MLA QUICK REFERENCE AND CITATION GUIDE

Transcription

1 MLA Quick Reference and Citation Guide MLA QUICK REFERENCE AND CITATION GUIDE Overview... 2 In-text citations: General notes... 2 Placement of in-text references... 2 Providing page numbers... 3 Citing multiple sources... 3 Secondary citations... 3 Citing works by the same author... 3 Citing works by authors with the same surname... 4 Citing quotations... 4 Footnotes... 4 In-text citations: Examples... 5 Reference list: General notes... 7 Format... 7 Capitalisation... 7 Order of entries... 7 Subdivisions... 8 Authors names... 8 Place of publication... 8 Publisher s name... 8 Other kinds of source lists... 9 Reference list: Examples... 9 Periodicals... 9 Books Encyclopaedias and dictionaries Websites Technical and research reports Working papers Meetings and symposia Theses and dissertations Audiovisual media Blog posts and internet message boards Legal and public documents Miscellaneous... 18

2 MLA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Overview MLA referencing is widely used in humanities disciplines such as English and foreign languages and literature, and cultural studies. MLA referencing uses a brief parenthetical citation typically, the author and page number but not the date and a works cited list at the end of the document. Please note that British/Australian English punctuation is used throughout this guide. The rules for punctuation in American English are slightly different. Many Australian universities, but certainly not all, prefer that you adapt American referencing styles to adhere to British/Australian rules of punctuation. If you are not sure what your university or department prefers, ask your tutor or supervisor. Referencing correctly according to a particular style (whether that be APA, MLA, IEEE or any other style) involves presenting the publication information required exactly in the way proscribed by the style. This means knowing which publication information is required, how and where it should appear in the reference, what punctuation is necessary and where this should be placed. Thus, when formatting your references/in-text citations to a particular style and reviewing example references/in-text citations, pay close attention to the order of information, how each detail is displayed, and the punctuation used and where this is placed (i.e., whether publication titles should be placed within quotation marks [if so, are they single or double?], italicised, have a capital letter for all the main words in the title or just the initial word, and so forth). In-text citations: General notes An in-text citation in MLA style includes only enough information to enable readers to find the source in the list of works cited. The publication date is omitted. If the author s name (or title of the work, if that is how the source is listed) is mentioned in the text and you are referring to the entire text, you do not need to include a parenthetical citation. If the author s name (or the title) is mentioned in the text, but you are referring to a specific passage of the text, only the page number(s) should appear in the parenthetical citation. Placement of in-text references Place the parenthetical citation where a pause would naturally occur (preferably at the end of a sentence), but as near as possible to the material documented. Martin argues that it is important to learn how to reference correctly (78). The director of Editex argues that correct references are important (Lines 78). editex.com

3 MLA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Providing page numbers Page numbers should be provided for direct quotations and when paraphrasing or referring to an idea in another work. The page number for a direct quotation is contained within a separate in-text reference immediately after the direct quotation if the author s name is mentioned in the sentence. For example: Orsini argues that it is important to learn how to reference correctly (78). If the author s name has not been mentioned, it would look like this: If the author s name is mentioned but his or her ideas are paraphrased rather than quoted directly, the page number is placed where a pause would naturally occur (preferably at the end of a sentence), but as near as possible to the material documented. Orsini argued that correct referencing is important (78). Citing multiple sources Multiple sources cited within parentheses are separated by a semi-colon and must be presented in alphabetical order. For example: (Jackson; Tremlett) However, long parenthetical references should be avoided in MLA. To avoid excessive disruption, cite multiple sources in a footnote instead. Secondary citations Secondary sources should only be used when the original source is not freely available (for example, not available in English or out of print). The original text should be cited as follows: Watkin Tench (qtd. in Smith) Citing works by the same author If an author has multiple publications in the list of works cited, include the title (if brief) or a shortened version in the parenthetical citation. For example: (Bajatierra, Cronícas 14) If the author s name appears in the text, include only the title (and page number if necessary) in the parenthetical reference. editex.com

4 MLA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Citing works by authors with the same surname When citing works by different authors with the same surname, their first initials must be used to distinguish between them, even if the years of publication are different. For example: (R. Carr; E. H. Carr) Citing quotations In shorter quotations, the author s name should precede the quotation, and the page number should be listed at the end. For example: Orsini argues that it is important to learn how to reference correctly (78). Quotations that extend for more than four lines when they are run into the text should be formatted as block quotations. The citation can be formatted in a manner similar to the above, with the closing punctuation for the block quotation appearing before the page number. For example: Pérez Collado explained the following: Footnotes The group that went, we went as a man. We went, not as soldiers, because we did not consider ourselves to be soldiers, but as a group. And I tell you, there were ten of us, as we considered that there were ten of us, nine men and a woman! (p. 57) Two kinds of footnotes may be used in MLA: Content notes provide comment, explanation or information that the text cannot accommodate. They should only be used if they provide essential justification or clarification of what you have written, for example, to give full publication facts for an original source for which you have cited a secondary source or to explain why you worked from secondary material. Bibliographic notes are used for references containing several sources or for evaluative comments on sources. editex.com

5 MLA Quick Reference and Citation Guide In-text citations: Examples Standard Citations As part of the sentence In parentheses 1 author Gellhorn argued that (14) (Gellhorn 14) 2 3 authors Radosh, Habeck and Sevostianov s work asserts that (Radosh, Habeck and Sevostianov 2 3) 4+ authors Casanova et al. As Casanova, Moreno, Solé I Sabaté and Villarroya explain (Casanova et al.) (Casanova, Moreno, Solé I Sabaté and Villarroya) Organisation The European Institute of Social Security... (42) (Eur. Inst. of Social Security 42) c Special citations As part of the sentence No known author or editor In Roman Catholicism in Spain (63) (Roman Catholicism 63) b Newspaper article, no author Two or more works by the same author In A Girl of the Spanish People: A Story from the Special Correspondent of Woman To-day. (6) Freud notes in Ego that (14) Freud explains (Totem 23) ( Girl 6) 1 (Freud, Ego 14) d (Freud, Totem 23) Website with no author Guernica ( Guernica ) In parentheses Classical works As seen in Wollstonecraft, (185; ch 13, sec. 2) (Wollstonecraft 185; ch 13, sec. 2) a United Nations resolution/report United Nations Security Council (Bible, Ezek ) (line 11) (United Nations, Security Council) Secondary sources Vilar (qtd. in Shubert 2) (Vilar qtd. in Shubert 2) editex.com

6 MLA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Authors with the same surname E. H. Carr famously said (R. Carr; E. H. Carr) Film or documentary Last Train (Last Train) Australian Bureau of Australian House of Representatives (Australia, House of Representatives ) Statistics statistics Notes: a If you are citing a commonly studied prose work that is available in several editions, add the chapter number or any other identifying information you can. In citing commonly studied verse plays and poems, omit page numbers and cite by division (act, scene, canto, book, part) and line) separated by full stops. If you are citing only line numbers, use the word line or lines for the first citation only. For unpaginated sources, use the chapter number or similar designation. b The full title (if brief) or a shortened version is used unless the title appears in your text. c It is better to use a long name in the text, but if you give the name in a parenthetical citation, shorten terms that are commonly abbreviated. d If an author has multiple publications in the list of works cited, include the title (if brief) or a shortened version in the parenthetical citation. editex.com

7 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Reference list: General notes Format Use the title Works Cited List, rather than References or Bibliography, and centre it above the list. The list should be double spaced and unjustified at the right margin, with a hanging indent of 1.27 cm. There should not be a line space between entries. For example: Hogan, James P, dir. 1937). The Last Train from Madrid. Ashfault s Classic Movies, DVD. Low, Mary, and Juan Breà. Red Spanish Notebook: The First Six Months of the Revolution and the Civil War. London: Purnell, Print. Radosh, Ronald, Mary R. Habeck and Grigory Sevostianov, G. Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. New Haven: Yale UP, Print. Capitalisation For all titles in the works cited list, capitalise the first word, the last word and all principal words, including those that follow hyphens in compound terms. Principal words include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and subordinating conjunctions (after, although, as if, as soon as, because, before, if, that, unless, until, when, where, while). When they fall in the middle of a title, do not capitalise articles (a, an, the), prepositions (e.g., against, as, between, in, of, to), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet) or the to in infinitives. When capitalising titles in languages other than English, follow the specific capitalisation rules of that language. Order of entries Works cited must be ordered alphabetically. To cite two or more works by the same author, give the name in the first entry only. After that, use three hyphens followed by a full stop and the title of the work. The works listed under the same name are alphabetised by title. If the person named edited, translated or compiled the work, place a comma after the three hyphens and include the appropriate abbreviation (ed., trans. or comp.). editex.com

8 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Preston, Paul. Juan Carlos: A People s King. London: HarperCollins, Print Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy. London: Norton, Print. If two or more entries cite co-authors that have the same name, alphabetise by the last names of the second authors listed. If the author s name is unknown, alphabetise by title, ignoring any initial A, An or The. Subdivisions If you wish, your list of works cited may be subdivided into primary and secondary sources, or into different research media or genres, or it may be arranged by subject matter, period or area. Authors names Give the author s name exactly as it appears in the publication (for a book, refer to the title page; for a journal article, refer to the beginning or end of the article) but reverse it for alphabetising and add a comma after the last name. Only use initials for the first name if the publication uses initials. For works with multiple authors, reverse only the first author s name, then add a comma and present the other names in normal order. Radosh, Ronald, Mary R. Habeck and Grigory Sevostianov. Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. New Haven: Yale UP, Print. When an author is an organisation, omit any initial article and do not abbreviate its name. United Nations Security Council. 49th Sess. The Spanish Question. Res 1946/7. 26 June United Nations. Web. 28 Oct Place of publication If several cities are named, give only the first. It is not necessary to identify a state, province or country after the city name. Publisher s name You only need to give enough information about a publisher to enable readers to find the full name of the publisher themselves. Use shortened forms that omit articles (A, An, The), business abbreviations (Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd.) and descriptive words (Books, House, Press, Publishers). If it includes the name of one person (e.g. W.W. Norton or John Wiley), cite the surname only (Norton, Wiley). If it includes the names of more than one person (e.g. McGraw-Hill), cite only the first surname (McGraw). Use standard abbreviations (Acad., editex.com

9 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Assn., Soc., UP) wherever possible. If a publisher s name is commonly abbreviated as an initialism that is likely to be familiar to your readers (e.g. MLA), use the initialism. Other kinds of source lists The Works Cited List contains all the sources that you cited in your text. Titles for other kinds of source list include: Annotated Bibliography or Annotated List of Works Cited for a list that contains descriptive or evaluative comments on the sources Works Consulted for a list that is not confined to the works cited in the document Selected Bibliography, Selected List of Works Consulted or Suggestions for Further Reading for a list that suggests readings. Reference list: Examples Periodicals Follow the same citation rules for journal articles by two or three authors, and four or more authors, as you would for books by these numbers of authors. Journal article, in print Ackelsberg, Martha A. Separate and equal? Mujeres libres and Anarchist Strategy for Women s Emancipation. Feminist Studies 11.1 (1985): Print Journal article, in print, accessed online Jackson, Gabriel. Multiple Historic Meanings of the Spanish Civil War. Science & Society 68.3 (2004), JSTOR. Web. 5 May Jackson, Gabriel. Multiple Historic Meanings of the Spanish Civil War. Science & Society 68.3 (2004), JSTOR. Web. 5 May < Note: Do not include the URL unless the reader would not be able to locate it otherwise or your instructor requires it. Reviews and abstracts Tremlett, Giles. Rev. of The Spanish Holocaust, by Paul Preston. The Guardian, 9 Mar. 2012: 33. Print. Jackson, Gabriel. Multiple Historic Meanings of the Spanish Civil War. Science & Society 68.3 (2004), Abstract. Print. editex.com

10 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Note: If you have retrieved the abstract online, omit Print and add the name of the website in italics, the medium of publication ( Web. ) and the date accessed. Newspaper article, in print Rello, Mateo. Concha Pérez and Anarchy. Solidaridad Obrera 17 July 2006: xx. Print. Notes: Do not include articles (a, an, the) before the names of English-language newspapers but do retain them before non-english-language newspapers. Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June and July. Do not give the volume and issue numbers. If an edition is named on the masthead, add a comma after the date and specify the edition (e.g. natl. ed., late ed. ). If a section is paginated separately and given a section number or letter, but it is not part of the page number, put a comma after the date and add the abbreviation sec., the letter or number, a colon and the page number ( sec. 11: 1. ). If an article is not printed on consecutive pages, write only the first page number and a plus sign ( 6+ ). Newspaper article, online only James, Steve. Let the People Truly Speak. Yorkshire Times. Yorkshire Times, 11 June Web. 20 June Notes: Include both the title of the newspaper and the publisher, even if they are the same. Include the access date. Books Book, one author Gellhorn, Martha. The Face of War. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, Print. Note: Apart from reversing the order, the author s name appears exactly as it does on the title page. Book, two or three authors Low, Mary, and Juan Breà. Red Spanish Notebook: The First Six Months of the Revolution and the Civil War. London: Purnell, Print. Radosh, Ronald, Mary R. Habeck and Grigory Sevostianov. Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. New Haven: Yale UP, Print. editex.com

11 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Book, four or more authors EITHER Casanova, Julían, et al. Victimas de la guerra civil. Madrid: Temas de Hoy, Print. OR Casanova, Julían, Francisco Moreno, Juliá Santos, Josep Maria Solé I Sabaté and Joan Villarroya. Victimas de la guerra civil. Madrid: Temas de Hoy, Print. Book, editor or editors in place of an author Acier, Marcel, ed. From Spanish Trenches: Recent Letters from Spain. London: Cresset, Print. Fyrth, Jim, and Sally Alexander, eds. Women s Voices from the Spanish Civil War. London: Lawrence, Print. Book, edition other than the first Orwell, George. (1954). Homage to Catalonia. 6th ed. London: Secker & Warburg, Print. Hemingway, Ernest. For Whom the Bell Tolls. Rev. ed. London: Arrow, Print. Note: Identify the edition by number (2nd ed., 3rd ed., 4th ed.), by name (Rev. ed. for Revised edition ; Abr. ed., for Abridged edition, or by year (2008 ed.) whichever the title page indicates. Book, republished Hemingway, Ernest. For Whom the Bell Tolls London: Arrow, Print. Note: Include the original publication date before the publication information for the book you are citing. Chapter in edited book Shawcross, Edith. The Hand that Rocks the Cradle. Would I Fight? Ed. Keith Briant and Lyall Wilkes. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Print. One volume in multi-volume work Alexander, Robert J. The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War. Vol. 1. London: Janus, Print. editex.com

12 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Book, no known author or editor Roman Catholicism in Spain. Edinburgh: Johnstone, Print. Book by an organisation European Institute of Social Security. Yearbook of the European Institute of Social Security New York: Springer-Verlag, Print. Note: Omit any initial article (A, An, The) and do not abbreviate the name. Book, author as publisher Spanish Ex-Servicemen s Association. Franco s Prisoners Speak. London: Spanish Ex- Servicemen s Association, Print. Book, translator in addition to author/editor Laplace, Pierre Simon de. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. Trans. F. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory. New York: Dover, Print. Truscott, F. W. and F. L. Emory, trans. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. By Pierre Simon de Laplace. New York: Dover, Print. Laplace, Pierre Simon de. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. Trans. F. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory. New York: Dover, Print. Trans. of Théorie analytique des probabilités. Paris: Ve. Courcier, Note: State the author s name first if you refer primarily to the work itself. If your citations are mostly to the translator s comments or choice of wording, begin the entry with the translator s name. Although not required, some or all of the original publication facts may be added. Foreign-language book Casanova, Julían, Francisco Moreno, Juliá Santos, Josep Maria Solé Sabaté and Joan Villarroya. Victimas de la guerra civil [Victims of the Civil War]. Madrid: Temas de Hoy Print. Notes: Always cite the English translation of a work if the translated version, rather than the original version, is the one you have used. A translated title can be added in brackets if it seems necessary. editex.com

13 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Electronic book (e-book) Shubert, Adrian. A Social History of Modern Spain. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990, Google Book Search. Web. 15 May Note: If you are citing an electronic-only book (as opposed to the electronic version of a print book, as in the above example), omit the print publication information and include the publisher or sponsor of the site (if unknown, use n.p. ) and date of publication online (unknown, use n.d. ). Book, no date of publication Kollontai, Alexandra. The Workers Opposition. London: Solidarity, n.d. Print. Kollontai, Alexandra. The Workers Opposition. London: Solidarity, [1978?]. Print. Kollontai, Alexandra. The Workers Opposition. London: Solidarity, [c. 1978]. Print. Note: If the book does not indicate the date, supply it if you can, using square brackets to show that it did not come from the source. If you are uncertain about the accuracy of the date, add a question mark. If the date can only be approximated, add a question mark. Classical works (including scholarly editions, commonly studied works and scripture) Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Ed. Carol H. Poston. New York: Norton, Print. Poston, Carol H., ed. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. By Mary Wollstonecraft. New York: Norton, Print. The Bible. Introd. and notes by Robert Carroll and Stephen Prickett. Oxford: Oxford UP, Print. Oxford World s Classics. Authorised King James Vers. Notes: If your citations generally refer to the text itself, give the author s name first. If your citations are generally to the work of the editor, give the editor s name first. If the edition is based on a named version of the text, such as in The Bible example above, the name of the version can be added at the end. The name of the publisher is not required for books published before editex.com

14 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Forthcoming publication Seidman, Michael. The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. 4 Oct TS. Seidman, Michael. The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. 21 Nov Page Proofs. Note: Any entry in the works cited list must reflect the status of the source you read. Any background information about future publication would only be given in an annotated bibliography (see Other Kinds of Source Lists for these guidelines. Secondary citation Shubert, A. A Social History of Modern Spain. London: Unwin Hyman, Print. Encyclopaedias and dictionaries Encyclopaedias and dictionaries Rodgers, Eamonn, ed. Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture. London: Routledge, Print. Notes: Indicate the relevant edition number, if there is one, after the editor s name. When citing widely used reference books, especially those that frequently appear in new editions, do not give the place of publication and the publisher. Indicate the edition after the title ( 62nd ed , 2004 ed. ) Encyclopaedias and dictionaries, individual entries O Donnell, Hugh. ABC. In E. Rodgers (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture. Ed. Eamonn Rodgers. London: Routledge, Online encyclopaedia Spanish Civil War. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 28 Feb Web. 1 Mar Note: If there is no website date or date of last update, replace the date with n.d.. Websites Nelson, Cary. The Spanish Civil War: An Overview. Modern American Poetry. University of Illinois, Web. 8 May Note: If no date is available, use n.d.. editex.com

15 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Technical and research reports Human Rights Watch. The Human Rights Watch Global Report on Women s Human Rights. New York: Human Rights Watch, Print. Human Rights Watch. The Human Rights Watch Global Report on Women s Human Rights. Human Rights Watch, 1 Aug Web. 8 May Note: When a report is in print form, indicate the location and publisher after the title as you would for a book. When a published report is retrieved online, indicate the publisher, the date of publication, the medium of publication and the date accessed. Working papers Balcells, Laia. (2012). Violence and Displacement in Civil War: Evidence from the Spanish Civil War ( ). Barcelona GSE Working Paper Series 603. Barcelona: Barcelona Graduate School of Economics, Print. Meetings and symposia Published conference proceedings Frank, Willard C. The Soviet Navy and the Spanish Civil War. Proceedings of the Citadel Conference on War and Diplomacy, December Ed. David H. White. Charleston: The Citadel, Print. Note: Treat like a book, but add pertinent information about the conference (unless the book title includes such information). Unpublished conference paper Serrano, Inmaculada. Return after Violence: Rationality and Emotions in the Aftermath of Violent Conflict. IV Graduate Conference of the Center for Advanced Studies in Social Sciences. Instituto Juan March, Madrid June Presentation. Theses and dissertations Thesis or dissertation, published Archibald, David. The Spanish Civil War in Cinema. PhD thesis. U of Glasgow, Glasgow Theses Service. Web. 12 Mar editex.com

16 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Note: Cite a thesis that has been published in print as you would a book, but add pertinent thesis information before the publication facts. Thesis or dissertation, unpublished Phipps, Kelly. Gender and the Language of Struggle: Republican Representations of Women in the Spanish Civil War. Honours thesis. Brown University, Print. Audiovisual media Podcast Wadhams, Steve, prod. Voices of Canadian Veterans of the Spanish Civil War. As It Happens. CBC Radio, 9 Nov Web. 13 Nov Note: The person cited first depends on the emphasis desired. Television broadcast Battleground for Idealists. The Spanish Civil War. Prod. John Blake, David Hart, David Kemp and Steve Morrison. Granada Television. The Spanish Civil War. Prod. John Blake, David Hart, David Kemp and Steve Morrison. Granada Television. Blake, John, dir. The Spanish Civil War. Prod. John Blake, David Hart, David Kemp and Steve Morrison. Granada Television. Notes: If your reference is primarily to an episode, start your entry with the name of the episode. If your reference is primarily to the full series, start with the series title. If your reference is primarily to the work of a particular individual, cite that person s name before the title. Any other pertinent information, such as performers, narrators, number of episodes, may be included. Information relating to a particular episode follows the title of the episode. Information pertinent to a series follows the title of the series. Film or documentary The Last Train from Madrid. Dir. James P. Hogan. Paramount, Film. Notes: If your reference is primarily to the work of a particular individual, cite that person s name before the title. You may include other data that seem pertinent, such as the names of the screenwriters, performer and producer, between the title and the distributor. editex.com

17 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Radio programme Bragg, Melvynn, host. The Spanish Civil War. In Our Time. BBC Radio 4. 3 Apr Radio. Notes: If your reference is primarily to an episode, start your entry with the name of the episode. If your reference is primarily to the full series, start with the series title. If your reference is primarily to the work of a particular individual, cite that person s name before the title. Any other pertinent information, such as performers, narrators, number of episodes, may be included. Information relating to a particular episode follows the title of the episode. Information pertinent to a series follows the title of the series. Online video Blake, John, David Hart, David Kemp and Steve Morrison, prod. The Spanish Civil War Episode 01: Prelude to Tragedy. Watch Documentary. 21 Dec Web. 1 Jan Note: If the work also appeared in another medium, you may also include that information. Begin the entry with the relevant facts about the original source followed by the title of the website (italicised), the medium (Web) and the date of access. Blog posts and internet message boards Blog Blog post Fogarty, Mignon. Grammar Girl. Grammar Girl. Web. 15 Oct Fogarty, Mignon. Fictitious? Fictional? What s the difference, Grammar Girl. Grammar Girl, 31 Aug Web. 15 Oct Legal and public documents In general, if you do not know the name of the author, cite the name of the government (e.g. Australia), followed by the name of the agency, using an abbreviation if the context makes it clear (e.g. Dept.). Do not use initialisms or acronyms. It is preferable to include a long name in the text. When giving the name within parentheses, shorten terms that are commonly abbreviated (e.g. Natl., Inst.). United Nations report United Nations. Women. Progress of the World s Women: In Pursuit of Justice. New York: United Nations Women, editex.com

18 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide United Nations resolution United Nations. Security Council. 49th Sess. The Spanish Question. Res 1946/7. 26 June United Nations. Web. 28 Oct Australian Bureau of Statistics statistics Australia. Bureau of Statistics. Women s Safety Australia, no , Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Web. 24 May Parliamentary debates Australia. House of Representatives. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). HR Mar Print. Royal Commission, Inquest or Inquiry Canada. Royal Commission on the Status of Women. Report of the Royal Commission of the Status of Women in Canada. Ottawa: Royal Commission on the Status of Women, Print. Australia. Human Rights Commission. Inquiry into the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act 1999 and Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency. Canberra: Australian Human Rights Commission, Print. Legislation (Act) Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act. Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of Western Australia Print. Note: Do not italicise or enclose in quotation marks the titles of laws, acts or similar in the text or in the list of works cited. Legislation (Bill) Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Amendment (Cth) Bill. 1st Reading. Parliament of Australia, Web. 13 Feb Miscellaneous Personal communication Morris, Heather. Personal interview, 18 Apr editex.com

19 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Unpublished data Orsini, Maisie. Editor Instruction Manual TS. Editex, Adelaide. Note: The title or description of unpublished material is italicised. The abbreviation TS is used for work prepared by machine. MS is used for a work prepared by hand. Magazine Pingree, Geoff. What Spain Sees in Robert Capa s Civil War Photo. Time. Time, 25 July Web. 27 July Pingree, Geoff. What Spain Sees in Robert Capa s Civil War Photo. Time 25 July 2009: 20. Print. Pamphlet Women Before the Revolution. Barcelona: Publications of the Feminist Secretariat of the POUM, Print. Lecture, lecture notes, study guide or course materials Preston, Paul. The Spanish Holocaust: Hate and Extermination in the Spanish Civil War. Swansea University. 12 July Lecture. Feldmeth, Greg D. Key Events and Battles: Spanish-American War. My History Class, 31 March Web. 8 May editex.com

20 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide APA QUICK REFERENCE AND CITATION GUIDE Overview... Error! Bookmark not defined. In-text citations: General notes... Error! Bookmark not defined. Placement of in-text references... Error! Bookmark not defined. Providing page numbers... Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing multiple sources... Error! Bookmark not defined. Secondary citations... Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing works by the same author in the same year... Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing works by authors with the same surname... Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing quotations... Error! Bookmark not defined. Footnotes... Error! Bookmark not defined. In-text citations: Examples... Error! Bookmark not defined. Reference list: General notes... Error! Bookmark not defined. Format... Error! Bookmark not defined. Capitalisation... Error! Bookmark not defined. Order of entries... Error! Bookmark not defined. Authors names... Error! Bookmark not defined. Abbreviations... Error! Bookmark not defined. Place of publication... Error! Bookmark not defined. Reference list: Examples... Error! Bookmark not defined. Periodicals... Error! Bookmark not defined. Books... Error! Bookmark not defined. Websites... Error! Bookmark not defined. Technical and research reports... Error! Bookmark not defined. Meetings and symposia... Error! Bookmark not defined. Theses or dissertations... Error! Bookmark not defined. Reviews and peer commentary... Error! Bookmark not defined. Audiovisual media... Error! Bookmark not defined. Datasets, software and apparatus... Error! Bookmark not defined. Blog posts/internet message boards... Error! Bookmark not defined. Legal and public documents... Error! Bookmark not defined. Miscellaneous... Error! Bookmark not defined. editex.com

21 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Overview APA is one of the styles most commonly used by universities. It is widely used in the humanities, social sciences, health and science disciplines. Please note that British/ Australian English punctuation is used throughout this guide. The rules for punctuation in American English are slightly different. Many non-american universities, but certainly not all, prefer that you adapt American referencing styles to adhere to British/Australian rules of punctuation. If you are not sure what your university or department prefers, ask your tutor or supervisor. Referencing correctly according to a particular style (whether that be APA, MLA, IEEE or any other style) involves presenting the publication information required exactly in the way proscribed by the style. This means knowing which publication information is required, how and where it should appear in the reference, what punctuation is necessary and where this should be placed. Thus, when formatting your references/in-text citations to a particular style and reviewing example references/in-text citations, pay close attention to the order of information, how each detail is displayed, and the punctuation used and where this is placed (i.e., whether publication titles should be placed within quotation marks [if so, are they single or double?], italicised, have a capital letter for all the main words in the title or just the initial word, and so forth). In-text citations: General notes Placement of in-text references An in-text reference with the year must always come immediately after the author s surname. When the author s surname is mentioned as part of a sentence, the year will appear in parentheses immediately after the name. For example: Orsini (2009) argues that it is important to learn how to reference correctly (p. 78). When the author s name is not mentioned in the sentence, the in-text reference will appear at the end. For example: The Director of Editex argues that correct references are important (Orsini, 2009, p. 78). Providing page numbers Page numbers should be provided for direct quotations and when paraphrasing or referring to an idea in another work. The page number for a direct quotation is contained within a separate in-text reference immediately after the direct quotation if the author s name is mentioned in the sentence. For example: Orsini (2009) argues that it is important to learn how to reference correctly (p. 78). editex.com

22 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide If the author s name has not been mentioned, it would look like this: The Director of Editex argues that it is important to learn how to reference correctly (Orsini, 2009, p. 78). If the author s name is mentioned but their ideas are paraphrased rather than quoted directly, the page number is included with the publication year, like this: Orsini (2009, p. 78) argued that correct referencing is important. Citing multiple sources Multiple sources cited within parentheses are separated by a semi-colon and must be presented in alphabetical order. For example: (Jackson, 2004; Tremlett, 2012) When referring to multiple works by the same author, the sources should be separated with a comma. For example: (Hogan, 2005, 2006) Secondary citations Secondary sources should only be used when the original source is not freely available (for example, not available in English or out of print). The original text should be cited as follows: Watkin Tench (as cited in Smith, 1985) Citing works by the same author in the same year Where an author has multiple publications in the same year, a letter must be attributed to each reference both in the reference list and in the in-text citation. For example: Preston (2004a, 2004b) Label the sources in alphabetical order by source title. Citing works by authors with the same surname When citing works by different authors with the same surname, their first initials must be used to distinguish between them, even if the years of publication are different. For example: (R. Carr, 1982; E. H. Carr, 1984) If there are two sources by three authors published in the same year and the names of the first two authors are the same for example, Orsini, Hawton and Sachdev 2010 and Orsini, Anuwong and Brown 2010 give all three names in every in-text citation rather than using et al. as you would for all subsequent citations of a source by three or more authors. If there are two sources by more than three authors with the same names published in the same year for example, Orsini, Hawton, Anuwong, Sachdev and Brown 2010 and Orsini, Hawton, Smith and Silver 2010 cite the names of the first authors and as many subsequent editex.com

23 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide names as necessary in every in-text citation to differentiate between the two sources, followed by et al.. For example: Orsini, Hawton, Sachdev et al and Orsini, Hawton, Smith et al Citing quotations In shorter quotations, the author s name and year of publication should precede the quotation, and the page number should be listed at the end. For example: Orsini (2009) argues that it is important to learn how to reference correctly (p. 78). Quotations of 40 words or more should be formatted as block quotations. The citation can be formatted in a similar manner as above, with the closing punctuation for the block quotation appearing before the page number. For example: Pérez Collado (2005) explained the following: Footnotes The group that went, we went as a man. We went, not as soldiers, because we did not consider ourselves to be soldiers, but as a group. And I tell you, there were ten of us, as we considered that there were ten of us, nine men and a woman! (p. 57) Footnotes are only used in APA for supplementary information, or information that augments or further explains a point or concept mentioned in the body of your work. Footnotes should be brief and encapsulate just one idea if the information given in a footnote is lengthy or complex, it is best included in an appendix instead. editex.com

24 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide In-text citations: Examples As part of a sentence Standard citations In brackets First citation Subsequent citations First citation Subsequent citations 1 author Walker (2015) Walker (2015) (Walker, 2015) (Walker, 2015) 2 authors Bradley and Walker (2015) Bradley and Walker (2015) (Bradley & Walker, 2015) (Bradley & Walker, 2015) 3 5 authors Walsh, Bradley, Soo, Ramirez and Walker (2015) Walsh et al. (2015) (Walsh, Bradley, Soo, Ramirez & Walker, 2015) (Walsh et al., 2015) 6+ authors Soo et al. (2015) Soo et al. (2015) (Soo et al., 2015) (Soo et al., 2015) Groups, with abbreviation Groups, no abbreviation Two or more works by the same author Authors with the same surname Secondary sources Legislation (Act) Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2015) ABS (2015) (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], (ABS, 2015) 2015) a University of South Australia (2015) University of South Australia (2015) (University of South Australia, 2015) (University of South Australia, 2015) Special citations As part of a sentence In brackets As part of a sentence In brackets Zhou (2014, 2015) and Soo et al. (2015a, 2015c) A. Walker (2005) and K. Walker (2010) Rutherford (1952, as cited in Zhou, 2015) s. 2 of the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1920 states that (Soo et al., 2015a, 2015c; Zhou, 2014, 2015) (A. Walker, 2005; K. Walker, 2010) (Rutherford, 1952, as cited as in Zhou, 2015) * Always give Act names in full in the body of your work. Citing in parenthetical material Citing specific parts of works Personal communication Parliamentary debates The complete data can be seen in Table 2 of ABS (2010a) Soo et al. (2015a, p. 45) and Walsh et al. (2015, Table 2, p. 16) T. Burke (personal communication, April 17, 2013) (see Table 2 of ABS, 2010a, for complete data) Soo et al. (2015a, p. 45, pp ) and ABS (2015, para. 16) b (T. Burke, personal communication, April 17, 2013) Parliamentary debates (2012) (Parliamentary debates, 2012) Notes: a In APA, when inserting further bracketed text (e.g. ABS ) inside rounded brackets (), use square brackets []; b para. can be used instead of p. for online sources that do not have page numbers (see Section 6.05 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed, for further details). editex.com

25 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Reference list: General notes Format APA format requires double line spacing and a hanging indent of 1.27 cm. There should not be a line space between entries. For example: Hogan, J. P. (director). (1937). The last train from Madrid. Etna, Ohio: Ashfault s Classic Movies, DVD. 85 mins. Low, M. & Breà, J. (1937). Red Spanish notebook: The first six months of the Revolution and the Civil War. London: Purnell and Sons. Radosh, R., Habeck, M. & Sevostianov, G. (2001). Spain betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Capitalisation Spanish Civil War. New Haven: Yale University Press. In the reference list, use sentence case (e.g. The last train from Madrid) for all titles except journals, which should appear in title case (e.g. Feminist Studies). Always capitalise proper nouns (e.g. Spain or the Civil War), all words longer than four letters and the first word after a colon (e.g. Red Spanish notebook: The first six months of the Revolution and the Civil War). Order of entries References must be ordered alphabetically. Within this, multiple publications by the same author should be ordered chronologically. For example: Preston, P. (2004a). Juan Carlos: A people s king. London, United Kingdom: HarperCollins. Preston, P. (2004b). Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from dictatorship to democracy. London, United Kingdom: W. W. Norton & Co. Multiple works by the same author published in different years should be ordered alphabetically by title. For example: Preston, P. (2012). The Spanish holocaust. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co. Preston, P. (2008). We saw Spain die: Foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War. London, United Kingdom: Constable and Robinson. editex.com

26 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Authors names All authors surnames should be listed first, followed by their initials. First names are not required. In addition, full stops are required after initials, with a space between each letter, and an ampersand should be used between the second last and last names. For example: Radosh, R., Habeck, M. R. & Sevostianov, G. (2001). Spain betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. When an author is an organisation that is commonly known by an acronym, such as the United Nations (UN), define the acronym in the first citation (if it has not already been defined in the body text); always define the acronym in the reference list entry, even if it has been defined in the body text. For example: United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (26 June 1946). The Spanish question (S/RES/7 [1946]). Retrieved from /scres46.htm For the first citation if the organisation acronym has not already been defined in the body text, define the acronym in the citation. For example: (United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 1946) For subsequent citations after the acronym has been defined, cite the work using the acronym. For example: (UNSC, 1946) Abbreviations Standard abbreviations can appear as abbreviations in the reference list: ed. edition Rev. ed. Revised edition 2nd ed. second edition Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors) Trans. Translator(s) n.d. no date p. (pp.) page (pages) Vol. Volume Vols. Volumes No. Number Pt. Part Tech. Rep. Technical Report Suppl. Supplement (American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 180) The above list is taken directly from the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010, p. 180). editex.com

27 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Place of publication State names do not need to be spelled out; for example, NSW can be used rather than New South Wales. Always give the city and state/province for the US, Canada and Australia, and indicate the city and country for all other locations; for example, Berlin, Germany. Write out United Kingdom in full rather than using UK or England (or another United Kingdom country). Reference list: Examples Periodicals Journal article, with doi Amabile, T. M., Hill, K. G., Hennessey, B. A. & Tighe, E. M. (1994). The work preference inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), doi: / Journal article, with non-english title, no doi Argyris, C. (1973). Kepribadian dan organisasi teori ditinjau [Personality and organization theory revisited]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 18, Journal article, in print, accessed online Gibbons, H. S. & Wentworth, G. P. (in press). Andrological and pedagogical training differences for online instructors. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration. Retrieved from wentworth43.html Journal, special issue Haney, C. & Wiener, R. L. (Eds). (2004). Capital punishment in the United States [Special issue]. Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law, 10(4). Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J., Sime, W. E. & Maynes, B. S. (1991). The nomological validity of the Type A personality among employed adults [Monograph]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, doi: / Newspaper article, retrieved online Gardner, N. (2011, 13 June). Rates to trigger recession cost of living crunch get our power bills down. Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved from editex.com

28 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Newsletter article, no author Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiate conference. (2006, November/December). OJJDP a Glance. Retrieved from glance/216684/topstory.html Books Book, second edition (2nd ed.) Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsade, NJ: Erlbaum. Book, electronic version of a print book Griffin, E. (2000). A first look at communication theory [Adobe Digital Editions version]. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Electronic-only book, no date of publication O Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from Electronic version of a republished book, with translator Freud, S. (1953). The method of interpreting dreams: An analysis of a specimen dream. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 4, pp ). Retrieved from (Original work published 1900). Chapter in book one editor (Ed.) Emmons, R. A. (1989). The personal strivings approach to personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Chapter in book multiple editors (Eds) Baard, P. (2002). Intrinsic need satisfaction in organizations: A motivational basis of success in for-profit and not-for-profit settings. In R. Deci & E. Ryan (Eds), Handbook of selfdetermination research (pp. 3 33). New York: The University of Rochester Press. editex.com

29 APA Quick Reference and Citation Guide Chapter in multi-volume book (Vol. 6, pp ) Daft, R. L. & Lengel, R. H. (1984). Information richness: A new approach to managerial behavior and organization design. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 6, pp ). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Entry in an online reference work Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2007 ed). Retrieved from Entry in an online reference work, no author, no date Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from Reference book VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Websites Law Society of NSW. (2003). Statistics. Retrieved from groups/public/documents/internetcontent/02609.pdf Technical and research reports Beaton Consulting Pty Ltd. (2007). Annual professions study 2007 (Research Report No. 06.3). South Yarra, Vic.: Beaton Consulting. Meetings and symposia Conference paper, published online Akinyemi, A. (2003). Web-based learning and cultural interference: Perspectives of Arab students. Paper presented at the Sixteenth Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education, Miami, FL. Retrieved from Proceedings, published in book form Al-Jarf, R. (2007). Cultural issues in online collaborative instruction in EFL classrooms. In Proceedings of the Third International Online Conference on Second and Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 105, editex.com