Going on the Air Basic ERP (Phase I)

Transcription

1 Chapter 11 Going on the Air Basic ERP (Phase I) Going on the air means turning on the tools, starting to run them. It s the culmination of a great deal of work done to date. Back in Chapter 3, we discussed the proper implementation sequence: Phase I Basic ERP Phase II Supply Chain Integration Phase III Extensions and Enhancements to support Corporate Strategy. Let s take a moment and look at a new version of the Proven Path diagram, as shown in Figure We ve enlarged the section dealing with process definition, pilot & cutover to show more specifics on the phase I and phase II implementations. We ll cover phase II supply chain integration in the next chapter. For now let s look at going on the air with the phase I tools of basic ERP. These are Sales & Operations Planning, demand management, master scheduling, Rough-Cut Capacity Planning, and Material Requirements Planning. Further, in a flow shop, plant scheduling should be implemented here. Recognize that some of the elements of ERP have already been im- 219

2 AUDIT/ ASSESSMENT I FIRST-CUT EDUCATION Figure 11-1 ERP PROVEN PATH PHASE I ONLY AUDIT/ ASSESSMENT II VISION STATE- MENT COST/ BENEFIT GO/NO-GO DECISION INITIAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING SALES & OPERATIONS PLANNING DATA INTEGRITY AND COMPLETENESS FOR PHASE I PROCESSES FOR PHASE I PROCESSES PROJECT ORGANIZ- ATION PERFORM- ANCE GOALS PROCESS DEFINITION: DEMAND MGMT, DETAILED PLANNING, AND SCHEDULING PROCESSES PILOT & CUTOVER: DEMAND MGMT, MASTER SCHEDULING, MATERIAL PLANNING FINANCE & ACCOUNTING PROCESSES PROCESS DEFINITION & IMPLEMENTATION SOFTWARE SELECTION SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION & INSTALLATION MONTH: PHASE I BASIC ERP

3 Going on the Air Basic ERP (Phase I) 221 plemented. Sales & Operations Planning has been started, as much as several months ago. (See Chapter 8.) Supporting systems bill of material processor, inventory transaction processor, perhaps new sales forecasting software have, in most cases, already been installed. Activating master scheduling (MS) and Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is another moment of truth during implementation. Virtually all the company s activities to date have been leading directly to activating master scheduling and MRP. Turning these on can be tricky, and we need to discuss at length how to do it. THREE WAYS TO IMPLEMENT SYSTEMS The Parallel Approach There are, broadly, three different methods for implementing systems. First, the parallel approach. It means to start to run the new system while continuing to run the old one. The output from the new system is compared to the old. When the new system is consistently giving the correct answers, the old system is dropped. As we said in Chapter 9, this is the correct approach for accounting implementations. There are two problems in using the parallel method for the planning and scheduling side of ERP. First of all, it s difficult. It s cumbersome to maintain and operate two systems side by side. There may not be enough staff to do all that and still compare the new system output to the old. The second problem with the parallel approach is perhaps even more compelling than the first: it s impossible. The essence of the parallel approach is the comparison of the output from the new system against the old system. The new system in this case is basic ERP. But against what should its output be compared? The hot list? The order point system? The stock status report? The HARP 1 system? What s 1 HARP is an acronym for Half-Baked Resource Planning. Many people who think they have ERP actually have HARP: monthly time buckets, requirements generated every month or so, etc. It s a primitive order launcher. It does happen to recognize the principle of independent/dependent demand, but otherwise bears little resemblance to ERP.

4 222 ERP: MAKING IT HAPPEN the point of implementing ERP if it s just going to deliver the same lousy information that the current system provides? That s the problem with the parallel approach for ERP s planning and scheduling tools. Big Bang The inability to do a parallel leads some people to jump way over to the other side of the fence, and do what s called a big-bang cutover. We call it you bet your company, and we recommend against it vigorously and without reservation. Here s an example of a big-bang implementation, as explained by an unenlightened project leader: We ve got master scheduling and MRP all programmed, tested, and debugged. We re going to run it live over the weekend. On Friday afternoon, we re going to back a pickup truck into the production control office and the computer room, throw all the programs, disks, tapes, procedures, forms, and so forth into the truck and take em down to the incinerator. This gives new meaning to the phrase burning one s bridges. A big-bang cutover (also called cold turkey ) carries with it two problems, the first one being that ERP may fail. The volume of output from the first live computer run of master scheduling and MRP may be so great that the users can t handle it all. By the time they work through about a quarter of that output, a week s gone by and then what happens? Master scheduling and MRP are run again, and here comes another big pile of output. The result: The users are inundated and your ERP effort has failed. Folks, that s the least of it. The second problem is far more severe: You may lose your ability to ship product. Some companies who ve done a big bang have lost their ability to order material and release production. The old system can t help them because they stopped running it some weeks ago, and the data isn t current. ERP isn t helping them; it s overwhelming them. By the time they realize the seriousness of the problem, they often can t go back to the old system because the inventory balances and

5 other data aren t valid any longer, and it might be a nearly impossible job to reconstruct it. 2 A company that can t order material and release production will sooner or later lose its ability to ship product. A company that can t ship product will, sooner or later, go out of business. Some organizations get lucky and muddle through without great difficulty. In other cases, it s far more serious. Although we re not aware of any company that has actually gone out of business for this reason, there are some who ve come close. The people we know who ve lived through a cold-turkey cutover never want to do it again. Never. Don t do it. The Pilot Approach Going on the Air Basic ERP (Phase I) 223 The right way to do it is with a pilot. Select a group of products, or one product, or a part of one product, which involve no more than several hundred part numbers in all and do a big bang on those. The purpose is to prove that master scheduling and MRP are working before cutting over all 5,000 or 50,000 or 500,000 items onto the system. The phrase MS/MRP working refers to two things: the technical side (does the software work properly?) and the users side (do the people understand and believe what it s telling them, and do they know what to do?). If master scheduling and MRP don t work properly during the pilot, it s not a major problem. Almost all the items are still being ordered via the old system, except for the few hundred in the pilot. These can be handled by putting them back on the old system or perhaps doing them manually. What s also necessary is to focus on why master scheduling and MRP aren t working properly and fix it. The people have the time to do that if they re not being inundated with output on 5,000 or 50,000 or 500,000 items. What do we mean when we ask: Is it working? Simply, is it predicting the shortages? Is it generating correct recommendations to release orders, and to reschedule orders in and out? Does the master 2 Even those cases when they can go back to the old system are very difficult. Why? Because they tried to implement ERP, and it didn t work. Now they re back to running the old system, not ERP, and they ll have to decide what to do now, where to go from here. A most unfortunate situation.

6 224 ERP: MAKING IT HAPPEN schedule for the pilot product(s) reflect what s actually being made? Can customer orders be promised with confidence using the available-to-promise function within master scheduling? Answering yes to those kinds of questions means it s working. By the way, while we re talking about pilots, we should point out that it s generally a good idea to pilot as many processes as possible. So far in this book, we ve talked about piloting Sales & Operations Planning, master scheduling, and MRP. Where practical, you should also pilot sales forecasting, inventory transaction processing, and bill of material creation and maintenance. Look for opportunities to pilot. Avoid big bangs or even little bangs. THREE KINDS OF PILOTS Doing it right means using three different types of pilots the computer pilot, the conference room pilot, and the live pilot. 1. The computer pilot. This simply means checking out the hardware and software very thoroughly. It means running the programs on the computer, and debugging them. (Yes, there will be bugs in the software no matter how much you paid for it or how large the customer base.) This process should begin as soon as the programs are available. Often, the computer pilot will deal initially with dummy items and dummy data. This should come with the software package. The dummy products are things like bicycles, pen and pencil sets, and the dummy data are transactions made up to test the programs. Then, if practical, run the new programs using real data from the company, using as much data as can readily be put into the system. Next, do volume testing. Sooner or later, you ll need a program to copy your current data into the new formats required by the new software. Get that program sooner. Then copy your files over, and do volume testing. You re looking for problems with run times, storage, degradation of response times, whatever. Who knows, your computer may need more speed, more storage, more of both. (Doing one s homework at the onset of the project means recognizing these possibilities, and putting contingency money into the project budget to cover them if needed.)

7 In addition to hardware, other major objectives of the computer pilot are to ensure the software works on the computer and to learn more about it. The key players are the systems and data processing staff, usually with some help from one or more project team members. 2. The conference room pilot. Going on the Air Basic ERP (Phase I) 225 This follows the computer pilot. The main objectives of the conference room pilot are education and training: for the users to learn more about the software, to learn how to use it, and to manage their part of the business with it and make sure it fits the business. This process can also help to establish procedures and to identify areas that may require policy directions. The key people involved are the users, primarily the folks in customer service, the master scheduler(s), the material planners, and probably some people from purchasing. They meet three to five times per week in a conference room equipped with at least one work station for every two people. The items involved are real-world items, normally ones that will be involved in the live pilot. The data, however, will be dummy data, for two reasons: a. Live data shouldn t be used because the company s still not ready to run this thing for real. Everyone s still in the learning and testing mode. b. It s important to exercise the total system (people, as well as software) as much as possible. Some of the dummy data for the conference room pilot should be created so it will present as many challenges as possible to the people and the software. One technique that works nicely is for a key person, perhaps the project leader, to play Murphy (as in Murphy s Law whatever can go wrong, will go wrong ). As the conference room pilot is being operated, Murphy periodically appears and scraps out an entire lot of production or becomes a supplier who ll be three weeks late shipping or causes a machine to go down or generates a mandatory and immediate engineering change. 3 3 We can remember one project leader who had a sweatshirt made up. It was navy blue with MURPHY printed in red gothic lettering.

8 226 ERP: MAKING IT HAPPEN Murphy needs to determine if the players know the right responses to both major pieces of the system: a. The computer side the hardware and the software. Do the people know how to enter and promise customer orders, how to update the master schedule, how to use pegging, firm planned orders, and the other technical functions within the software? b. The people part and this gets at feedback. Do the planners know whom to give feedback to if they can t solve an availability problem on one of their items? Does the master scheduler know how and whom to notify in Customer Service if a customer order is going to be missed? Do the Customer Service people know to notify the customer as soon as they know a shipment will be missed? This last point gets at the important ERP principle of silence is approval. This refers to mandatory feedback when something goes wrong. In a Class A company, feedback is part of everyone s job: sales, planning, plant, purchasing, and suppliers. As long as things are going well, no one needs to say anything. However, as soon as people become aware that one of their schedules won t be met, it s their job to provide immediate feedback to their customer, which could be the next work center, the real end customer, or someone in between. Presenting the people and the software with difficult challenges in the conference room pilot will pay dividends in the live pilot and cutover stages. One company we worked with used a slogan during their business meetings and conference room pilot: Make It Fail. Super! This is another version of bulletproofing. During the conference room phase, they worked hard at exposing the weak spots, finding the problems, making it fail. The reason: so that in the live pilot phase it would work. 4 The conference room pilot should be run until the users really know the system. Here are some good tests for readiness: 4 One of your authors used to fly airplanes for a living, and crashed many times. Fortunately, it was always in the simulator. The fact that he never crashed in the real world is due in large part to the simulator. The conference room pilot is like a simulator; it allows us to crash but without serious consequences.

9 a. Ask the users, before they enter a transaction into the system, what the results of that transaction will be. When they can routinely predict what will result, they know the system well. b. Select several master schedule and MRP output reports (or screens) at random. Ask the users to explain what every number on the page means, why it s there, how it got there, and so forth. When they can do that routinely, they ve got a good grasp of what s going on. c. Are the people talking to each other? Are the feedback linkages in place? Do the people know to whom they owe feedback when things go wrong? The essence of successful ERP is people communicating with each other. Remember, this is a people system, made possible by the computer. If the prior steps have been done correctly and the supporting elements are in place, the conference room pilot should not take more than a month or so. Jerry Clement of the Oliver Wight group has a fine approach to dealing with this issue: After the conference room pilot is virtually complete, I recommend running a full business simulation with both the outside and inside experts totally hands-off. If everyone executes with comfort, you re ready to install. I go one step further: I give the end users a veto over going live. If they don t feel we re ready, we must fix the issue before we go live. Think about hearing the end users saying, Hey, this stuff really works. What are we waiting for? Let s turn this baby on! I hear that after a good conference room pilot when the end users really believed they counted. 3. The live pilot. Going on the Air Basic ERP (Phase I) 227 This is that moment of truth we mentioned earlier. It s when master scheduling and Material Requirements Planning go into operation for the first time in the real world. The objective of the live pilot is to prove master scheduling and MRP will work within the company. Until then, that can t be said. All that one could say up to that point are things like: It should work, We think it ll work, It really ought to work. Only after the live pilot has been run successfully can the people say, It works.

10 228 ERP: MAKING IT HAPPEN Before we get into the details of the live pilot, let s recap what we ve covered so far by taking a look at Figure Figure 11-2 Three Types of Pilots Type Key People Items/Data Objectives Computer Conference Room Live Systems people Project leader Customer svc. (Order entry) Master sched r. MRP planners Systems analyst Project leader Customer svc. (Order entry) Master sched r. MRP planners Project leader Dummy/dummy Live/dummy Live/live TEAMFLY 1. Learn more about the software. 2. Discover bugs. 3. Check for problems with run time, response time, and storage. 1. Do further user education and training. 2. Build in feedback. 3. Verify that the software fits the business. 1. Use the system in the real world. 2. Prove that it works. 3. Obtain a sign-off from the users. Selecting the Live Pilot What are the criteria for a good live pilot? Some of the considerations are: 1. Size. It requires enough items to get a good test of how the overall man/machine system performs, but not so many items as to get over-

11 whelmed. Try to keep the total number of items (products, components, raw materials) to less than Product orientation. The pilot should represent all the items for an entire product family (in the case of a simple product, such as clothing or cosmetics), a single product (moderately complex products, like some office equipment), or a part of a product (highly complex products, such as aircraft or machine tools). In the last example, the pilot might be one leg in the bill of materials or a modular planning bill for an option. 3. Good cross-section. The pilot group should contain a good mix of finished products, subassemblies or intermediates, manufactured items, purchased items, and raw materials. 4. Relatively self-contained. The fewer common parts contained in the pilot, the better. Items used in both the pilot product and others will not give a good test of MRP. MRP will not be aware of all the requirements for those items. The usual way of handling this is to post the MRP-generated requirements back to the old system. Some degree of commonality is almost always present (raw materials, in many cases), but try to pick a pilot where it s at a minimum. 5. Best planner. Going on the Air Basic ERP (Phase I) 229 If the company has material planners already and they re organized on a product basis, try to run the pilot on the product handled by the best planner. This is a people-intensive process, and it needs to have as much going for it as possible. Look Before You Leap Let s consider what has to be in place prior to the live pilot. One element is a successful conference room pilot, where the users have

12 230 ERP: MAKING IT HAPPEN proven they understand the system thoroughly. The other key elements are data integrity, education, and training. Please refer to the Implementers Checklist at the end of this chapter. The project team should address the first six entries on the checklist. All must be answered yes. The project leader then reports the results to the executive steering committee and asks for formal permission to launch the live pilot. Only after that s received should they proceed. Operating the Live Pilot When everything s in place and ready to go, start running the pilot items on MS/MRP and stop running them on the old system. The objectives are to prove MS/MRP is working and to obtain user signoff. Is it predicting the shortages, giving correct recommendations, and so forth? Are the users, the master scheduler(s), and the material planners making the proper responses and taking the correct action? Are the users prepared to state formally that they can run their part of the business with these tools? If the users are unwilling and/or unable to sign off on the system, then one of several factors is probably present: It s not working properly. They don t understand it. Both of the above. In any of these cases, the very worst thing would be to proceed into the cutover phase to put all the remaining items onto the new system. First, aggressively go after the problem: Either fix the element that s not working properly or correct the deficiency in education and training that s causing the user not to understand it, or both. Run the live pilot for as long as it takes. Don t go beyond the pilot stage until it s working and the users have signed off. This is one area where the aggressive implementation mentality must take a back seat. Everyone executive steering committee, project team, users should understand that the company won t go beyond the live pilot until it s been proven to work and until the users are comfortable with it.

13 Going on the Air Basic ERP (Phase I) 231 Plan to run the live pilot for about a month, or longer if manufacturing cycles are long and speeds are slow. It s essential to observe how the man/machine system performs over a number of weeks to prove it really works. A week is not enough time, and a quarter is probably too long (for planning purposes) for most companies. During the live pilot, don t neglect training. Get the other planning people as close to the pilot operation as possible, without getting in the way of the folks who are operating it. People not involved in the pilot need all the input they can get because they ll be on the firing line soon when the rest of the items are cut over to ERP. The pilot must be successful to go to cutover, and visible success supports behavior change. Therefore, make sure the other planning folks can see the success. CUTOVER Once the live pilot is working well and the users are comfortable with it, it s time to cut over the rest of the items onto the master schedule and MRP. There are two different ways to cut over. It can be done in one group, or the remaining items can be divided into multiple groups and cut over one at a time. The multiple-group approach is preferable because it has the following advantages: 1. It s less risky. It represents a more controlled process. 2. It s easier on the people. If the first group to cut over belongs to planner A, then planners B and C should be deeply involved in helping planner A. It reduces planner A s workload, and also provides additional training for B and C. When planner B cuts over, planners A and C can help him or her. The multiple-group approach, on the other hand, may not always be practical and/or necessary. In some companies, there is so much commonality of components that it s difficult to isolate groups. This means that during the cutover process, many items will be partially but not totally on the new system. The difficulties in passing requirements from the new system to the old (or vice versa) can easily

14 232 ERP: MAKING IT HAPPEN outweigh the benefits gained from using multiple groups. In this case, the one-group approach would probably be best. It s usually better at this point to move ahead quickly rather than to spend lots of time and effort transferring requirements for common parts. Sometimes the multiple-group approach may not be necessary. A company with only a few thousand items or less may conclude their entire population of items is small enough, and there s no real need to break it down any further. A WORD ABOUT TIMING Sometimes companies get hung up on a timing issue with cutover, specifically an accounting cutoff. Don t delay cutover for any appreciable amount of time waiting for the beginning of the month, the beginning of the quarter, or (shudder) the new fiscal year. Rather, the systems folks should have any necessary bridging programs ready to go to feed data from the master schedule and MRP side of ERP into the accounting systems. In this way, cutover can occur as soon as practical and not be delayed waiting for the passage of time. THE NEED FOR FEEDBACK DURING CUTOVER There s a potential dilemma here for you job shop people: This cutover is a phase I activity. The master scheduling and MRP planning tools are being made operational. However, closing the loop in a job shop is a phase II activity, which comes later. (Even in a flow shop, where plant scheduling can be made operational in phase I, supplier scheduling won t be fully implemented until phase II, for reasons we ll cover later.) How can master scheduling and MRP be made operational prior to that? The answer is that there must be a form of loop closing even during phase I. It s essential. Without feedback from the plant and purchasing, the planning people won t be notified when jobs won t be completed on schedule. They must have that feedback, or they will not be able to keep the order dates valid. Therefore, the principle of silence is approval applies here, even at this early stage. This means

15 Going on the Air Basic ERP (Phase I) 233 that anticipated delay reporting from both the plant and purchasing must be implemented as part of phase 1. However, there s even a bit more to it than that for you job shop folks. At this point, the company s beginning to operate with the formal priority planning system (MS/MRP) but doesn t yet have the priority execution system (the dispatching portion of plant floor control) in place. Given good feedback, order due dates can be kept valid and up to date, but the tools to communicate those changing priorities to the plant floor still aren t available. Further, without Capacity Requirements Planning, there s no specific, detailed visibility into future overloads and underloads at all the work centers on the plant floor. A good approach here is to develop an interim, simple, possibly crude, plant scheduling system. Use it to get the job done until the full-blown plant floor control system is on the air. This interim system is usually manual, not computerized, and operates with order due dates and possibly a simplified back scheduling approach. (Example 1: Job A has a four-week lead time. It s due two weeks from now. It should be 50 percent finished. Is it 50 percent finished? If not, it should be given priority. Example 2: Back schedule from the order due date assuming all operations take the same amount of time. Set operation due dates accordingly.) In addition, it s highly desirable to assign one or more plant people full-time to the project during this transition phase. This person s responsibility is to help the folks on the plant floor work on the right jobs. He or she maintains close contact with the interim plant scheduling system, with the material planners, and with the foremen. She finds out about the reschedules coming from the planners, makes sure the foremen are up to date, generates the anticipated delay report for the planners, helps break bottlenecks, and so forth. 5 The last point, breaking bottlenecks, brings up another postcutover issue: overloads. This can be a problem because, again, Capacity Requirements Planning isn t operational yet. Overloads are bad because the work won t get through on time. Underloads are al- 5 This person can also make progress on plant floor cleanup activities during this period. Example: getting some of the large queues off the floor and back into the stockroom. The newly generated MRP priority information can help a lot in this job.

16 234 ERP: MAKING IT HAPPEN most as bad because people will run out of work and get a negative feeling about ERP. This can be a major problem, and one that the project team needs to be aware of and follow very closely. Planning ahead can help a lot. Some companies have done a pre-cutover dry run or simulation to see what s likely to occur. Contingency plans can help a lot: plan A might be what to do in case of an overload; plan B for an underload. Once again, that key plant person mentioned earlier can be a big help by eyeballing the queues, talking to the foremen about their problems, talking to the material planners about what ERP shows is coming soon, breaking the bottlenecks, and making certain the plant doesn t run out of work. During this tricky transition period, do whatever possible to anticipate problems. Identifying them ahead of time can minimize their impact. The buyers have a similar role to play with their suppliers. They need to follow up closely with their suppliers, learn which orders will not be shipped on time, and communicate these to the planners via the anticipated delay report. There s also a potential capacity problem with suppliers. Since MRP is now involved in planning orders, the orders might not be coming out in the same pattern as before. The company could inadvertently be creating severe overloads or, just as bad perhaps, severe underloads at key suppliers. The buyers need to stay in close contact with these suppliers to solve these kinds of problems should they arise. The three most important things the people can do during this period are: 1. Communicate 2. Communicate 3. Communicate Talk to each other. Don t relax. Keep the groups steering committee and project team meeting at least as frequently as before, perhaps more so. Consider creating a spin-off task force to focus solely on these transitional problems, meeting perhaps every day. Cutover is a very intense period. Plan to work long hours and to make additional resources available. The project leader should be