The basic rhythmic resonance of our body around 2 Hz
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1 The basic rhythmic resonance of our body around 2 Hz Timely Training School, Corfu, Friday 8, Februari 2013 Leon van Noorden IPEM & UNESCOG leonvannoorden@mac.com Corfu (GR), February 8, 2013 TIMELY SCHOOL on Timing and Time PercepHon: Procedures, Measures, & ApplicaHons 1 1
2 outline of presentation 1. Temporal Coherence 2. The basic rhythmic resonance at 2 Hz in perception 3. A step towards embodiment: 2Hz in locomotion 4. Walking to music 5. A developmental perspective on rhythmic resonance: synchronisation in children between 3 and 11 years 6. Why do babies have such strong resonance? 7. Guidelines for choosing music in experiments 2 2
3 Temporal Coherence/Streaming
4 Temporal Coherence/Streaming
5 Influence of attentional set 4
6 Temporal Coherence Boundary and Fission Boundary 5
7 Temporal tolerance in ABAB.. 6
8 comparison with the Tempo Map bpm presto moderato allegro andante adagio largo 7
9 Resonance in Musical Pulse Perception Resonance in the PercepHon of Musical Pulse Leon van Noorden and Dirk Moelants IPEM, JNMR1999, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp Many pulse related phenomena show resonance: existence region of musical pulse subjective rhythmitisation tapping to polyrhythms histograms of musical tempi musical tempo terms ranges of metronomes 8 8
10 Tempo map 50 Largo Adagio Andante Moderato Allegro Presto Slow Waltz West Coast Bossa Jive Quick Step Swing Nova Funeral March Relaxed March Jogging Running walk breathing slow min. heartrate Worksongs max. heartrate fast Beats per minute 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 9 9
11 Thanks to Vierordt, Waerden and TIMELY 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, 10 10
12 A Step towards Embodiment MacDougall, HG., Moore, ST., Marching to the beat of the same drummer: the spontaneous tempo of human locomohon, J. Appl. Physiol. 99: ,
13 Spectrum of acceleration at the head over a day of daily business 40 subjects 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 12 12
14 Slow versus resonant movement Largo Moderato Presto bpm Moving at resonance is quick and energy efficient: 12/06/2012 JAMMMIT, 13 13
15 Walking to Music Walking on Music, Frederik Styns, Leon van Noorden, Dirk Moelants, Marc Leman; Human Movement Science 26 (2007)
16 Metric Level of Walking 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, 15 15
17 Speed of Walking 16 16
18 Energy of walking: Constrained optimization in human walking: cost minimization and gait plasticity Bertram, Journal of Experimental Biology 208, (2005) 17 17
19 Step Size vs Walking Tempo 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, 18 18
20 How do people engage spontaneously with music? It would be nice if we could assist the movement by sound/music: e.g. for fun, Parkinson Patients, fitness, well being, etc. Walking Experiments in Hradec Kralove don t prescribe what they should do: spontaneous initial question: do they synchronise 19 19
21 Walking in Hradec Krolove: influence of environment and of music 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, 20 20
22 Sony Bloggie, with fish eye 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, 21 21
23 video technology 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, 22 22
24 stroboscopic presentahon to see step phase 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, 23 23
25 output of praat: only a few people synchronised N=120 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 24 24
26 A developmental perspective on pulse resonance: synchronisation in children Synchronisation is easier when eigenfrequencies are closer to each other (Kuramoto, for fireflies at least) Avatar tapping experiment Avatar as example, easy to understand by very young children 5 children s songs with tempo 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 bpm: 4 different orders 150 groups of 4 children 3 11 year old Seeing each other vs not seeing each other 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 25 25
27 26 26
28 Seeing each other October 8, st TIMELY Workshop on the MulHdisciplinary Aspects of Time PercepHon Athens, October 7-8,
29 Not seeing each other October 8, st TIMELY Workshop on the MulHdisciplinary Aspects of Time PercepHon Athens, October 7-8,
30 Very young August 13, 2010 ISSSM2010, Jyvaskyla
31 Very young August 13, 2010 ISSSM2010, Jyvaskyla
32 totalhistogramme 7-11 yrs 120 bpm 30 30
33 Histogram of Tap Intervals bpm 3 yrs 11 23/05/2011 Philips Research, leonvannoorden@mac.com 31 31
34 Circular Mean of Poincaré Map 23/05/2011 Philips Research, 32 32
35 Circular Variance of Poincaré Map 23/05/2011 Philips Research, 33 33
36 Data Drake et al. (2000) 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, 34 34
37 Resonance curve of period P 0 of 470 ms and different degrees of damping 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 35 35
38 EffecHve Resonance curve of period P 0 of 470 ms and different degrees of damping 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 36 36
39 Normalised EffecHve Resonance curve of period P 0 of 470 ms and different degrees of damping 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 37 37
40 Model for data Drake et al. Driven damped oscillator, with P 0 (= 1/f 0 ) near 470 ms: children learn to control the movement generator by pupng more damping: down to crihcal damping! y = 1/((f0^2- f^2)^2+b* f^2)^0.5-1/(f0^4+f^4)^0.5 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 38 38
41 how to look at the data histogram of intertap intervals: no equal Hme intervals: problem for Hme series analysis circular stahshcs with respect to shmulus beat periods: shll problem with un- equal intervals, plus problem when more then one tap per beat poincaré maps with respect to beat moment: fixed Hme intervals, but does not work for un- synchronised taps need to look at both: interval and poincaré 23/05/2011 Philips Research, 39 39
42 How did they Hck? 1 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 40 40
43 How did they Hck? 2 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 41 41
44 How did they Hck? 3 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 42 42
45 How did they Hck? 4 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 43 43
46 R- R Analysis Corfu (GR) Februay 8, 2013 TIMELY SCHOOL on Timing and Time PercepHon: Procedures, Measures, & ApplicaHons 44 44
47 Corfu (GR) Februay 8, 2013 TIMELY SCHOOL on Timing and Time PercepHon: Procedures, Measures, & ApplicaHons 45 45
48 adhd or arousal? October 8, st TIMELY Workshop on the MulHdisciplinary Aspects of Time PercepHon Athens, October 7-8,
49 influence of seen vs not seen on CV vs school class age October 8, st TIMELY Workshop on the MulHdisciplinary Aspects of Time PercepHon Athens, October 7-8,
50 Corfu (GR) Februay 8, 2013 TIMELY SCHOOL on Timing and Time PercepHon: Procedures, Measures, & ApplicaHons 48 48
51 phase space and return maps 1D funchon: y T =f(x T ), e.g. Hme series of var. 2D funchon (2D phase space): y T =f(x T,x T- 1 ) 3D funchon (3D phase space): y T =f(x T,x T- 1, x T- 2 ), etc return map: if y Ti - y Tj < ℇ : funchon y is returned to same value: set corresponding element in return map from 0 to 1 you need to choose number of dimensions and the value of ℇ visible in returnmap: synchronisahon, structure in Hme series, changes over Hme, e.g. metrical level Corfu (GR) Februay 8, 2013 TIMELY SCHOOL on Timing and Time PercepHon: Procedures, Measures, & ApplicaHons 49 49
52 example return map Corfu (GR) Februay 8, 2013 TIMELY SCHOOL on Timing and Time PercepHon: Procedures, Measures, & ApplicaHons 50 50
53 conclusion on avatar tapping Children of 3 have already the 2 Hz engrained! This cannot be the same bio- kinehc resonance as the one of adults Resonance of whole system, mechanics and control Large difference in synchronisahon behavior: there are children of age 11 that behave like children of 4, is this due to skill or lack of axenhon/mohvahon? By the way: it is also the best frequency to rock babies to sleep! 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 51 51
54 Does it start at 1 year old? 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 52 52
55 Dance lessons for kangaroo mothers in Japan: the children fall immediately asleep 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, 53 53
56 Lolaloo 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, 54 54
57 best rocking frequency? The effects of verhcal rocking frequencies on the arousal level in two- month- old infants. Ter Vrugt, Dick; Pederson, David R.Child Development. Vol 44(1), Mar 1973, Abstract Examined the effects of 0.5, l, and 1.5 Hz verhcal rocking on the arousal level of mo- old infants. AcHvity and arousal levels were recorded by means of movement transducer scores and behavioral rahngs. A posihve monotonic relahonship was found between frequency of verhcal rocking and effechveness of rocking. More Ss slept and fewer cried when rocked at higher frequencies. It is suggested that the effect of rocking may be a result of physiological or autonomic responses to movement. 18/04/2012 Unicauca2011, leonvannoorden@mac.com 55 55
58 the motivational tetrahedron Moods & Aptudes! The Big Five? Can be applied to music as well!
59 Preliminary Guidelines Body: 2 Hz Predisposition: which music do you like? Reflective Brain: optimal entropy Self: attitudes and moods: conservative or rebel Society: politically correct 57 57
60 Walking speed on Motivational versus non-motivational Music that you like N=
61 Conclusions there is resonance in perception and action as appears in perceptual phenomena, walking and tapping resonance facilitates synchronisation what people do depends on their motivation motivations arise in the various components of the agent Body: 2 Hz, groove Predisposition: Muscular Bonding (David McNeill) Brain: Coalition Quality Signalling (Hagen and Bryant) Self time scales of joined actions: long term action/planning: brain execution: sequencing with feeling, muscular bonding here and now: synchronising
62 TIMELY clapping 60 60
63 2D phase space 61 61
64 The End Thanks to Frederik Styns Leen de Bruyn, Raven van Noorden Marek Franek Bart Moens Marc Leman 62 62
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