Rhetorical and Literary Terms, Vocab, & Grammar: Practice AP Test #1 Multiple Choice

Transcription

1 , Vocab, & Grammar: Practice AP Test #1 Multiple Choice

2 Do You Know: PARALLELISM

3 PARALLELISM is recurrent syntactical similarity. Several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed similarly to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equal in importance. Parallelism also adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, clarity to the sentence.

4 PARALLELISM (examples) Ferocious dragons breathing fire and wicked sorcerers casting their spells do their harm by night in the forest of Darkness. These critics--who point out the beauties of style and ideas, who discover the faults of false constructions, and who discuss the application of the rules--usually help a lot in engendering an understanding of the writer's essay.

5 Do You Know: PERIODIC SENTENCE

6 A periodic sentence has the main clause or predicate at the end. This is used for emphasis and can be persuasive by putting reasons for something at the beginning before the final point is made. It can also create suspense or interest for the reader.

7 Periodic Sentences (examples) In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued. With low taxes, beautiful views and a mild climate, this city is a great place to live. Positive thinking, by helping us stay focused and maintaining a good attitude, is important for a happy life. After shopping at the mall, walking the dogs and washing the car, I finally got to stay in and relax. If the price was good and the quality excellent, I might consider buying a designer dress. Renewable energy resources, like wind, solar, and geothermal, will be the answers to Earth s energy problems.

8 Do You Know: ANALOGY

9 ANALOGY compares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one. While simile and analogy often overlap, the simile is generally a more artistic likening, done briefly for effect and emphasis, while analogy serves the more practical end of explaining a thought process or a line of reasoning or the abstract in terms of the concrete, and may therefore be more extended.

10 ANALOGY (examples) Knowledge always desires increase: it is like fire, which must first be kindled by some external agent, but which will afterwards propagate itself. --Samuel Johnson The body is a unit, though it is made up of many parts; and though all its parts are many, they form one body. So it is with Christ. (And so forth, to the end of the chapter.] --l Cor. 12:12 (NIV)

11 Do You Know: PRONOUNS

12 Grammar Review: PRONOUNS (I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.) is a word that takes the place of a noun.

13 Grammar Review: PRONOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL subjective objective possessive subjective objective possessive 1 st person I me my, mine we us our, ours 2 nd person you you your, yours you you your, yours 3 rd person he she it him her it his her, hers its they them their, theirs

14 Do You Know: HYPERBOLE

15 HYPERBOLE Is the counterpart of understatement, deliberately exaggerates conditions for emphasis or effect. Note: In formal writing the hyperbole must be clearly intended as an exaggeration, and should be carefully restricted. That is, do not exaggerate everything, but treat hyperbole like an exclamation point, to be used only once a year. Then it will be quite effective as an attention grabber.

16 HYPERBOLE (examples) There are a thousand reasons why more research is needed on solar energy. I said "rare," not "raw." I've seen cows hurt worse than this get up and get well.

17 Do You Know: IRONY

18 IRONY 1. VERBAL (aka SARCASM): the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. Don't go overboard with the gratitude, he rejoined with heavy irony. 2. SITUATIONAL: a state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects and is often amusing or surprising as a result. The irony is that I thought he could help me." "the irony of the situation" 3. DRAMATIC: a literary technique, originally used in Greek tragedy, by which the full significance of a character's words or actions are clear to the audience or reader although unknown to the character.

19 Do You Know: PARADOX

20 PARADOX 1. a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true. "in a paradox, he has discovered that stepping back from his job has increased the rewards he gleans from it" 2. a situation, person, or thing that combines contradictory features or qualities. "the mingling of deciduous trees with elements of desert flora forms a fascinating ecological paradox"

21 Do You Know: METAPHOR

22 METAPHOR MIXED METAPHOR DEAD METAPHOR ETENDED METAPHOR (See Power Point on METAPHOR)

23 Do You Know: ALLEGORY

24 ALLEGORY is a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.

25 Do You Know: METAPHYSICAL

26 METAPHYSICAL The word 'meta' means 'after,' so the literal translation of 'metaphysical' is 'after the physical.' Basically, metaphysics deals with questions that can't be explained by science. It questions the nature of reality in a philosophical way. Here are some common metaphysical questions: Does God exist? Is there a difference between the way things appear to us and the way they really are? Essentially, what is the difference between reality and perception? Is everything that happens already predetermined? If so, then is free choice non-existent? Is consciousness limited to the brain?

27 METAPHYSICAL cont d Metaphysics can cover a broad range of topics from religious to consciousness; however, all the questions about metaphysics ponder the nature of reality. And of course, there is no one correct answer to any of these questions. Metaphysics is about exploration and philosophy, not about science and math.

28 METAPHYSICAL cont d Metaphysical poetry also sought to shock the reader and wake him or her up from his or her normal existence in order to question the unquestionable. The poetry often mixed ordinary speech with paradoxes and puns. The results were strange, comparing unlikely things, such as lovers to a compass or the soul to a drop of dew. These weird comparisons were called conceits (aka a far-fetched and often extended metaphor).

29 Do You Know: OBJECTIVE VS. SUBJECTIVE

30 OBJECTIVE VS. SUBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE: a subject's personal perspective, feelings, beliefs, desires or discovery. OBJECTIVE: not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice; based on facts; unbiased

31 Vocab: EFFUSIVE expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner. "an effusive welcome" synonyms:gushing, gushy, unrestrained, extravagant, fulsome, demonstrative, lavish, enthusiastic, lyrical;

32 Do You Know: PARABLE

33 PARABLE Is a short story that teaches a moral or spiritual lesson; especially : one of the stories told by Jesus Christ and recorded in the Bible. It is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, which illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. It differs from a fable in that fables employ animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature as characters, whereas parables have human characters. A parable is a type of analogy.

34 Do You Know: MELODRAMATIC

35 MELODRAMATIC means characterized by a kind of performance or exaggeration of emotions. A melodrama is a dramatic or literary work in which the plot, which is typically sensational and designed to appeal strongly to the emotions, takes precedence over detailed characterization. Characters are often simply drawn, and may appear stereotyped.

36 Do You Know: PARODY

37 PARODY A parody is a humorous or mocking imitation of something, using the same form as the original. (Eg., To parody a poem, you have to write another poem.) A parody is a form of humor that spoofs or satirizes something using the same form. For example, shows like "Saturday Night Live" and "The Daily Show" have parodied real newscasts by doing fake newscasts that look like the real thing.

38 Do You Know: DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE

39 DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of a single imagined persona (NOT the poet) in a specific situation at a critical moment that reveals the speaker's temperament and character. In this monologue, the speaker addresses and interacts with one or more other people; but we know of the auditors' presence, and what they say and do, only from clues in the discourse of the single speaker (we never actually hear/read what the person being addressed says, hence MONO-logue, not DIA-logue)

40 Do You Know: EXPOSE

41 EXPOSE (French past part., "revealed"): A journalistic or literary revelation or exposure--especially of something discreditable or scandalous. Examples of non-fiction exposés include All the President's Men by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, which revealed Nixon's involvement with the Watergate scandal, and Edwin Markham's Children in Bondage, which exposed the evils of child labor. Fictional narratives can also reveal real-world scandals, such as Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel, The Jungle, which exposed consumers to the exploitation of meat-packing workers, and the poetry of William Wordsworth and William Blake which also acted in many ways as exposes of child labor practices in London.

42 Do You Know: EVOCATION

43 EVOCATION Is the act of bringing something into the mind or memory : the act of evoking something; a passage that calls to mind a particular experience or event, especially using highly descriptive language.

44 Do You Know: METONYM

45 METONYM is another form of metaphor, very similar to synecdoche (and, in fact, some rhetoricians do not distinguish between the two), in which the thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with (but not an actual part of) the subject with which it is to be compared.

46 METONYM (examples) The orders came directly from the White House. This land belongs to the crown.

47 Do You Know: EXPRESSIONISM

48 EXPRESSIONISM is a writing approach, process, or technique in which a writer depicts a character s feelings about a subject (or the writer s own feelings about it) rather than the objective surface reality of the subject. A writer, in effect, presents his interpretation of what he sees. Often, the depiction is a grotesque distortion or phantasmagoric representation of reality, for the character or writer must reshape the objective image into his mind's image.

49 EXPRESSIONISM However, there is logic to this approach: Not everybody perceives the world in the same way. What one person may see as beautiful or good another person may see as ugly or bad. Sometimes a writer or his character suffers from a mental debility, such as depression or paranoia, which alters his perception of reality. Expressionism enables the writer to present this altered perception. An example of a character who sees reality through his mind's eye is Joseph K., the protagonist of Franz Kafka's novel The Trial.

50 Vocab: STACCATO with each sound or note sharply detached or separated from the others. EG: Katie Perry sings, You re gonna hear me ROA OAR OAR- OAR OAR OAR

51 Do You Know: SYNTAX

52 SYNTAX is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language. The elements of syntax include sentence length, sentence type, the number of sentences, the rhythm of sentences, voice (active or passive), and word order or arrangement.

53 IMAGERY is the use of highly descriptive language that appeals to any of the five senses

54 Do You Know: ANTECEDENT

55 ANTECEDENT a word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun in the same or in another, usually subsequent, sentence. Jane lost a glove and she can't find it. Jane is the antecedent of she and glove is the antecedent of it.

56 Do You Know: ANACHRONISM

57 ANACHRONISM is a thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously oldfashioned. The sword is an anachronism in modern warfare.

58 Vocab: ANTHROPOLOGICAL relating to the science of humans and their works. Also, the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind.

59 Do You Know: SUBORDINATE or DEPENDENT CLAUSES

60 SUBORDINATE CLAUSE AKA, a DEPENDENT CLAUSE Is a clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause (e.g., when it rang in she answered the phone when it rang ).