Lecture Overview. History of Cinema German Expressionism Metropolis Themes. Time and Work Moloch

Transcription

1 Time to Work

2 Lecture Overview History of Cinema German Expressionism Metropolis Themes Time and Work Moloch

3 History of Cinema First photograph in about 1827 Daguerreotype Printing on light-sensitive paper Negatives

4 History of Cinema Image-sequence animation

5 History of Cinema Phenakistiscope Invented 1833

6 History of Cinema

7 Cinema Zoetrope Developed in 1830s

8 Cinema

9 Cinema Flipbook animation 1868

10 History of Cinema Image-sequence animation and photography came together in 1878 Eadweard Muybridge (English photographer) Leland Stanford (governor of US state of California) Debate about race horses

11 History of Cinema

12 History of Cinema

13 History of Cinema Lumière family (1890s) First cinematic films for projection

14 History of Cinema

15 History of Cinema

16 History of Cinema Silent film era Ended with the 1927 film The Jazz Singer

17 Fritz Lang Friedrich Christian Anton "Fritz" Lang Austrian/German Jewish Married actress Thea von Harbou Fled Germany 1934 Hollywood career

18 German Expressionism 1910s-1930s Not realistic representation Exaggerated, warped Conveys subjective emotional experience or mood

19 German Expressionism Franz Marc The Large Blue Horses 1911

20 German Expressionism Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Berlin Street 1913

21 German Expressionism Käthe Kollwitz The Widow I 1921

22 German Expressionism In cinema: F. W. Murnau Robert Wiene Fritz Lang

23 German Expressionism The Cabinet of Doctor Caligari (1920)

24 German Expressionism

25 Metropolis 1927 First sci-fi movie Not all of the film has survived

26 Metropolis

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28 Time and Work The value of a day s labour-power amounts to 3 shillings, because on our assumption, half a day s labour is objectified in that quantity of labour-power, i.e. because the means of subsistence required every day for the production of labour-power cost half a day s labour. [...] The fact that half a day s labour is necessary to keep the worker alive during 24 hours does not in any way prevent him from working a whole day. - Marx

29 Time and Work At the height of the Industrial Revolution, the workday was at least 10 hours long and could be much longer Marx was critical of the capitalist extending the workday In many European countries, governments shortened workday to 10 hours maximum 1917 Soviet Russia was the first country to have an 8-hour workday

30 Time and Work Frederick Winslow Taylor Industrial Engineer Studied the process of work Particularly in factories

31 Time and Work The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) Focused on improving efficiency Wildly successful in management Became known as Taylorism

32 Time and Work Basic rules of Taylorism : Replace common sense methods of completing tasks with scientifically proven methods. Choose the best workers and train them. Provide instruction and supervision. Divide the work equally between the workers and managers.

33 Time and Work Ford Motor Company Model T Assembly Line ca. 1924

34 Time and Work Managers = planning and instruction Mental / Brain work Workers = physically completing each task Manual / Hand labor

35 Time and Work

36 Time and Work Scientific principles: Perhaps the most prominent single element in modern scientific management is the task idea. The work of every workman is full planned out by the management at least one day in advance, and each man receives in most cases complete written instructions, describing in detail the task which he is to accomplish, as well as the means to be used in doing the work. [...] This task specifies not only what is to be done but how it is to be done and the exact time allowed for doing it. And whenever the workman succeeds in doing his task right, and within the time limit specified he receives an addition of from 30 per cent to 100 per cent to his ordinary wages.

37 Time and Work Briefly, to illustrate some of the other elements which go to make up the science of shoveling, thousands of stop-watch observations were made to study just how quickly a laborer, provided in each case with the proper type of shovel, can push his shovel into the pile of materials and then draw it out properly loaded. These observations were made first when pushing the shovel into the body of the pile. Next when shoveling on a dirt bottom, that is, at the outside edge of the pile, and next with a wooden bottom, and finally with an iron bottom. Again a similar accurate time study was made of the time required to swing the shovel backward and then throw the load for a given horizontal distance accompanied by a given height. This time study was made for various combinations of distance and height.

38 Time and Work

39 Time and Work The subtext to Taylorism : Workers are not intelligent enough to effectively plan their own labor Managers must constantly watch workers to make sure they are working efficiently

40 Moloch

41 Moloch Ancient god Seen as idolatry by Israelites Human sacrifice by throwing people into a fire How is the factory explosion in Metropolis like human sacrifice to a pagan god?

42 Moloch The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire New York people were killed

43 Moloch Tazreen Fashions Factory Fire Dhaka, Bangladesh 2012 At least 117 killed

44 Moloch Moloch is capitalism. We consumers sacrifice human lives in the form of factory accidents in order to receive benefits in the form of products.

45 The End