Ling 001, Fall 2011 University of Pennsylvania Nov 9, 2011 Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
2 Outline Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
3 Outline Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
4 Thripshaw s Disease Why is the following clip funny? Example: Monty Python s Flying Circus, "Thripshaw s Disease" Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
5 Goal Competence versus Performance Exemplify a variety of performance errors that are not competence errors Understand generativist view of production/perception flow: Speaker: Production (Performance) Perception (Performance) Hearer: Perception (Performance) Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
6 Competence versus Performance What is linguistic competence versus linguistic performance? Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
7 Competence versus Performance What is linguistic competence versus linguistic performance? Competence Idealized capacity for language Underlying grammatical architecture in the mind Performance Actual production of utterances Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
8 Competence versus Performance What is linguistic competence versus linguistic performance? Competence Idealized capacity for language Underlying grammatical architecture in the mind Performance Actual production of utterances Why might we think competence differs from performance? Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
9 Historical Background de Saussure/Structuralism Ferdinand de Saussure ( ) Ï Treated language as a formal system Ï Especially interested in semiotics (division and structure of syntax, semantics, pragmatics) Ï Words and meanings are arbitrarily linked Ï Concerned with ideal speaker-listener Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
10 Historical Background Chomsky/Generativism Noam Chomsky (b 1928) "Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of this language in actual performance" (Aspect of the Theory of Syntax 1965) Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
11 Historical Background Chomsky/Generativism Chomsky differentiates competence and performance (All?) Modern linguists are now generativists Up until recently linguists more interested in studying the underlying (competence) system Recently, there is interest in also studying the performance, competence/performance interface, and language acquisition despite performance errors (Headed especially by Bill Labov and other sociolinguists) Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
12 Outline Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
13 What is? What is? Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
14 What is? What is? Our internal grammar Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
15 What is? What is? Our internal grammar A system of rules that assigns structure (Structural Subfields: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, etc) Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
16 What is? What is? Our internal grammar A system of rules that assigns structure (Structural Subfields: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, etc) Linguistic capability that exist in our minds that we use to generate speech Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
17 What is? Failure of Can generative competence fail? Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
18 What is? Failure of Can generative competence fail? Certainly in a foreign language, you have an incomplete competence Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
19 Outline Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
20 Normal Production/Performance Normal Production/Performance Under ideal conditions, production/performance is generally pretty good Sounds, words, sentences, and meaning are generally produced error free Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
21 Production Errors Errors in Production/Performance There are errors in production (not unfrequently) These include: Spoonerisms Freudian Slips Malapropisms Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
22 Production Errors Slips of the tongue: Spoonerisms Named for Reverend Wm Spooner ( ), Warden of New College, Oxford Swapping of consonants, vowels, or morphemes Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
23 Production Errors Slips of the tongue: Spoonerisms Named for Reverend Wm Spooner ( ), Warden of New College, Oxford Swapping of consonants, vowels, or morphemes Famous Examples: "Three cheers for our queer old dean!" (dear old queen, referring to Queen Victoria) "Is it kisstomary to cuss the bride?" (customary to kiss) "The Lord is a shoving leopard" (a loving shepherd) "You have tasted the whole worm" (wasted the whole term) Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
24 Production Errors Slips of the tongue: Spoonerisms Named for Reverend Wm Spooner ( ), Warden of New College, Oxford Swapping of consonants, vowels, or morphemes Famous Examples: "Three cheers for our queer old dean!" (dear old queen, referring to Queen Victoria) "Is it kisstomary to cuss the bride?" (customary to kiss) "The Lord is a shoving leopard" (a loving shepherd) "You have tasted the whole worm" (wasted the whole term) Why are these considered performance errors rather than competence errors? Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
25 Production Errors Slips of the tongue: Freudian Slips Sigmund Freud famously believed that slips of the tongue were from repressed desires A Freudian slip is when you say one thing but mean your mother (another) (Fake) example from Colbert Report 5/10/10 (23s) Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
26 Production Errors Slips of the tongue: Malapropisms Replacing a word with a similar sounding word Shakespeare uses these frequently in comic relief characters: Constable Dogberry in Much Ado About Nothing: "Our watch, sir, have indeed comprehended two auspicious persons" (ie, apprehended, suspicious; Act 3, Scene V) A real example from Former Chicago Mayor Richard Daley: "Let s get this straight The police don t cause disorder The police are here to preserve disorder" Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
27 Production Errors Contrepet: Error waiting to happen In French literature/jokes, there are frequently "slips waiting to happen", called contrepet For example: Il y a deux espèces de gendarmes, There are two types of policemen, les courts et les longs the short and the long "There are two kinds of policemen, short ones and tall ones" If you "spoonerize" the end: les lourds et les cons the heavy and the stupid "There are two kinds of policemen, fat ones and stupid ones" Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
28 Outline Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
29 Perception Errors Slips of the ear: Mondegreens "Kiss this guy" Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
30 Perception Errors Slips of the ear: Mondegreens "Kiss this guy" Jimi Hendrix "Purple Haze" actual lyrics "kiss the sky" Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
31 Perception Errors Slips of the ear: Mondegreens "Kiss this guy" Jimi Hendrix "Purple Haze" actual lyrics "kiss the sky" Famously, "José can you see" instead of "O! say, can you see" Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
32 Perception Errors Slips of the ear: Mondegreens "Kiss this guy" Jimi Hendrix "Purple Haze" actual lyrics "kiss the sky" Famously, "José can you see" instead of "O! say, can you see" Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
33 Perception Errors Slips of the ear: Mondegreens "Kiss this guy" Jimi Hendrix "Purple Haze" actual lyrics "kiss the sky" Famously, "José can you see" instead of "O! say, can you see" Steven Pinker: "The interesting thing about mondegreens is that the mishearings are generally less plausible than the intended lyrics" (The Language Instinct, 1994) Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
34 Perception Errors Slips of the ear: Mishearing Common mishearings are also slips of the ear As in the following joke: Three old guys are out walking First one says, "Windy, isn t it?" Second one says, "No, its Thursday!" Third one says, "So am I Let s go get a beer" Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
35 Outline Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
36 Online Processing Forward Processing Our brains/minds do quite a bit of unconscious processing This is especially clear when processing the forward sound stream (as compared to backwards) Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
37 Online Processing Forward Processing Our brains/minds do quite a bit of unconscious processing This is especially clear when processing the forward sound stream (as compared to backwards) We ve told you that English /o/ is actually [ou] When you hear is backwards, you can really hear the [U] (or perhaps [w]) Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
38 Online Processing Uniqueness Point Perception competence People recognize words very fast About 250ms from among about 50,000 words in memory Automatic Process the word online (don t wait for entire word) Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
39 Online Processing Uniqueness Point How does this work? /s/ /st/ /stei/ /steip/ sad psychology staple staple staple staple snake stay stay stay student student Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
40 Online Processing Gating Responses Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
41 Online Processing Gating Responses Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
42 Failure of Failure of What would be an example of a failure in perceptual competence (and not performance)? Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
43 Failure of Failure of What would be an example of a failure in perceptual competence (and not performance)? Foreign Language Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
44 Failure of Interesting Problems Aphasia Brain damage resulting in problems in processing language Broca s Aphasia: Difficult speech, but with meaningful words Wernicke s Aphasia: Fluid speech but no meaning Competence or Production Problem? Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
45 Failure of Interesting Problems Aphasia Brain damage resulting in problems in processing language Broca s Aphasia: Difficult speech, but with meaningful words Wernicke s Aphasia: Fluid speech but no meaning Competence or Production Problem? The answer is unclear Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
46 Competence versus Performance Exemplify a variety of performance errors that are not competence errors Understand generativist view of production/perception flow: Speaker: Production (Performance) Perception (Performance) Hearer: Perception (Performance) Kobey Shwayder (Ling001) Lecture 18: Production & Perception Nov 9, / 31
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