I.E. CÁRDENAS CENTRO MÓDULO DE HUMANIDADES - INGLÉS CICLO IV GRADO OCTAVO

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2 I.E. CÁRDENAS CENTRO MÓDULO DE HUMANIDADES - INGLÉS CICLO IV GRADO OCTAVO 2

3 TABLA DE CONTENIDO pág. PRIMER Y SEGUNDO PERIODO 1. GRAMMAR SIMPLE PRESENT & PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE IMPERATIVES DIRECTIONS COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS IF CLAUSES VOCABULARY PLACES AT A TOWN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ADVERBS, AGENT NOUNS Adverbs Agent nouns 19 TERCER PERÍODO 1. GRAMMAR COUNT/NON-COUNT NOUN MUST & SHOULD MUSTN T & DON T HAVE TO VOCABULARY MEDICAL ADVICE, HEALTH AND NUTRITION 26 CUARTO PERÍODO 1. GRAMMAR FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE SIMPLE PAST & PAST CONTINOUS TENSE SIMPLE PAST FORM: PAST CONTINUOUS FORM PRESENT PERFECT TENSE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS & ADJETIVES VOCABULARY TIME EXPRESSIONS SOME/ANY HOUSEHOLD PROBLEMS AND REPAIRS 50 PRUEBA SABER 52 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 54 3

4 PRIMERO Y SEGUNDO PERÍODOS 1. GRAMMAR 1.1. SIMPLE PRESENT & PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE 1. Permanent (usual) and Temporary (now, around now) actions. We use the Present Continuous tense to speak about things which are happening now or things which are temporary. I am not working now. I am on holiday. Sally is listening to a new CD. Who are you phoning? The Present Simple tense describes usual, repeated and permanent things - for example, always, usually, often, sometimes, never. I work as an accountant. John doesn't know German. How often do you play tennis? Compare how these two tenses are used. Why are you walking to work? Don't you usually go by bus? I live in Kharkiv, but now I am living in Moscow. Usually we have dinner at 7, but today we are having it at Some verbs are not normally used in the Continuous Tense. They are called "state" verbs. Tense are called action verbs (dynamic verbs). Some verbs can be both state and action verbs depending on their meaning. Here are some verbs that are not normally used in the Continuous Tense. like dislike love hate prefer remember forget believe mean seem understand want need know belong own Here are some a few verbs that can be both state and action verbs depending on their meaning. I think you made a mistake. think = believe I am thinking about my mum now. think = mental process I have two cars. have = possess, own I am having my lunch now. have = eat I am seeing my friend tomorrow evening. see = meeting with I see what you mean. See = understand In English language there are verbs that are not normally used in the Continuous Tense, because they describe rather state than an action. They are called state verb (stative verbs, non-progressive verbs). The verbs that can be used in the Continuous 4

5 PRACTICE Decide if these English verbs are action verbs, state verbs, or can be both action and state verbs. play matter contain look burn measure agree worry Enjoy read weigh feel mind prefer smell hear 3. Present Continuous and Present Simple to talk about the future. We use the Present Continuous Tense for plans and arrangements. What are you doing tonight? I'm seeing a very important customer in my office at 4 o'clock. We are going to the see for our holiday. Where are you staying in Vienna? I'm not going anywhere. It is final. We use the Present Simple in the conditional clauses afterif, when, as soon as, until etc, and when we talk about timetable, schedules, itineraries etc. What will you do if you fail your exam? We will wait, until she comes. My plane takes off at The President arrives in Norway on 17 September. What time does your train leave? PRACTICE.. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form, either the Present Simple Tense or the Present Continuous Tense. 1. I a very interesting book. (read am reading) 2. Joanne eight hours a day. (works is working) 3. Tonight we a play at the theatre. (see are seeing) 4. Who to? (do you speak are you speaking) 5. I him very well. (don t know am not knowing) 6. What will you do if she late? (comes is coming) 5

6 7. My wife coffee for breakfast. (prefers is prefering) 8. What for breakfast? (do you usually have are you usually having) 9. Your train at from platform 3. (leaves is leaving) 10. What? She's a student. (does Josephine do is Josephine doing) 1.2. IMPERATIVES DIRECTIONS You can use the imperative form to give an order, to give a warning or advice, and (if you use "please") to make a request. To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without 'to': "Come here!" "Sit down!" To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb: "Don't go!" "Do not walk on the grass." The imperative can be used for all subjects (you, he, they and we), but you can also use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in the imperative: "Let's stop now." "Let's have some lunch." The negative of "let's" is "let's not": "Let's not argue! "Let's not tell her about it." Orders Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of authority. The intonation of an order is important: each word is stressed, and the tone falls at the end of the sentence: "Sit down now!" ('Sit', 'down' and 'now' are all stressed, and the tone falls on 'now'.) However, adults can give orders to children and to animals: Here are some orders you could give your pet dog: 6

7 "Come here!" "Sit!" "Heel!" "Fetch!" Warnings. You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning are stressed, but the last word has a higher tone than the first word: "Watch out!" "Look out!" "Don't cross!" Advice. When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally: "Eat an apple it's much better for you than a biscuit!" "Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a better mood." You can often read articles in magazines that give advice on a subject. Sometimes, this advice is presented as "Dos and don'ts". For example: Travelling long-distance Do try to sleep well the night before Do drink plenty of water Do try to walk about the plane during the flight Don't drink alcohol Don't eat heavy meals Don't wear restrictive clothing Requests You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb: "Please take a seat." "Please wait here." "Please hold the line." "Please don't smoke here." In written English, you might also see "Kindly" used as a polite word: "Kindly return the documents as soon as possible." "Kindly forward this to the Sales and Marketing department." "Kindly send me 2 copies of your brochure." 7

8 EXERCISE Write 20 sentences using the imperative form 1.3. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Adjectives and adverbs are words the modify other words. The comparative form of an adjective or adverb compares two things. The superlative form of an adjective or adverb compares three of more things. Adjective The first apple is large. The second apple is larger than the first. The third apple is the largest of the three. The jalopy is a fast car. The racecar is the faster car. The dragster is the fastest car. 8

9 To make comparative and superlative forms of adjectives some rules must be followed. 9

10 Like adjectives some adverbs can take comparative and superlative forms, with -er and -est: Sally works hard. Steve works harder than Sally Kathy and Sue work the hardest of all. 10

11 The bird sings loud. The moose sang louder than the bird. Pete sang the loudest of them all. List of Adverbs in Which -er and -est May Be Added However, the majority of adverbs do not take these endings. Instead, they form the comparative using more and the superlative using most: 11

12 Practice Write the comparative form of the following. 1. often 2. old 3. empty 4. lousy 5. dark 6. important 7. late 8. slow 9. careful 10. supportive Write the superlative form of the following. 11. graceful 12. ugly 13. rare 14. reasonable 15. successful 16. gradual 17. recent 18. hard 19. frequent 20. soon 1.4. IF - CLAUSES There are four basic types of conditional sentences in the English language. The zero conditional: I take my umbrella if it rains. The first conditional: I'll call you if I work late. The second conditional: If the bus didn't arrive on time, I would drive you to the airport. The third conditional: She wouldn't have come if I hadn't invited her. The zero conditional The zero conditional describes situations that are always true. If has the same meaning as when orwhenever. If I go to school, I get up at seven. (Whenever I go to school I get up at the same time.) If you park your car on double yellow lines, you pay a fine. (Whenever you park illegally, you pay a fine.) We use the present simple tense in both the main clauses and the if clauses. The first conditional The first conditional sentences are used to speculate about possible situations that can really happen at present or in future. We do not use will in an if clause to describe future activities (compare it to time clauses). If he studies hard, he'll pass the exams. If we catch the train, we will arrive on time. If you don't get the ticket, what will you do? We make if clauses with if + present tense and main clauses with will + bare infinitive. The second conditional In the second conditional sentences we speculate about situations that will probably never happen at present or in future. If I had more time, I would help you. (But I am not free at the moment. I can't help you). If I won a million dollars, I would start a business of my own. (But I know that it is not realistic.) We make if clauses with if + past tense and main clauses with would + bare infinitive. 12

13 Note: the verb to be can be specific in the if clause. If I were rich, I wouldn't work. If he were younger, he would marry her. (But was is also possible: If I was rich, I wouldn't work. If he was younger, he would marry her.) But: If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (In this expression, were is much more usual than was.) Compare the first conditional with the second The main difference between the first conditional and the second conditional is about probability: the first conditional is realistic, the second conditional is unrealistic. Sometimes we can use both with the following difference in meaning. If I see him, I will tell him. (I suppose I will see him, because we go to the same school.) If I saw him, I would tell him. (I don't think I will see him, because he is ill.) If I need your help, I'll call you. (It is probable that I will need your help.) If I needed your help, I'd call you. (It is not very probable that I will need your help.) Sometimes we must use either the first conditional or the second conditional to make it clear that the situation is real or unreal. If you get up late, you will miss your bus. (a real situation) If I came from your country, I would understand your problems. (an unreal situation - I am not from your country.) Other forms Apart from the basic structures (if + the present simple + will and if + the past simple + would), we can also make different combinations. Examples - type 1: If you have finished your dinner, you can ask for the bill. If you are feeling tired, take a rest. If he is a good skier, he might make it. If you want to be slim, you should eat less. If you meet her, could you let me know? Examples - type 2: If I knew his address, I might go and see him. If we were on holiday, we would be lying on a beach now. Why are we watching this film? If we were watching the news, it would be more interesting. The third conditional The third conditional sentences always refer to the past. We speculate about situations that happened or did not happen in the past. If I had won a million, I would have started a business of my own. (But I didn't win anything.) If he had met her, he would have told her. (Unfortunately, he didn't meet her.) If we hadn't practised, we wouldn't have won the match. (But we practised and won.) We make if clauses with if + past perfect and main clauses with would + perfect infinitive (have + past participle). But we can also combine other verb structures in third conditional sentences. We didn't save any money. If we had saved some money, we might have bought the house. She wasn't there and I wasn't sitting next to her. But if she had been there, I would have been sitting next to her. I was looking at the trees when I fell off the bike. If I hadn't been looking at the trees, I wouldn' t have fallen off the bike. 13

14 The mixed conditionals In the mixed conditional sentences we can combine the second and third conditional. If he had left immediately, he would be here now. (He didn't leave immediately and isn't here.) If I had studied hard when I was young, I wouldn't be a porter now. (I didn't study and I am a porter.) If we hadn't told him the way while he was preparing for his journey, he would get lost now. (We told him and he isn't lost.) The inverted conditionals We can also make conditional sentences by changing the word order in the if clause. Had he booked the hotel room, he wouln't have slept at the camp. (If he had booked... ) Were I in your position, I would accept it. (If I were... ) This is less common, quite formal and is mostly used in writing. Note If is the most frequent expression in the if clauses, but other expressions are also possible. even if, provided (that), unless, on condition (that), in case You will leave tonight even if you don't want to. You can have your birthday party provided that you aren't noisy. We'll sell you the ranch on condition you pay in cash. You should take a dictionary with you in case you forgot some words. Unless you do something, she won't come back. (If you don't do anything,... ) EXERCISES Tell her if you (see will see) her. If I were younger (did would) you marry me? If I had lost my job what (would I have done would I do) now? I would have eaten the meat if it (had not been was not) tough. If she (changed changes) her hairstyle she would be pretty. Unless she (puts on will not put on) a coat she'll catch a cold. If he had asked you what would you (say have said). Even if I sleep well I (always would) have a headache. 14

15 2. VOCABULARY 2.1. PLACES AT A TOWN airport - the place you go when you want to travel by plane to another city. bakery - you can buy fresh bread and cakes here. bank - you deposit or withdraw/take out your money here. You can cash a cheque. bookstore - a place where you can buy books and magazines. bus station - the place you go when you want to travel by bus to another city. butcher's - they sell fresh meat. café - you can buy a cup of coffee and cakes or sandwiches. church - a religious place of worship court - the place where they have trials and law cases. A judge works here craft market - a place that sells typical products (normally hand-made) of a region/country. department store - a large store that sells clothes, household appliances etc. in sections. 15

16 cinema/movies - you can see the latest movies here. Many people eat popcorn while they're here. fire station - the building where firemen keep their equipment including the fire-engine gas / petrol station - the place you go to put petrol (gas) in your car. gym - you can do exercises, weight training and keep fit here. hairdresser's - you go here when you want to cut your hair. hospital - you go here when you need an operation or someone is going to have a baby. hotel - where you sleep when you visit another city. gallery - you can see paintings and other works of art. jail / prison - criminals are sent here by a judge for a number of days or years. laundromat / launderette - a place where you can wash your clothes in coin-operated machines. library - a place where you can read and borrow books. museum - you can see many old objects (and sometimes paintings) pharmacy/drugstore - you can buy medicine and (legal) drugs. police station - you are taken here when you break the law and are arrested pub - a place where you can buy a beer or other types alcoholic drinks park - An area of public land in a city that contains an area of grass where you can rest, play or walk your dog. Sometimes children can play on swings, a slide or a climbing frame here. restaurant - you go here when you don't want to cook at home. They prepare meals for you. school - a place where children learn. You normally start school at the age of 5. square - an open area within a city in the shape of a square. It is usually the heart of the city. supermarket - a large store that sells food, drinks and household items video store - you rent a movie or a DVD for a couple of days from this place. zoo - a place where you can see many types of animals in cages PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Transport options vary by region and travel distance, so your student may be using the train, taking a bus, flying by plane, driving a car or riding a bike. Each form of transport opens the door for unique vocabulary and practical English language learning. A lesson on driving by car could include information on visiting a mechanic, with students learning the words for flat tire and oil change. Traveling by plane can lead to an extensive lesson on the airport, including everything from finding parking to buying a snack. bus car coach van light rail train plane ferry motorbike taxi bicycle truck 16

17 2.3. ADVERBS, AGENT NOUNS Adverbs An adverb is a modifying part of speech. It describes verbs, other adverbs, adjectives, and phrases. They are used to describe how, where, when, how often and why something happens. Here are a few examples: Verb- The cat climbed quickly up the tree. (quickly describes how the cat climbed) Adverb- Mike worked very carefully on his paper. (very shows how carefully he worked) Adjective- She is nearly ready to go. (nearly tells to what extent she is ready) Adverbs of manner describe how something happens. Where there are two or more verbs in a sentence, adverb placement affects the meaning. Some commonly used adverbs of manner include: Carefully correctly eagerly easily fast loudly patiently quickly quietly and well. Consider the following example: She decided to write her paper. (no adverbs) She quickly decided to write her paper. (her decision was quick) She decided to write her paper quickly. (her writing was quick) Adverbs of place describe where something happens. Most adverbs of place are also used as prepositions. Some commonly used examples include the following: Abroad anywhere downstairs here home in nowhere out outside somewhere there underground upstairs. I wanted to go upstairs. She has lived in the city since June. (in the city prepositional phrase) Adverbs of purpose describe why something happens. Here are some common examples: 17

18 So so that to in order to because since accidentally intentionally and purposely. Jenny walks carefully to avoid falling. Bob accidentally broke the vase. Adverbs of frequency describe how often something happens. The following adverbs are commonly used in this way: always every never often rarely seldom sometimes and usually. Mackenzie gets a ride from her brother every day. The fish usually swims near the top of its tank. Adverbs of time describe when something happens. These examples are commonly used: after already during finally just last later next now recently soon then tomorrow when while and yesterday. He came home before dark. It will be too dark to play outside soon. Jessica finished her supper first. Andy left school early. Some adverbs often get overused, such as very, extremely, and really. Using there is/are or it is at the beginning of a sentence adds nothing. Sentences with these adverb phrases become wordy, boring, and less clear. Look at some examples: 18

19 * There are many bird species living in the sanctuary. Many bird species live in the sanctuary. * It is important to hold hands when crossing the street. Holding hands when crossing the street is important. * There may be more than one way to solve the problem. The problem may be solved in more than one way. Well, did you catch all that? Recognizing the various adverbs used in the English language can take practice. Using them properly can make writing and speaking far more interesting. Now you have a list of adverbs because you read this article carefully and thoroughly... Adverbs of Completeness Everywhere here there Agent nouns In linguistics, an agent noun (or nomen agentis) is a word that is derived from another word denoting an action, and that identifies an entitythat does that action. For example, "driver" is an agent noun formed from the verb "drive". The endings "-er", "-or", and "-ist" are commonly used in English to form agent nouns. "Agent noun" is also used as the name of the derivational meaning (also called a derivateme). Agent nouns are more common than recipient ones simply because recipients need agents while agents do not need recipients. Here are just a few of the thousands of agent nouns in English: debtor director employer flyer lecturer payer performer prosecutor runner server teacher There are far fewer established ee words. Here are a few of the more common ones: employee evacuee honoree lessee payee trustee 19

20 EXERCISES HAROLD NEVER GOT THERE! Harold was very disappointed last night. All the other students in his English class went to a party at their teacher s house, but Harold never got there. He followed his teacher s directions, but he made one little mistake. From their school, he walked along Main Street to Central Avenue and turned left. He walked up Central Avenue two blocks to the bus stop at the corner, across from the post office. He took the Central Avenue bus and got off at Fifth Street. He turned left and walked along Fifth Street three blocks to Park Avenue and turned right. He walked up Park Avenue one block to the bus stop at the corner of Park Avenue and Sixth Street. He took Bus Number 42, but he got off at the wrong stop. He got off at River Road instead of Rolling Road. He turned left and walked along River Road one block. He turned left again and walked two blocks, turned right, and got completely lost. Harold was very upset. He really wanted to go to the party last night, and he can t believe he made such a stupid mistake! 20

21 TRUE OR FALSE? 1. Harold s English teacher lives on Holly Lane. ( ) 2. The Central Avenue bus stops across from the post office. ( ) 3. The teacher made one little mistake in the directions. ( ) 4. The school is on Main Street. ( ) 5. Harold took the wrong bus. ( ) 6. Bus Number 42 goes to Rolling Road. ( ) 7. Harold got off the bus at Rolling Road. ( ) 8. Harold didn t really want to go to the party last night. ( ) WHAT S THE WORD? It s very easy to get (1) the zoo from here. Walk up this street (2) the corner and turn right. Walk two blocks and you ll see a bus stop (3) the corner (4) Grove Street and Fourth Avenue. Take the West Side bus and get (5) (6) Park Road. You ll see the zoo (7) the left. It s next (8) the library and across (9) the museum. 21

22 TERCER PERÍODO 1. GRAMMAR 1.1. COUNT/NON-COUNT NOUN Count nouns are the names of objects which can be counted, such as elephants: Non-Count nouns are the names of things or substances which cannot be counted, such as water: You need to know the difference between count and non-count nouns in order to use articles (the and a/an) correctly use plurals correctly use quantity words or quantifiers (e.g. much or many) correctly Count or Non-Count? 1. man a) count b) non-count c) both 2. rice a) count b) non-count c) both 6. class a) count b) non-count c) both 3. time a) count b) non-count c) both 4. information a) count b) non-count c) both 5. weather a) count b) non-count c) both 22

23 1.2. MUST & SHOULD Basic Use of must and should The words 'must' and 'should' are called modal auxiliary verbs or 'modals' in English. They help other verbs. The modal 'must' is used to talk about when something is certain. There is a lot of evidence, clues or information to support the statement. It can also be used when there is no other explanation for something. For example, He is smiling and laughing. The joke must be really funny. That necklace has lots of big diamonds on it. It must be expensive! I looked everywhere in my house for my umbrella, but couldn't find it. I must have lost it. The modal 'should' is used to talk about an obligation, duty or responsibility. For example, I should wash my car. (Keeping my car clean is my duty. Society wants me to clean it because it looks nicer.) The bathroom is hard to find. They should have more signs. (The owner of this building has a duty. That duty is to help people find the facilities (bathroom).) The modal 'should' is also used for probability. This is usually used when we have some evidence or proof. For example, She should win the gold medal. She is a fast runner. (Because she is a fast runner is more likely to win or has a better chance of winning the gold medal.) The manager went to a meeting. He should be back in an hour. (I am pretty sure the manager will be back in an hour because he usually has a meeting for one hour.) The difference between 'must' and 'should' The main difference between these two modals is that 'must' is more probable or more likely to happen than 'should'. have to.) For example, You must clean the floors. (I told you to clean the floors. If you don't clean the floor, I will be angry. I will force you to clean the floor.) You should clean the floors. (I will feel better if you clean the floors, but you don't 23

24 There should be something wrong with this car. (There is some evidence for me to think there is something wrong, but I can't prove it a 100%. For example, the dealer is selling the car for a cheaper price than usual or the car hasn't been started for a long time. I'm less certain because I did not drive the car or experience anything wrong. I'm only guessing after seeing the evidence.) EXERCISES Choose the correct modal for the following sentences. (must should) 1. You take off your shoes when you enter a Japanese house. It is a strong rule that everyone follows. 2. It be raining out. I hear the rain drops on the roof. 3. You visit Paris. I think you would have fun. 4. He wear a suit to work. But he doesn t. 5. Tenants pay their rent. 6. Pedestrians look both ways before they cross the street. 7. Drivers stop for pedestrians at marked crossings. 8. Telephone callers give their names. 9. Homeowners report thefts to the police. 10. All workers pay unemployment insurance. 11. In order to vote you come in person. 12. People who are sick stay home from work. 13. Construction workers wear hard hats. 14. Waiters be pleasant to customers MUSTN T & DON T HAVE TO Mustn't do something ==> it's necessary not to do it. Example: fire is dangerous. you mustn't play with it. Don't have to do something ==> you don't need to do it but if you want, you can. Example: you don't have to tell me everything. 24

25 EXERCISES Choose the correct modal for the following sentences. (mustn t don t have to) 1. Whatever you do, you touch that switch. It's very dangerous. 2. I don't want anyone to know ; you tell anyone. 3. He wear a suit to work but he usually does. 4. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I go to work. 5. There's a lift in the building, so she climb the stairs. 6. You forget what I told you. It's very important. 7. Sue get up early. She gets up early because she wants to. 8. Don't make so much noise. We wake the baby. 9. I eat too much. I'm supposed to be on a diet. 10. You be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis. NOW MAKE UP SOME EXAMPLES OF YOUR OWN

26 2. VOCABULARY 2.1. MEDICAL ADVICE, HEALTH AND NUTRITION A good diet is central to overall good health, but do you know the best foods to include in your meals, and those best avoided? EXERCISE 1. Research about food groups, them, make a list of each group. 2. Research about health vocabulary. 2. Make 20 sentences about health and nutrition with the vocabulary researched. 3. Study for the exam. 26

27 CUARTO PERÍODO 1. GRAMMAR 1.1. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable. FORM Future Continuous with "Will" [will be + present participle] You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To " [am/is/are + going to be + present participle] You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little difference in meaning. Future Continuous Forms Using "Will be" Positive Negative Question I will be waiting. You will be waiting. We will be waiting. They will be waiting. He will be waiting. She will be waiting. It will be waiting. I will not be waiting. You will not be waiting. We will not be waiting. They will not be waiting. He will not be waiting. She will not be waiting. It will not be waiting. Will I be waiting? Will you be waiting? Will we be waiting? Will they be waiting? Will he be waiting? Will she be waiting? Will it be waiting? 27

28 Using "Be Going To" Positive Negative Question I am going to be waiting. You are going to be waiting. We are going to be waiting. They are going to be waiting. He is going to be waiting. She is going to be waiting. It is going to be waiting. I am not going to be waiting. You are not going to be waiting. We are not going to be waiting. They are not going to be waiting. He is not going to be waiting. She is not going to be waiting. It is not going to be waiting. Am I going to be waiting? Are you going to be waiting? Are we going to be waiting? Are they going to be waiting? Is he going to be waiting? Is she going to be waiting? Is it going to be waiting? USE 1. Interrupted Action in the Future Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me. He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives. Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses. USE 2. Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. 28

29 Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner. I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER. At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert. WE WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF DRIVING THROUGH THE DESERT. REMEMBER. In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action. Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner. I AM GOING TO START EATING AT 6 PM. Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner. I AM GOING TO START EARLIER AND I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER AT 6 PM. USE 3. Parallel Actions in the Future When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner. Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television. NOTICE "IS READING" BECAUSE OF THE TIME CLAUSE CONTAINING "WHILE." (SEE EXPLANATION BELOW) USE 4. Atmosphere in the Future In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future. Example: When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing. 29

30 REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used. While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Future. Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses will be or be going to. EXERCISE 1. Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us? Marcus: He (wait) for us when our train arrives. I am sure he (stand) on the platform when we pull into the station. Sandra: And then what? Marcus: We (pick) Michele up at work and go out to dinner. 2. Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) TV, Sam (make) drinks, Beth (dance) by herself, and Thad (complain) about his day at work. Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things. 30

31 Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) the same things; they always do the same things. 3. Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash) all of those? Jack: I promise I (do) them when I get home from work. Florence: Thanks. Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of sparkling clean dishes (sit) in the cabinets SIMPLE PAST & PAST CONTINOUS TENSE SIMPLE PAST FORM: [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs You called Debbie. Did you call Debbie? You did not call Debbie. Most verbs conjugate by adding -ed like the verb "wait" below. Positive Negative Question I waited. You waited. We waited. They waited. He waited. She waited. It waited. I did not wait. You did not wait. We did not wait. They did not wait. He did not wait. She did not wait. It did not wait. Did I wait? Did you wait? Did we wait? Did they wait? Did he wait? Did she wait? Did it wait? 31

32 USE 1. Completed Action in the Past Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. Did you have dinner last night? She washed her car. He didn't wash his car. USE 2. A Series of Completed Actions We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? USE 3. Duration in Past The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. 32

33 I lived in Brazil for two years. Shauna studied Japanese for five years. They sat at the beach all day. They did not stay at the party the entire time. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour. USE 4. Habits in the Past The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. I studied French when I was a child. He played the violin. He didn't play the piano. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? She worked at the movie theater after school. They never went to school, they always skipped class. USE 5. Past Facts or Generalizations The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to." She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. He didn't like tomatoes before. 33

34 Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past. IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses. When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. She answered my question when I paid her one dollar. When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar PAST CONTINUOUS FORM [was/were + present participle] You were studying when she called. Were you studying when she called? You were not studying when she called. Past Continuous Forms Positive Negative Question I was singing. You were singing. We were singing. They were singing. He was singing. She was singing. It was singing. I was not singing. You were not singing. We were not singing. They were not singing. He was not singing. She was not singing. It was not singing. Was I singing? Were you singing? Were we singing? Were they singing? Was he singing? Was she singing? Was it singing? 34

35 USE 1. Interrupted Action in the Past Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. I was watching TV when she called. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. What were you doing when the earthquake started? I was listening to my ipod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm. You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane. While I was writing the , the computer suddenly went off. A: What were you doing when you broke your leg? B: I was snowboarding. USE 2. Specific Time as an Interruption In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work. 35

36 IMPORTANT In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM. Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 6 PM, I WAS IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER. USE 3. Parallel Actions When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. I was studying while he was making dinner. While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. Were you listening while he was talking? I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes. What were you doing while you were waiting? Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. USE 4. Atmosphere In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. Example: When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the bosswas yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service. 36

37 USE 5. Repetition and Irritation with "Always" The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing." She was always coming to class late. He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. I didn't like them because they were always complaining. While vs. When Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence. I was studying when she called. While I was studying, she called. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past. Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct 37

38 EXERCISE Using the words in parentheses and complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call). She said she (call) me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she (wait) for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she (talk) to me. I couldn't believe she (make) a phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on. She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep, actually) in class. Some of the students (talk) about their plans for the weekend and the student next to her (draw) a picture of a horse. When Angela (tell) me she was not satisfied with the class, I (mention) that my biology professor was quite good and (suggest) that she switch to my class. While we were talking, I (hear) her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a phone call?" Suddenly, the line went dead. I (hang) up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner. As I (cut) vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It (be) Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class PRESENT PERFECT TENSE FORM [has/have + past participle] You have seen that movie many times. Have you seen that movie many times? You have not seen that movie many times. Present Perfect Forms Positive Negative Question I have traveled. You have traveled. We have traveled. They have traveled. He has traveled. She has traveled. It has traveled. I have not traveled. You have not traveled. We have not traveled. They have not traveled. He has not traveled. She has not traveled. It has not traveled. Have I traveled? Have you traveled? Have we traveled? Have they traveled? Has he traveled? Has she traveled? Has it traveled? 38

39 USE 1. Unspecified Time Before Now We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California. People have traveled to the Moon. People have not traveled to Mars. Have you read the book yet? Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States. How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect? The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: TOPIC 1. Experience You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event. I have been to France. THIS SENTENCE MEANS THATT YOU HAVE HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING IN FRANCE. MAYBE YOU HAVE BEEN THERE ONCE, OR SEVERAL TIMES. I have been to France threee times. YOU CAN ADD THE NUMBER OF TIMES AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE. I have never been to France. THIS SENTENCE MEANS THATT YOU HAVE NOT HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF GOING TO FRANCE. I think I have seen that movie before. 39

40 He has never traveled by train. Joan has studied two foreign languages. A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him. TOPIC 2. Change Over Time We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time. You have grown since the last time I saw you. The government has become more interested in arts education. Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. My English has really improved since I moved to Australia. TOPIC 3. Accomplishments We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. Man has walked on the Moon. Our son has learned how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom. TOPIC 4. An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. James has not finished his homework yet. Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. Bill has still not arrived. The rain hasn't stopped. TOPIC 5. Multiple Actions at Different Times We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible. 40

41 The army has attacked that city five times. I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. We have had many major problems while working on this project. She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick. Time Expressions with Present Perfect When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important. Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc. Have you been to Mexico in the last year? I have seen that movie six times in the last month. They have had three tests in the last week. She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far. My car has broken down three times this week. NOTICE "Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect. I went to Mexico last year. I WENT TO MEXICO IN THE CALENDAR YEAR BEFORE THIS ONE. I have been to Mexico in the last year. I HAVE BEEN TO MEXICO AT LEAST ONCE AT SOME POINT BETWEEN 365 DAYS AGO AND NOW. 41

42 USE 2. Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. I have had a cold for two weeks. She has been in England for six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl. Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs. EXERCISE TO SIMPLE PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?" B: I don't know. I (see, never) that movie. 2. Sam (arrive) in San Diego a week ago. 3. My best friend and I (know) each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week. 4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway. 5. I (have, not) this much fun since I (be) a kid. 6. Things (change) a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start) working here three years ago, the company (have, only) six employees. Since then, we (expand) 42

43 to include more than 2000 full-time workers. 7. I (tell) him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander) off into the forest and (be) bitten by a snake. 8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) the bus this morning. You (be) late to work too many times. You are fired! 9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) the ocean. He should come with us to Miami POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS & ADJETIVES 43

44 44

45 EXERCISE Part C. Fill out the chart below with the correct possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns. 45

46 2. VOCABULARY 2.1. TIME EXPRESSIONS Time expressions usually go at the end or at the beginning of a sentence: Yesterday I went to school. I went to school yesterday. This week I'm going to New York. I'm going to New York this week. OTHER POPULAR TIME EXPRESSIONS: 46

47 EXERCISE Write a sentence with each of the expressions time in past, present and future SOME/ANY The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could say that some means a few / a little and any means none in negative clauses or a few / a little in questions. Positive Clauses In positive clauses, we usually use some. Example: I have bought some bread. I have bought some apples. Negative Clauses In negative clauses, we use any. Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be not... any Example: I have not bought any bread. I have not bought any apples. Questions In questions, we usually use any. Example: Have you bought any bread? Have you bought any apples? 47

48 Compound Words with some & any Some & any can also be part of compound words such as: something / anything someone / anyone somewhere / anywhere Note that some & any have to be used with a noun while compound words with some & any can stand on their own. Example: I have bought some bread. I have bought something. However, some and any need not stand directly before the noun. Sometimes, the noun appears somewhere before some or any and is not repeated. So if you are not sure whether to use some or something for example, check if there is a noun in the sentence that you can place after some. Example: I do not have to buy bread. Rachel has already bought some [bread]. Exceptions Positive Clauses with Any We usually use some in positive clauses. But after never, without, hardly, we use any. Example: We never go anywhere. She did her homework without any help. There s hardly anyone here. Also in if clauses, we usually use any. Example: If there is anything to do, just call me. Questions with Some We usually use any in questions. But if we expect or want the other to answer yes, we use some. Example: Have you got any brothers and sisters? some people have brothers or sisters, others don't - we cannot expect the answer to be yes 48

49 Would you like some biscuits? we offer something and want to encourage the other to say ja EXERCISES Fill in the correct word (some or any). 1. Sue went to the cinema with of her friends! 2. Jane doesn't have friends. 3. Have you got brothers or sisters? 4. Here is food for the cat. 5. I think you should put flowers on the table. 6. Could you check if there are calls on the answering machine? 7. I don't want presents for my birthday. 8. Did they have news for you? 9. I'm hungry - I'll have sandwiches. 10. There aren't apples left. 49

50 2.3. HOUSEHOLD PROBLEMS AND REPAIRS Cleaning supplies, household cleaning and Laundry A plumber 1 The bathtub is leaking. 2 The sink is clogged. 3 The hot water heater isn t working. 4 The toilet is broken. B roofer 5 The roof is leaking. C (house) painter 6 The paint is peeling. 7 The wall is cracked. D cable TV company 8 The cable TV isn t working. E appliance repairperson 9 The stove isn t working. 10 The refrigerator is broken. F exterminator/pest control specialist 11 There are..in the kitchen. a termites b fleas c ants d bees e cockroaches f rats g mice 50

51 G locksmith 12 The lock is broken. H electrician 13 The front light doesn t go on. 14 The doorbell doesn t ring. 15 The power is out in the living room. I chimneysweep 16 The chimney is dirty. J home repairperson/ handyman 17 The tiles in the bathroom are loose. K carpenter 18 The steps are broken. 19 The door doesn t open. L heating and air conditioning service 20 The heating system is broken. 21 The air conditioning isn t working. EXERCISE Research the vocabulary about Cleaning supplies, household cleaning and Laundry. 51

52 EVALUACIÓN DE COMPETENCIAS a) Keep the corridor clear of luggage. b) Bags left in the corridor will be removed. c) Do not forget to put your luggage outside your room. d) Bags will be collected from the corridor. a) The travel agency has moved its entrance. b) The library is now a travel agency. c) The travel agency is no longer open. d) The entrance to the bank is through the library. a) We make a charge if you pay by credit card. b) We prefer cash for large sales. c) If you spend less than 10, you can t pay by credit card. d) If you spend more than 10, you must pay by credit card. a) Wait upstairs to see the nurse. b) The nurse can only see patiens with appointments. c) Go upstairs to make an appointment with the nurse. d) The nurse will tell you when it is your turn. a) Self-service fruit is cheaper. b) Damaged fruit must be paid for. c) Choose your fruit and then pay for it. d) Do not touch the fruit before paying for it. Las preguntas 6 a 10 se responden de acuerdo con la siguiente información. READING COMPREHENSION The government published a report yesterday saying that we need toe at more healthily -more fruits and vegetables, less fat and sugar-. So that means fewer burgers, chips and fried food as well as cutting down on sweet things, We went into central London yesterday at lunchtime and asked people what they thought about it. It s got nothing to do with the government what I eat, says Paul Keel, a building worker, as he eats a beef burger and chips washed down with strawberry milkshake. I think I have a healthy diet. You see, I don t normally eat a beef burger for lunch. Normally I just have chips. Any fish? I like cod. But I ve only ever had it once. Tim Kennor, a librarian, welcomes the government advice. But he also has his own rules. I think, he explains, eating his fried chicken and chips, it s important to eat a variety of food. We then asked Dorothy Matthews, aged 74. I don t think it s the government s business to tell us what to eat. We went into Simpson s Restaurant and asked the manager if people changed what they were eating. I don t think people believe all these reports anymore. What they say is good for you in June; they say is bad for you in July. People have stopped taking notice. We serve what we ve always served. Almost all of it is fattening. 6.What is the writer trying to explain in the text?. a) What people think. b) His own opinion. c) The government report. d) The popularity of certain foods. 7. What can the reader learn from the text?. a) What the government is going to do. b) Which meals are the healthiest. c) Whether the advice will be followed. d) What kind of people like beef burgers. 8. What s is Paul Klee s opinion? a) The government advice is wrong. b) Fish isn t good for you. c) He doesn t need to change his habits. d) He eats too many beef burgers. 52