Lingua Inglese 2A. Cohesion & Introducing grammar of speech

Transcription

1 Lingua Inglese 2A Cohesion & Introducing grammar of speech

2 Plan of the day Warm up: fill-in-the-blanks Co-text Cohesion Introducing: Speech Act Theory EXTRA-CLASS WORK: Read Cutting, Section A3 (Speech Acts). Extra-class work: Cutting, Activity, on Text C (p 89), letter (a) under Looking at... and letter (a) under Speech acts are... (p 90); on Text D (p.91) only activity under Text D lists (pp 91-2) [in your portfolio]

3 Survey & Course registration Please, make certain that you complete this survey

4 Textbooks Joan Cutting Pragmatics & Discourse (2nd Edition). Routledge Press Laura Di Ferrante, Sergio Pizziconi & Salvatore Attardo Discovering English grammar and variation Pacini 2019

5 Text-book: Cutting All references in these slides are to the 2002 edition, the one in the online pdf se_cutting If you want to buy a copy of the book, go for the second edition.

6 Text-book: Discovering Place your order at: Discount code: DODICIPACINI12 you ll get a 15% discount you ll get a FURTHER 12% discount If above 40 : no shipment costs

7 In-class activity Start a worksheet. It MUST be a small notebook size sheet (A5) On top of the page, write: LAST NAME & first name (BLOCK LETTERS, please) ID# today s date signature Rossi Mario

8 Introducing: writing Vs speaking At what level of analysis is the humor working in the first part of this skit. On your worksheet, number 11 to 16 lines, as follows 1) For SUBMISSION 2) 3).. 9) 10) Without caption With caption

9 Introducing: writing Vs speaking B: All right, just what in hell are all of you [16]? Haven't you ever seen three vibrant, healthy, sexually active women before? Now, we are embarking on a weekend cruise with some longtime gentlemen friends, and if we decide to be intimate, then we'll be prepared. We're not embarrassed, we're not uncomfortable, we are not humiliated. We're gonna walk outta here today with our heads held high, secure in the knowledge that what we have done is morally and socially responsible. B: Isn't that right, girls? D: I have no idea who this woman is. I bought these for my brother. Rose...Rose

10 What are cohesion and coherence? /koʊ-kəʊ/ +/ˈhiːʒən/ +/ˈhɪər-ˈhɛr/ /əns/ First and foremost, they are an expectation While reading a text, we expect that it be cohesive. We interpret a discourse assuming that it is cohesive and coherent. Structural definition of cohesion It is the set of links between bits and pieces of the discourse (cohesive ties) that mesh it together. Functional definition of coherence text coherence=f(topic; goal; semiotic system the hearer/reader s willingness to co-operate ) Like beauty, coherence is in the eye of the beholder.

11 Cohesion Grammatical Ellipsis Reference Exophora Lexical Repetition Endophora Cataphora Synonyms Anaphora Substitution (pro-forms) Substitution with Ø Superordinates (hyperoyms) General words

12 In-class activity: Not for submission Make certain that you can take it off from your notebook and file it in your portfolio Start a worksheet. It MUST be a small notebook size sheet (A5) On top of the page, write: LAST NAME & first name (BLOCK LETTERS, please) Rossi Mario today s date

13 Exophora and Endophora Exophora A reference outside the text: real and fictional? Endophora A reference to a previously mentioned entity within the text Task 1. In this short text you can find several exophoric references. Jot down one or two of them. Task 2. In the original text several lexical repetitions have been avoided with substitutions. What would you replace? We have been established by an Act of Parliament as an independent body to eliminate discrimination against disabled people and to secure equal opportunities for disabled people. To achieve the aim of eliminating discrimination against disabled people and securing equal opportunities for disabled people, we have set ourselves the goal of: 'A society where all disabled people can participate fully as equal citizens'. NOT for submission

14 Anaphora Reference1 Substitutionreference1 Anaphora and Cataphora Cataphora Substitutionreference1 Reference1 Task 3. In this short text you can find several cataphoric references. Jot down one or two of them. NOT for submission Students (not unlike yourselves) compelled to buy paperback copies of his novels - notably the first, Travel Light, though there has lately been some academic interest in his more surreal and 'existential' and perhaps even 'anarchistic' second novel, Brother Pig - or encountering some essay from When the Saints in a shiny heavy anthology of midcentury literature costing $12.50, imagine that Henry Bech, like thousands less famous than him, is rich. He is not.

15 Substitution One phrase is replaced with a pro-form Task 4. In this short text you can find several substitutions. Jot down one or two of them. NOT for submission Substitution Little boxes on the hillside, Little boxes made of ticky-tacky, Little boxes, little boxes, Little boxes, all the same. There's a green one and a pink one And a blue one and a yellow one And they're all made out of ticky-tacky And they all look just the same.

16 Substitution (a particular case) Substitution One phrase is replaced with a pro-form Mrs McAllister watched as the giant airplane taxied out of the gate. Then like some wild beast she pointed her nose down the runway and screamed terrifically into the sky. What is going on here? What is the ambiguous substitution? NOT for submission

17 Ellipsis One word or phrase is omitted (or replaced with Ø) Ellipsis (1/2) - What time does the train to London leave? - Nine fifteen. A structure is omitted and can only be recovered from the previous discourse. In this example The train to London leaves at is omitted in Nine fifteen and we recover it by inference from the question. NOT for submission

18 Ellipsis One word or phrase is omitted (or replaced with Ø) Task 5. Jot down the ellipsis. NOT for submission Ellipsis (2/2) Catriona: What was he doing? Tell me, make me cringe. Jess: Oh nothing to make you cringe or anything. He was just he was just like saying you know just stuff that was really pretty well sick. Catriona: Oh last night, last night he was as well, with Romeo and Juliet.

19 Repetition One word or phrase is repeated IT: riprese lessicali. Very common in speech (see lesson on characteristics of speech). The repetition of tense and other syntactic patterns is very important for cohesion. NOT for submission Repetition (1/2) The child put the pale chrysanthemums to her lips, murmuring: 'Don't they smell beautiful!' Her mother gave a short laugh. 'No,' she said, 'not to me. It was chrysanthemums when I married him, and chrysanthemums when you were born, and the first time they ever brought him home drunk, he'd got brown chrysanthemums in his buttonhole.'

20 Repetition One word or phrase is repited IT: riprese lessicali. Very common in speech (see lesson on characteristics of speech). The repetition of tense and other syntactic patterns is very important for cohesion. TASK 6. How would the expressive quality of the text change without repetition? Repetition (2/2) 'No,' she said, 'not to me. It was chrysanthemums when I married him, and chrysanthemums when you were born, and the first time they ever brought him home drunk, he'd got brown chrysanthemums in his buttonhole.' 'No,' she said, 'not to me. There they were when I married him, and (Ø) when you were born, and the first time they ever brought him home drunk, he'd got brown ones in his button-hole.' NOT for submission

21 Synonyms (almost) the same meaning It s not always permitted Language for specific purposes Power - Strength Synonyms At some 75 cm across and capable of cracking open a coconut shell with its formidable claws, the land-dwelling coconut crab is your beach lounger's worst nightmare. Fortunately for the sunbather, the world's largest terrestrial arthropod has seemingly always been confined to tropical islands across the Pacific and Indian oceans. TASK 7. What other synonymic substitution can you spot? NOT for submission

22 Superordinates More general terms Hyper(o)nyms [Hyponyms] Superordinates (1/2) The candle-light glittered on the lustre -glasses, on the two vases that held some of the pink chrysanthemums, and on the dark mahogany. There was a cold, deathly smell of chrysanthemums in the room. Elizabeth stood looking at the flowers. What is the hyperonym? NOT for submission

23 Superordintes More general terms Hyper(o)nyms [Hyponyms] Superordinates (1/2) The candle-light glittered on the lustre -glasses, on the two vases that held some of the flowers, and on the dark mahogany. There was a cold, deathly smell of chrysanthemums in the room. Elizabeth stood looking at the pink chrysanthemums. Would it work with hyponymic substitution? NOT for submission

24 General words Nouns, 'thing', 'stuff', 'place', 'person', 'woman' and 'man', Verbs, as in 'do' and 'happen'. General words and so he went off to Wolverhampton Poly which he selected for, you know, all the usual reasons, reasonable place, reasonable course, a reasonable this a reasonable that t-term to do computer science which of course all the kids want to do now erm twentieth centu - no it isn't it's a sort of nineteen eighties version of wanting to be an engine driver. What is the general word and what does it replace? NOT for submission

25 Getting started with Speech Acts and a particular type of verbs 0 I ask a question. I do ask a question. Do I ask a question? I do not ask a question.

26 Getting Started 1 This vid consists of just two lines. In the first line, the first actress, Rose, asks a question, which you will read. In the second line, the second actress, Dorothy, answers Rose s question with a humorous pun. Try to grasp the second actress s answer. Jot it down on your worksheet. clip

27 A particular type of verbs 2 I ask a question. I do ask a question. Do I ask a question? I do not ask a question. Rose: Can I ask a dumb question? Dorothy: We ll break down the humor of this skit. clip