Maryam Faramarzi a, Dr. Seyyed Mohammed Seyyed Mirzaii b, Dr. Mansoor Vosoughi c. International Academic Institute for Science and Technology

Transcription

1 International Academic Institute for Science and Technology International Academic Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies Vol. 2, No. 1, 2017, pp International Academic Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies Investigating the Effective Economic and Social _Cultural Factors on the Social Mirth Ratio of 25_45 Years Old Students in Technical, Social Sciences, art Courses at Tehran Azad Islamic University Maryam Faramarzi a, Dr. Seyyed Mohammed Seyyed Mirzaii b, Dr. Mansoor Vosoughi c a BA in Social Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran. b Professor of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran-Iran. c Associate Master - Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran Iran. Abstract This study aims to investigate the effective economic _ cultural factors on social mirth of 25_45 years old students at Tehran Azad Islamic university. Statistical universe in this study was 25_45 years old students at Tehran north Azad Islamic university in the academic year,95, who were in M. An and PhD in technical and social sciences and they were 993 ones. And since there was not any art course at north branch Then south one of Tehran Azad Islamic university was selected and they were 640 students in M. An and PhD. And totally they were 1633 students, between them 310 ones were selected based on Kokran formula and by randomized sampling. Research tools of the main variables are standard Oxford, Schneider and researcher questionnaires. After collecting the data, research theories are tested by Pierson coefficient. The results showed that there is a meaningful and positive relationship between religious beliefs, life expectancy (sexuality, age, marriage), family (house kind), in the social condition (income and expenses) and mirth ratio. But there is no meaningful relationship between their occupation and house in the social condition and education at family and social mirth. Keywords: Social Mirth, Believes, Leisure Time, Family Condition, Social Condition 56

2 Introduction Happiness is one of the positive basis feelings that plays a determined role in providing the society and individual health. Happiness is always considered with satisfaction, optimism, life expectancy and reliance and then it can play a speedy role in improving the society (Chelbi, 2008:34). Mirth is a complex of individual and social conditions and in fact, it is the signs of positive attitude towards world and environment. Social mirth at the lowest level is related to negative attitudes towards the society. Perhaps, the main reason for this condition is that the society, in terms of purposes and security, results from mirth. Security feeling of needs and purposes satisfaction, is the main factors that improve the mirth between the society (Ozcamp, 2010:66). Since current society mostly consists of youth, mirth and happiness can be important factors in improvement, success and development, especially educated and students who are satisfied and happy in their lives, can be succeeded without depression and anxiety. Despair feeling and future obscurity even between educated youth and unemployment and also Konkoor (university entrance exam), although it's not a good standard for determining the intelligence between the youth, causes many youths to be stopped and also many economic problems, improving the urbanism, more technology accessibility, high stresses, declining the spiritual communications and improving the mental disorders. These all cause not accessibility to purposes and wishes and depression between the youth widely. Some of the authorities considered and analyzed the effective factors on improving or declining the happiness and mirth at two groups: external factors (such as family condition, environment, occupation condition, income level and the ways of spending the leisure time) and internal factors (such as physical, mental, social and religious health. Some others divided them to subjective and objective factors and believed that happiness is relatively results of objective factors of life such as wealth, occupation and marriage. Literature and research background In various courses, there are different definitions for happiness and mirth, we have mentioned some of them in following: Morris, based on happiness instant aspect, believes that most of times when wonderful things happen in our lives, there is a kind of emotional feelings on severe pleasure and delight and it's the time that you are really happy. In Morris view, happiness is a transient emotional feeling that can be named mode (At, 2005). Argayl writes in terms of happiness as follows: happiness includes: being in delight and joyful condition or having positive excitation and feelings or being satisfied with life (Argayl, 2007: 14). Diner and Sah divided happiness to three parts as follows: 1_emotional aspect that in fact makes a kind of excitation of positive and pleasure mode. 2_ recognition aspect that includes a kind of thinking and information processing and causes positive evaluation in terms of life. 3_social aspect that represents the improving social relationship between one person and the others and then increasing the social supporting. In other words, this part of happiness and attitudes toward the society, like fondling the others, includes positive effect that is the most important part of happiness (Rabani et al, 2009). 57

3 Ali Asghar Kia & Roghayyeh Amiri (2013) in their research titled investigating the ratio of social mirth and the related factors on the 15_64 years old citizens of Ahvaz town concluded that there is a meaningful and positive relationship between social_economic basis, social justice feeling, social correlation and social mirth. - Jaafar Hezar Jaribi, parvaneh Astinafshan (2009) in a research titled investigating the effective factors on social mirth (focused on Tehran province) concluded that social mirth feeling, future expectancy, needs satisfaction, mean and social correlation feeling, security and social justice have been investigated in the lowest level. Also the ratio of depending on the religious values is at a high level. _ Ali Shakoori, Hiva Ahmadi, Khaled Ismaiil zadeh (2013) in their research titled investigating the social mirth and the related factors between youth (case study: Piran Shahr) concluded that there is a meaningful relationship between future expectancy, leisure centres and depending on the religious beliefs and social mirth. _Mohammed javad Nasrollah zadeh in a research titled investigating and determining the effective factors on the social mirth and making some decision to improve the social mirth at the society concluded that by increasing the religious beliefs social mirth and happiness will increase too and there is a direct relationship between happiness and trips. _ Jaafar Hezar jaribi, Reza safari shali (2010) in a research titled investigating the concept of social happiness and the effective factors (case study: Markazi province) concluded that future expectancy as the most important factor and the other variables are as follows: social accessibility, emotional needs satisfaction, lack of deprivation feeling, security and depending on the religious values are the cases that are effective in social mirth. _Zare Shah abadi, Akbar Heidari (2012) in a research titled investigating the job satisfaction and social mirth between Jiroft 's teachers concluded that there is a meaningful relationship between job satisfaction and social mirth and sexuality variable but it does not have any relationship with marriage. _Ghamari (2010) conducted a research titled investigating the relationship between saintly and happiness ratio. In his research he selected 756 students by clustering phasing out of the Azad Islamic universities students and concluded that there is a meaningful and positive relationship between saintly and happiness ratio. _Safari (2010) in a research titled investigating the ratio of happiness and its relationship with population variables between the students at Azad Islamic university, Azad Shahr branch, concluded that there is a meaningful relationship between the people in different ages and happiness ratio. But the difference between married and single people, women and men, and people with different religion was not meaningful base on T test for independent groups. _Raiisi &Alidoosti (2011) in a research titled investigating the effective factors on social mirth between Shahr kord medical sciences university ' s students that was a description study and included 200 students who were selected randomized concluded that most of the students believe that lack of entertainment programs in the university and marriage problems are the effective factors in mirth ratio then conducting 58

4 the entertainment programs and cultural activities in the university, paying attention to marriage and youth employment and more consultation in terms of course of study are considered as necessary in the high schools. _Luis et al (2005) in a research titled religious orientation, religious patterns and happiness between British youth focusing on investigating the relationship between religion and mirth by literature and finding the influence of this matter on mental health concluded that there is no relationship between religion and happiness ratio. _Fordys (1997) by evaluating some of the researches provided a collection titled Fordys happiness program. He believes that except for various factors such as genetic, character, income, social and economic class, education... there are many other things that can caused happiness. _Vinhoven (2011) in a research at ten countries mentioned related factors to mirth at the different countries in terms of micro and macro factors as follows : macro factors :1 economic development,2_security, 3_freedom, 4_equity and justice, 5_ cultural condition, 6_ social condition, 7_population growth 8_moderation, micro factors :1_social condition, 2_age, 3_sexuality, 4_income, 5_education, 6_occupation, 7_social correlation, 8_close relationship, 9_cooperation with the social matters, 10_ individual characters. Theoretical framework Dorkim believes that at a constant social condition, people wishes are regulated and limited by some norms, but by norms dissemination anomi or an unlimited condition is provided. Since this unlimited wishes cannot be succeeded surely, then a kind of constant social dissatisfaction will be provided (Rafipoor 2008:18). In Dorkim point of view in the anomic condition that is the modern world epidemic, because of weak norms the condition of many problems are provided (Momtaz, 2002:56). Anomic does have three dimensions :1_severe anxiety and worriment, 2_ feeling being out of group standards and norms, 3_feeling lack of determined purposes. In Parsons point of view, a regulated system of social relations should be considered between Active ones and social patterns as the normal patterns (social institutions). Social institutions make a society framework. This kind of social institutions are macro structures such as marriage, kinship relation, ownership, goods exchange, bureaucracy, specifications, government, selected government, theism, religious beliefs and arbitrary education and individual institutions that have temporary life. Then social structure is a fact that includes the cultural and schematic expectancies named social institution. Social institutions are standard patterns in a society that determine the desired or expected methods or social relationship. Mazlo mentioned the needs so that every need that is at the lowest level does have the highest power and ability and preference. For example, physiological needs are the basis and most powerful elements and can prevent all other needs completely. 59

5 Although higher levels needs are in lower level to live, these can contribute to improve. Also better health, longer life and totally better performance will have provided. Then they are named being and improving necessities. In addition, these needs necessitate more prerequisites, more complexities, better social, economic and political condition. Vinhoven in a research of ten countries in 1990, mentioned the related factors to mirth at different countries in two macro and micro levels as follows: Macro factors :1_economic growth,2_security, 3_freedom, 4_justice and equality, 5_cultural condition, 6_ social condition, 7_population, 8_ modernization Micro factors, 1_ social class, 2_ age 3_sexuality, 4_income 5_education, 6_occupation, 7_social correlation, 8_close relationship, 9_cooperation in social matters, 10_individual characters (Vinhoven, 1993: 58_61). In terms of income effect Vinhoven believes that money can improve mirth if it can have satisfied the main needs of foods, shelter and clothes. Seligman believes that religion is important at least for three reasons to improve the quality of human life: First of all, religion provides a belief framework that lets people to find a meaning for their lives and accordingly be hopeful. Second, religious frameworks help people to find reliable, acceptable reasons for failures, disasters. Third, the ones who are really religious and depend on religious beliefs, are lower originated in perversions and do more righteous and human and society oriented behaviors. Then it is the religion that plays an important role in improving the happiness. Giddings believes that modernization, in some fields, does decline the danger possibility. But in return, it can replace other dangers and unsafety. Dangerous factors are as follows: violent threats of industrialization, wars, degrading the reliance basis on non-state systems and unsafety and anxiety reduction. In the traditional societies the relations are direct and immediate, means the people relay on the ones who are around them. People reliance on the others results from the ordinary face to face relationship that keeps the security feeling. But in modernization, this reliance is on abstract systems. On the other hand, there is no proper replacement in this cases, and supportive institutions are not available or these are so weak. For example, kinship relations are attenuating in Iran and this attenuation has started during the last decades and currently population declining and families dimensions have been effective in this field and especially it could be possible that in the future more challenges will be considered. For example, declining the family dimensions increases the only _child families and it will remove most of the family relationships in the future (aunts and uncles). This means that local and traditional fields are weakening and there is no good replacement. This can decline the social mirth ratio. In Samuel point of view, hope is a certain form of happiness. Depression that is relatively opposite of happiness, is the most popular mental disorders. The research showed that one of the other important characters in depressed people is that they are mostly disappointed. 60

6 Disappointment is a feeling that there is no popular event and very painful consequences will not happen and this will not change. Especially in the depression that disappointment is more obvious, there are some signs such as upset, suicide, low energy, indifference, lack of movement (Shams et al, 2007:82). In a research by Sheldon et al three important factors considered as effective in mirth ratio 1_happiness is a predetermined point and it's a inheritance factor and it's relatively constant and represents the mirth ratio and when the other determined factors are zero, one experiences it. 2_ situational factors that mostly include life events and minor and major events all through the life.3_the activities that one conducts consciously and purposefully that are mentioned above. In terms of genetic basis of happiness, most of researchers believe that happiness is not a predetermined point, but it is a predetermined spectrum and they compare happiness to IQ (Karl, 2004). According to provided model by Sheldon et al positive changes related to happiness are classified into two conditions. First, positive changes that happened based on changing the condition, situation and life facts and second, positive changes that happened because of changing the arbitrary and behavioral activities. Conditions are related to population variables or demographic such as age, marriage condition, employment condition and income. Also in terms of condition, geographic variables such as life places, pleasure equipment and entertainment and material possession are effective. Common aspect of all these examples is that they are relatively constant and considered as an inseparable part of one life. In this case, Seligman, happiness is a kind of objective feeling. A happy life includes improving the joy feeling and declining the pain and discomforts. A happy person smiles more, glist his eyes his joys are high and his pains are low. According to this theory, serendipity is just a feeling. Happy life improves one s joys and declines his grief. Viscerotonia points to a theory that ultimate values and motivations cause a kind of pleasure to the society and individually. Social culture religious beliefs Hope for the future Social joy Family environm ent Economic Social environm ent Job Research theories Income 1_there is a meaningful relationship between student s religious beliefs and social mirth 2_ There is a meaningful relationship between student s social mirth and leisure time activities 61

7 3_ There is a meaningful relationship between student s social mirth and social environment 4_ There is a meaningful relationship between student s social mirth and future expectancy 5_ There is a meaningful relationship between student s social mirth and families condition Research methodology In current study the research method is measuring and analysis unit in this study is the respondent students. In terms of timing, this is a sectional investigation (6 months) of Applied tools to gather the data is questionnaire. Statistical universe in this study includes all the Azad university students who are between 25_45 years old. To select the sample, suitable classified sampling method has applied and the sample is 310 students based on Kocran formula. Totally 310 questionnaires were distributed and analyzed by SPSS software. In this study, content validity and Alpha coefficient applied to determine the stability, and the Alpha results for different variables are provided in table1_1: Variables Table 1. Cronbach alpha Samples Alpha coefficient Social mirth Life expectancy Saintly Social condition Family condition Research findings In this part of research, considering the research theories, we refer to investigate the relationship between variables. Then Pierson coefficient and T test applied by independent samples to test the theories. 62

8 Table 2. Description findings Frequency Variable Classification Frequency percentage Female Sex Male Age Marriage condition Education Course Single Married M. A PhD Social sciences Technical Art Total 310 Coefficient index of independent variables and social mirth ratio Theory 1_ There is a meaningful relationship between student s social mirth and religious beliefs Table 3. Religious beliefs and social mirth coefficient Religious beliefs Social mirth Religious beliefs Social mirth Pierson relationship Pierson relationship Coefficient between religious beliefs and social mirth variables is at meaningful level that is 0/000. Obtained coefficient shows a meaningful and positive relationship. Then the more students do have religious beliefs, the more likely they will have social mirth. 63

9 Second theory: There is a meaningful relationship between social mirth and social environment Table 4. Living place and social mirth f t df sig Living place = social mirth Since following theory does have separate dimensions, following results are provided separately as follows. Since table 4 shows that there is a meaningful relationship between housing and social mirth that is at meaningful level (0/000), then above relation is confirmed because having a private house is effective in people social mirth. Table5. Social mirth and living place f t df sig Living place = social mirth Since table 5 is related to life place (Tehran and county) and social mirth that is at 0/081 level of, above relation is not confirmed because county and Tehran life places is not effective in social mirth. Table 6. Future expectancy and social mirth Future expectancy social mirth Pierson relationship Social mirth Future expectancy Pierson relationship Third theory: There is a meaningful relationship between social mirth and future expectancy Next theory is related to the relationship between future expectancy and social mirth. Coefficient between future expectancy and social mirth variables is 634% and its level of is 0/000. There is a meaningful and positive relationship between two variables and the relationship severity is positive and 64

10 powerful. Then the more future expectancy increases between students, the more they will have social mirth. Table 7. Sex and social mirth f t df sig Sex= social mirth Theory 4_ There is a meaningful relationship between social mirth and family condition Since following theory does have separate dimensions, results analysis is provided separately. According to table 7, the relationship between sexuality and social mirth is at meaningful level (0/044), above relationship is confirmed and in above table, it is obvious that women do have more social mirth than the men. Table 8. Marriage and social mirth f t df sig Marriage = social mirth According to table 8, the relationship between marriage condition and social mirth is at a meaningful level (0/008), then above relationship is confirmed and shows a relationship between married couples and their attitude towards life and their high social mirth. Table 9. Child numbers and social mirth f t df sig Child numbers and social mirth According to table 9, there is a meaningful relationship between social mirth and how many children in the family (0/011), the above relationship is confirmed and then in the table analysis, since most of the statistical universe were the first child of the family, they have more social mirth. Theory 5: There is a meaningful relationship between social mirth and income Table 10. Income and social mirth coefficient Income and Pierson relationship Social mirth Income

11 social mirth Social mirth Pierson relationship Next theory is related to relationship between income and social environment and social mirth. Coefficient was 0/128% and the level of was 0/024 that represents a direct and meaningful relationship between these two variables. Then it could be said that the more student s income, the more their social mirth. Theory 6; There is a meaningful relationship between occupation and social mirth Occupation Table 11. Occupation and social mirth Pierson relationship Social mirth Occupation Social mirth Pierson relationship Since no meaningful relationship between occupation and social mirth is observed, and these two factors are not effective on each other s, then social mirth basis are not only in the job style. Discussion and conclusion This study aims to investigate the effective cultural and economic factors on 25_45 years old students at technical, social sciences, art courses in the north Tehran Azad Islamic university. Between 310 students in the sample, 38.7%were female and 61.3%were male who were between 25_45 years old. Between them 54.2%were single and 45.8%were married, 86.8%were in M.A and 13.2%were PhD. according to the results, there is a positive relationship between religious beliefs and social mirth means by increasing the saintly ratio, social mirth will have improved too then saintly people considered 66

12 meaning (purpose) and then they have lower disappointment feeling and this improve the mirth feeling. Accordingly, it seems that comforting feeling results of religion in the people causes declining their anxiety and improve their happiness. At least religion influence on life satisfaction in three ways: first, religion causes a meaningful feeling and hopefully in the people by rejecting the vanity feeling. Second, religious beliefs suggest safe method for life. third, by attending the religious collective ceremonies, both have the other supports and by relying on the others, people can be more satisfied and improve their social assets. In terms of religious beliefs, this study is coordinated by the results of Dington & Shomam (2004), Tailor & Cheterz (1988), Azmoodeh, Shahidi, Danesh Ghamari, Jaafar Hezar jaribi, Reza Safari shali and Mohammed javad Nasrollah zadeh researches. Based on the obtained results, the relationship between future expectancy and social mirth is positive. In fact, the more one is hopeful and optimistic, the more he will experience satisfaction and mental health. Disappointed ones do not have any motivation to move and attempt, then gradually become isolated, hypoergasia and exhausted. In terms of future expectancy, this research coordinated with the results of Ali Shakoori, Hiva Ahmadi, Khalid Ismaiil Zadeh, Haraz Jaribi, Safari Shali, Jaafar Hezar jaribi, Parvaneh Astin feshan's researches. Based on the results it could be said that age, sexuality, marriage condition variables in the family condition, do have positive relationship with social mirth ratio. In the current study, married women experience more mirth than single ones. Married couple are more satisfied and happy than single, divorced ones, and unhappy behaviors are more obvious in the people who do have unsuccessful marriage. Diner et al believe that women and men mirth ratio is equal but Wood et al in a research found that women are relatively a little happier than men. And also the results of this study, in terms of more mirth at the women, is coordinated by the results of Fojita, Diner, Sandvic (1991), Zaare abadi, Akbar Heidari, Raiisi Alidoosti and Fordys researches. They have mentioned that women in their social conservative role learn to be acceptable in positive and negative feelings and in return, may be experience more positive and negative feelings. Their studies show that totally, women experience more positive and negative feelings than the men. Argail in his research found that positive feeling and satisfaction, increase by increasing the age and negative feeling declines by declining the age, while there is no relationship between age and happiness according to Michigan university researches. considering the research results it can be said that variables such as housing kind, in the social environment, do have positive relationship with social respondent mirth. And the relationship between life places and education and mirth is negative. 67

13 Housing variable results showed that 39.7% of the respondents have leased houses and 60% were the owner of their houses and it does have a positive relationship with mirth. Education and mirth do have negative relationship. Education level cannot be effective in their mirth, maybe because people with higher education do not have good job situation. And this causes we can better realize social equity. Understanding the social equity in lower class people, causes many social damages and for middle and educated people causes dissatisfaction. According to the results it could be said that income variables do have positive relationship with respondent s social mirth ratio. Economic conditions and affording the necessities causes more opportunities to apply the goods and services more and better. Argyll (1999) believes that there is a positive relationship between earnings and mirth but his researches showed that this relationship is more evidence between people with lower income. This means that material needs are satisfied relatively and it's effective in happiness but over income does not improve the happiness. Rout et al show that people with lower affording to satisfy the ordinary needs, do have lower mental and physical limitations since having control over the environment except for being controlled by the environment is effective in happiness ratio that is different in various societies. Finally considering the obtained results, occupation does have negative relationship with mirth, maybe because of industrialization, improving the anxiety and spiritual fatigue on one hand, and lack of suitable job on the other hand. Research findings showed that religious beliefs, future expectancy in the social condition, family condition and social mirth theories are confirmed. Then it could be concluded that mirth increases with increasing the religious beliefs, future expectancy in the social environment, family condition and social mirth. Also it could be said that social mirth between female technical and social sciences M.A and PhD students between 25_32 years old is more than the men. References Amiri, Roghayyeh, Aliasghar kia (2011) in a research titled investigating the social mirth ratio and related factors between 15_64 years old Ahvazian citizens Avishi et al (2010) in a research titled culture, individual understanding and mirth at social contracts Ayzenk, Michael (2008), Be happy all the time, translated by Zahra Cheloonger, Fasle noo publications Hilz &Argyll (1998) investigating the effective factors on happiness, functional psychological magazine, second order, no 5 Jaafar Hezar Nairobi, Parvaneh Astinfeshan (2009) in a research titled investigating the effective factors on social mirth (focusing on Tehran province) 68

14 Jafar Hezar jaribi, Reza safari shali (2010) in a research titled investigating the concept of social mirth and its effective factors (case study: Markazi province). Momtaz, Farideh (2007), social corruptions, theories and views, Sahami Enteshar company :56 Nasrollah Zadeh Mohammed javad, in a research titled investigating and determining the effective factors on social mirth and providing methods for improving the social mirth in the society, M.A thesis Salehi, Nadali, Arghavan Danesh (2011), loud laughing, Ganj marefat publications, second edition :23 skidermoor, Williams (1996) theoretical sociological theories on the sociology, translated by Ali Mohammed Hazeri et al, Taban publications: 141 snop (2008) in a research titled being religious and happy at three America, Poland and Denmark countries. Vosooghi Mansoor, Mahdavi, Seyyed Mohammed sadegh, Ehsan Rahmani Khalili (2013) in a research titled investigating the collective influences of social assets, social mirth and social supporting on the social health writer, George (2009) sociology theory of the current period, translated by Mohsen Salasi, Scientific publications, 14th edition 69