Problems. Speech Perception Facts and things. Talker Normalization. Lack of Invariance Problem. Why the lack of invariance?
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1 Problems Lack of Invariance Problem Speech Perception Facts and things Lack of invariance Talker normalization Segmentation Speech is too fast to hear! There is no unique acoustic pattern associated with the perception of phonemes. Why the lack of invariance? Co-articulation We don t articulate one sound at a time. We articulate more than one in parallel. say key, koala Lack of invariance not unique to speech Talker Normalization Formant patterns for 7 vowels, men vs. children Similar structure, but lots of frequency diffs
2 Segmentation Oronyms Illustrate the Problem phrases that can be segmented in more than one way Mondegreens As a child, author Sylvia Wright heard the lyrics of The Bonny Earl of Murray (a Scottish llad) as: Ye highlands and ye lowlands Oh where hae you been? Thou hae slay the Earl of Murray And Lady Mondegreen It eventually transpired that Lady Mondegreen existed only in the mind of Sylvia Wright, for the actual lyrics said that they "slay the Earl of Murray and laid him on the green." And to this day Lady Mondegreen's name has been used to describe all mishearings of this type! "Excuse me while I kiss this guy." "Excuse me while I kiss the sky." Purple Haze, Jimi Hendrix "She's got a chicken to ride." "She's got a ticket to ride." Ticket to Ride, The Beatles "You and me and Leslie." "You and me endlessly..." Groovin', The Rascals "Sunday monkey won't play piano song, play piano song." "Sont des mots qui vont tres bien ensemble; tres bien ensemble." Michelle, The Beatles "What a nice surprise when you're out of ice." "What a nice surprise bring your alibis." Hotel California, Eagles "I'm a pool hall ace." "My poor heart aches." Every Step You Take, The Police Manfred Mann Blinded by the Light Manfred Mann Blinded by the Light The case of nuther
3 Another Another Segmentation problem not unique to speech A nuther A nuther That s a whole nuther thing Segmentation problem not unique to speech Segmentation problem not unique to speech Speech is too fast to hear! (WTF?) 1. A fast sentence: 1 phoneme every 75 msec can you understand it? 2. A fast melody: 1 note every 75 sec can you name that tune? 3. The same melody at normal pace: 1 note every 340 sec 4. A ~normal sentence: 1 phoneme every 110 sec < still very fast!
4 How can we hear speech that fast? Phenomena Categorical perception 1.2" 1" Parallel transmission of phonemic information (coarticulation) Ganong effect Phonetic context effect 0.8" 0.6" 0.4" mean"%ba" Maybe the units aren t phonemes??? Phonemic restoration 0.2" 0" 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 17" 18" McGurk-MacDonald 1.2" 1.2" 1.2" 1" 1" 1" 0.8" 0.8" 0.8" 0.6" mean"%ba" 0.6" mean"%ba" 0.6" mean"%ba" 0.4" 0.4" 0.4" 0.2" 0.2" 0.2" 0" 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 17" 18" Not a linear curve 0" 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 17" 18" But this isn t surprising: listeners were asked to categorize! 0" 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 17" 18" Categorical perception is demonstrated by showing that discrimination is better across the category boundary than within it
5 1.6% 1.4% 1.2% 1% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% mean%d'% 1.6% 1.4% 1.2% 1% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% mean%d'% BUT! If listeners are asked instead to rate how good the syllable is as an exemplar of a category, the functions look more linear (not so categorical).!0.2%!0.4% Categorical perception demonstrated by showing that discrimination is better across the category boundary than within it!0.2%!0.4% Not a flat function! The task is important. Massaro & Cohen 1983 Why Categorize? Imagine a world without categories? How would you manage anything? Why Categorize? Imagine a world without categories? How would you manage anything? Why Categorize? Categories guide our behavior by allowing us to generalize from past experience Same is true for speech
6 A neural mechanism? Auditory cortex tunes to behaviorally relevant sound frequencies Ganong Effect Named for William Ganong A lexical effect on speech perception Visual Ganongs What s the last sound in these words? Visual Ganongs Phonetic Context Effect Visual Context Effect /al/ +? /ar/ +?? da?
7 What does it mean? The context matters The brain is not just processing local bits and pieces. It is using surrounding and higher-level information to construct our perceptual experience. Phonemic Restoration There is not a giraffe standing next to me Same sentence with a cough. Phonemic Restoration There is not a giraffe standing next to me Is the sentence complete? Phonemic Restoration There is not a giraffe standing next to me Answer: no. There is p. What sound is missing? Phonemic Restoration There is not a giraffe standing next to me Answer: /f/ in giraffe is gone Visual Restoration
8 Visual Restoration McGurk-MacDonald Effect McGurk-MacDonald Effect
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