CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

Transcription

1 7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. Introduction This chapter consists of literature review, concepts which consists concept character and characterization, and theoretical framework that would be used to analyze the data Review of Literature The paper entitled Conflict Analysis of Main Character In Novel The Mayor of Caster Bridge by Thomas Hardy written by Neny (2010). The analysis focused on the description of the physiological, psychological, sociological aspect of the main character. It also focused on the kinds and the source of conflicts that face by the main character. The main characters face two kinds of conflicts, internal and external conflict. These internal and external conflicts were approach avoidance type of conflict. In the paper there are two theories that are used as the main theories which are the theory of literature that proposed by Warren and Wellek (1962) and the theory of psychology that proposed by Lajos Engry (1987) From the analysis it is found that, the main character in the novel is Michael Henchard. He was drunken man who sold his wife and finally death in loneliness. There were some conflict faced by main character, internal and external conflict.

2 8 The paper entitled Conflict Analysis Of Main Character In Novel The A Me Code by Pio" Chorliana. This paper based on the tole of main character, it is determine that Robert Landonis the main character in the store. he faced two finds of-conflict, internal, and external conflict. The source of his internal conflict was incompatible goal between two unattractive ways to face his problem with Bezu Fache who believe and tried to frame him as the murder of Jacques Sauniere or to run away from Bezu Fache and tried to find the evidence that proved him not guilty. The type of external of Robert Langdon was interpersonal conflict happened between people. These internal and external conflicts were avoidance type of conflict since the choices that Robert Langdon had to decide both had negative valences on him. From the conflict analysis above we can conclude that conflict is a natural part of communication relationship. Conflict management is needed to resolve the conflict whether it right or wrong. The outcome of conflict may be functional or dysfunctional depend on the conflict management. The paper entitled The Analysis of Characters in Mayer s Twilight by Purbana A.A Gede. The paper aimed at main, secondary and supporting characters in terms of three dimensions of characters and method to present the characters by author. The method of collecting data was by note taking and selected data by descriptive method, the analysis base on theory character and characterization by William Kenney. The analysis found three dimensions aspect which used in each characters and methods of characterization are dramatic,

3 9 character on other character and mixing method. The weak of the paper are the analysis is not clearly and the title of the paper was not mentions the analysis. This journal entitles Creating Character and Characterization in Screenplays The journal is written by Elizabeth English. This journal aimed to overcome inner doubts, errors in thinking, guilt or trauma from the past, or fear of and hopes for the future. Weaknesses, imperfections, quirks, and vices make a character more real and appealing. This journal discusses how the way of character development and creating character, where the character development is essential to a good story. Characters should enter the story as dimensional, nonstereotypical characters, and become more dimensional as the story and other characters act upon them. And creating character In order to create a character, the writer must have a character to express. This journal is excellent for learning in character building and character creation due to make a character who really powerful and can be understood by the reader or the audience things like development and creating of these characters cannot be arbitrary, Weaknesses, imperfections, quirks, and vices make a character more real and appealing. The audience can identify with the character. Flaws and imperfections give a character somewhere to go - the character arc - in which a character develops and grows, overcoming obstacles and gaining knowledge and wisdom and is recreated and restored to wholeness. A real character is not just a single obvious trait, but a unique combination of many qualities and drives, some of them conflicting.

4 Concepts The concepts of this study are the concept of character and characterization Concept of Character Wellek and Warren (1996) have an opinion about character. They state that character is the figure that participates in the action or the people who play role in a story and it is expected to be natural or lifelike to make the story interesting. A character in a story very dependent on the characterization of the author of her or him, characterization is used by the author to create the appearance and personality of imaginary person Concept of Characterization Characterization refers the step by step process wherein an author introduces and then describes a character. The character can be described directly by the author or indirectly through the actions, thoughts, and speech of the character 2.4. Theoretical Framework Kenney (1966: 5) states that analyzing literary work is to identify the separate parts that make it up, to determine the relationship among parts and to discover the relations of the parts to the whole. The ending of the analysis is always the understanding of the literary work as a unified and complete whole.

5 11 In any literary work, each element is used or chosen by the writer only in relation by the other elements. These elements must work together to make a good story. The elements of story consist of intrinsic and extrinsic elements Extrinsic Element The extrinsic elements tell about something outside the story but it is still related with the story, the social condition and the author. The extrinsic element consists of the tradition and the values, the structure of social life, view of line and political situation, religion and so on. The intrinsic element of fiction is more interesting and easier to be analyzed. It has rich explanation because it can be taken from the novel itself than extrinsic element. It also consists of the structure of fiction like plot, theme, setting, character that builds the story Intrinsic Element Kenney (1996) divides parts of intrinsic aspect of novel consist of: a) Themes Theme is meaning of the story releases or theme is the meaning the story discovers. Themes mean the necessary implications of the whole story, not a separable part of a story (Kenney, 1996:91).

6 12 b) Setting Setting is the element of fiction which reveals to us where and when the events of the plot occur. The elements of setting includes the actual geographical location, the occupations and modes of day existence of character, the time in which the action take place and the religious, moral, intellectual social and emotional environment of character (Kenney, 1996:40) c) Plot Plot is arranging of events of story according to their casual relationship. Plot has three part are beginning, middle, and the end. Beginning plot is a story to begin at the beginning or the plot comes first in time then, in addition to the necessary exposition. Middle plot is the story more from the end of the beginning to the beginning of the middle as the elements tending forwards instability in the initial situation group themselves into what we recognize as pattern of conflict. The end plot is consisting of everything from the climax to the denouement or outcome of the story ( Kenney, 1996:19) d) Character Character is one of the most important aspects of novel, which is very interesting to be discussed. And this character will be analyzed more at the other term.

7 13 e) Point of View Point of view is the elements of the story occurs from the protagonist and antagonist artist of the story, but the author may not occurs this if is needed f) Style and Tone Style is illustration of the author to the artist of the story's language like connotation or detonation and tone is the sense in which we speak of tone of voice and then we can expression of attitudes. g) Structure and Technique Structure is the role play of words that is used by the author and technique is style that is used by the author to occur the story Character Character is one of the most important elements of novel, which is very interesting to be analyzed because it can guide the reader to the author thought. The most significant way to representing character in a story is through action. Basically the story's character arc reflection of human beings. According to Warren and Wellek (1962; 219), the simplest way to describe characterization in the story is by giving a name of figure. Each appellation is a kind of animating individuation; the names are taken from Bible, characteristic of allegory.

8 14 Kenney propose that a character is obviously relevant to us and to our experience if he is like others whom we know. A character is relevant if there are a lot of people like him in the real world (1966: 27). The character can be classified into main character, secondary character, and supporting character, based on the function of character in the story. The main character is the most important figure as the central figure in the story, but the secondary character also has important role and give influence to the main character. Knickbocker and Reniger (1963:91) state the character is the creation of the writer; therefore the nature and the use of the character in any story are determined by the purpose of the writer. Character in fiction must attend the relationship between other elements of the story. From sociological point of view we can understand about the character s background of life, which characterizes his / her behavior, the way they thinking and reacts to the problem. In physiological point of view we can describe the physical appearance of character, which give a clear picture about the physical condition of the character. Analyzing a character on psychological aspect reveals with psychological aspect of a character. It deals with the personal qualities of the character and observes the character behavior as a reflection of human being.

9 15 Character can be divided into two kinds, simple and complex characters, which can be explain as follows. 1. Simple (flat) character The simple or flat character is less the representation of a human personality than the embodiment of a single attitude or obsession in a character (Kenney, 1966: 28) 2. Complex (round) character According to Forster in Kenney (1962: 29), the complex character is obviously more lifelike than the simple, because in life people are not simple embodiment of single attitudes. Based on function, a character can be grouped into some categories, as follows: a) Main character The one who takes an important role in the story, who determines where the story will go and always becomes the central figure in the story.

10 16 b) Secondary character The character that plays the important role and gives influence to the main character. The secondary character helps the main character to form the terms of story. c) Supporting character The character which support the main character in the story. Although the function of this character is to support the main character, it may take an important part in the story but incidentally it acts as supporter Method of Characterization In presenting the character in his or her story, the author uses some methods (Kenney, 1966: 24), the methods that can be used are the following: a) Discursive Method The author tells us about the character and she or he even mentions her or his approval and disapproval of the character. The advantages of this method are simplicity and economy. The authors will quickly finish the job of characterization and go on to other things. The disadvantage is that it is relatively mechanical and discourages the

11 17 reader's imagination. He would show us instead of telling us. But this is the best method when economy and directness are desired. b) Dramatic Method This is the method of showing rather than telling. The author allows the characters to reveal themselves through their own words and actions. This method is more lifelike and invites the reader's active participation in the story. This method is generally favored by the author of fiction of 20th century. It is however less economic since to show takes longer time than to tell, and it also increases the possibility of misjudging the character. To avoid this, readers must be alert and the author must be sufficient in his showing. Through their action and what they do- the reader can learn not only who they are but also what they are. c) Character on other characters method One character in a story talks about another character. But this kind of information is not reliable for what A says about B will probably tell more about A than B. d) Contextual Method This method is a suggestion of the character by the verbal context that surrounds the character. The reader should conclude, if the

12 18 character is constantly described in terms appropriate to the best of expectation that the author is trying to tell him something. e) Mixing Method Mixing method means applying all the methods in accordance with the effectiveness contributed. It is rare that a fiction uses one method only. Indeed, the contextual method will only be effective when combined with another method Theory of Three Dimensions of Character According to Lajos Egri in Sukada (1987:135) he state that character has three dimensions as its fundamental structure such as physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects. The three dimensions are element that builds the characterization in the literary work Psychological Dimensions The psychological dimension includes the psychological background, such as; mentality, ego, temperament, ambition, attitude, frustration, etc. It deals with the personal qualities of a character, observe, character behavior, and activities as a human being as reflection of his psychological life. Psychology study and

13 19 psychological processes are included in literary study, because the souls of human being are a source of all knowledge and art. Human motivation can be defined as a reason a human wants to achieve something. According to Bernhardt (1953:46) there are some factors that lead human motivation such as: a) Appetities are motives or directing influences that initiate and sustain activity and also direct that activating until the activity finally ends in a satisfaction of the felt need. Appetites are cyclic or rhythmic in their action. If appetite is fulfilled we will feel satisfy. Unsatisfied appetite is usually an unpleasant condition and as the satisfaction is delayed it becomes more and more unpleasant and productive for further activity (1953:50) b) Wants are modified through experience and present a changing pattern in the development of the person from infancy to adulthood to old age. The needs are common to all human beings. But each individual acquire set of personal wants on this foundation of universal needs. Once a want has been acquired, it function like a need and the individual can not be happy unless he finds some way to satisfy it (1953:52). c) Emotions are any feeling can indicate emotional experience direct to activity. When someone is in critical or emerging situation, they will be angry and fight or may be affraid and ran away and do

14 20 nothing on the situation. Anger motivates individual to fight, to attack, and to say things that would be beneath their dignity if they were not dominated by emotion. Besides the intense emotions of fear and anger, the milder forms are sentiments and moods that dictate the course of action to be followed by the individual. d) Feeling and Attitude are related in the way that when an experience is evaluated as pleasant, the individual has an attitude of approach to that experience and tends to repeats the activity and vice-versa. Experience got by the individual is not only from one aspect. The individual has an attitude of approach to that experience, that is tends to prolong or repeat the activity. Whenever he evaluates the experience as unpleasant, he has an attitude withdrawal as he avoids that activity in future (1953:53). So, the ever present feeling tones of pleasantness of unpleasantness, with their accompanying attitudes of approach and withdraw are important to human motives. e) Social Motives such as self assertation, self negation, social approval, and social disapproval are very powerful in the directing human activity. The whole story of human motivation is not told in terms organic needs, wants, and feelings. If for instance, the only motives of human conduct were the organic needs, we would be able to satisfy hunger and the other appetites in a much simpler manner than we do at present. Social motives have produced in

15 21 man certain characteristic tendency. Bernhardt described two tendencies; self-assertion and self-negation. Self-assertion is a universal tendency to strive to excel and succeed and to win out ahead of others, or to overcome obstruction or difficulty. It can be traced through a great many activities of the individual and it is more likely trained into us by social custom and education. Selfnegation is a tendency present inhuman being to submit, to give and to subordinate themselves to other authorities. There are situation that are obviously beyond our own powers to cope with and this situation submission to some person, or to some idea or to some system of religion seem to be the natural and satisfying course. So, the social motives are very powerful in directing human activity (1953:54). Those human motivation are very related to characterization of individual in doing such activity is directly (Bernhardt 1953 : 45) Physiological Dimensions In physiological point of view, can describe the physical appearance of a character. The physiological dimension concern with the aspect of physical identities such as: age, sex, appearance, heredity, the color of eyes and skin, etc.

16 Sociological Dimensions Sociological dimension is based on the social background such as social activity where the characters live, in which there is a social system consist of the system family, polities, economics, belief, education, and nationality (Lajos Egri, 1987:135).