Newman 6 th. A Level Poetry Knowledge & Revision Book

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1 Newman 6 th A Level Poetry Knowledge & Revision Book

2 Poetry Arguments. Poem + Poet Period Aspects of love Overarching argument AO3 AO4 Who So List to Hount I Know Where is An Hynde Wyatt Renaissance Love + loss (unattainability) Barriers to love can lead to the unattainability + loss of love.the act of courtship is the animalistic pursuit of women by men. - In love with AB > lost her to H8 (compares him to Cesar powerful) - Hunting as an important part of Court culture Based on Italian sonnet by Petrarch Biblical reference Sonnet 116 Shakespeare Renaissance Time + romance Personification of love presents it as an eternal force able to withstand the test of time. - Religion ( the star ) - Death + image of grim reaper > Black death Elizabethan sonnet C16th no interest in realism The Flea Donne Renaissance metaphysical Sex + deception The flea is a metaphysical conceit to demonstrate how love is fuelled by lustful desire + seduction. - Donne=priest; sexy outside of marriage=transgressing social convention - Theatrical to emphasise pressure on women to comply with male desires of C17th Metaphysical poetry (wit + bawdy humour) with cavalier features Biblical references To His Coy Mistress Marvell Renaissance range of literary traditions (incl. metaphysical) Time Love + sex The idea of carpe diem is used in order to seduce the recipient into making love before the passing of time renders them unattractive. - During English CW supported Cromwell - Indian Ganges Humber Vaster then Empires : exotic / voyeurism + discovery / British Empire - Mid-C17th scepticism about the future Metaphysical poetry Biblical references The Scrutiny Lovelace Renaissance Sex Time To love is to indulge one s lust with a range of sexual partners. - Cavalier poet + English Civil War - Prude social conventions; no sex before marriage Dramatic monologue: rise of the prose essay 1603 A Song (Absent from thee) Earl of Rochester Renaissance + Enlightenment Sex Time Distance Self-gratification, sexual freedom + lustful desires are more important than the pursuit of romantic love. - Wildly outrageous satire on King Charles - Led a sexually liberating lifestyle - Social climber > read to Court Cavalier + restoration poem: bawdiness + wit The Garden of Love Blake Enlightenment + Romantic Approval + disapproval (conventions) Marriage True love is experience through nature + is destroyed by the institution of religion. - New chapel built near Blake s home (people had to pay/organised religion > corruption of Church) - Part of the Big 6 Romantics Romanticism (nature/inner beauty) Songs of innocence Song (Ae fond kiss) Burns Enlightenment + Romantic Love + loss Marriage AFV seems to be presenting a distressed lover, overwhelmed by the loss of his partner. - In love with Agnes McLehose who chose her husband over Byron - BUT illegitimate child with McLehose s maid + married quick Religious Emphasis on private life (song public?)

3 Poem + Poet Period Aspects of love Overarching argument AO3 AO4 She Walks in Beauty Byron Romantic Sex (seduction) Attraction Less explicitly lustful, captures the awe felt when confronted with pure beauty, celebrated by the speaker, who perhaps longs for the love of an enigmatic woman, showing the romantic allure of the unknown but physically striking. - Hebrew Meoldies: Jewish tunes written by Byron > sang for public not private ear sincerity of poem? - Scandalous sexual reputation (homosexual/incest) - Loose morals, yet self-conscious (clubbed foot) - Belief in magic (archaic) - Gender reversal: woman seducing - Petrarchan lovers: pining for beautiful women - Concerned with lover, Fanny s, flirtation - Part of the Big Six Romantic: nature Byronic hero La Belle Dame Sans Merci. A Ballad Keats Romantic + Gothic elements (Archaic) Social conventions + taboos (gender reversal) The evolving stereotypes in regards to female sexuality + challenges the patriarchal society, portraying love as physically damaging, leading to a kind of living death. Goblin Market, by Rossetti Romantic: nature (archaic influences) Greek myth/biblical references Remember Rossetti Romantic Love + loss (death) Proximity + distance Time (guilt) We should not let the loss of true love embitter our memory of the person we loved, nor should we guilty cling onto our memories of love after death + remain sad. - Father constantly ill > mental breakdown - Mass poverty + high morality rates Sonnet: noticeable volta Teach a moral lesson The Ruined Maid Hardy Victorian Sex Social conventions + taboos (class) Explores + critiques Victorian sexuality in regards to women through a poverty-stricken woman having to choose between a life of virtue but destitution, or comfort + prostitution; one is less of a concern than class. - Industrialisation > better for women to be prostitutes than factory work - Feminine sexuality - Social class Victorian Tess of the D ubervilles by Hardy At an Inn Hardy Victorian Guilt Time True love is thwarted by ill timing, social laws + lost opportunities. - Relationship with Florence Dugdale (wife s secretary) once his wife Emma died C16th Romanticism Plato s Symposium Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae sub Regno Cyranarae Dowson Victorian Love + loss Taboos Unrequited, lost or past love leaves one helpless, lovesick + indifferent to their original self. - In love with 11yr old girl who married someone else - Decadent movement: decline + sexual promiscuity - Dowson: dubious but appreciate for classical scholarship + Catholic Church bankruptcy + heartbreak (lost parents) Alexandrine, 12 syllable French line > dreamy/ musical Influenced by Horace s Odes

4 Who so list to hount I knowe where is a hydne by Sir Thomas Wyatt: Retains 2 part structure of Petrarchan sonnet. Sonnet= lyric poem, usually of 14 lines. Petrarchan sonnet contains a stanza of 8 lines (octave) after which there is a change of mood or sudden shift in the argument (volta) before a further 6 lines (sestet) Wyatt adapts Petrarchan sonnet as concludes with couplet (2 lines that rhyme + are usually of equal length + rhythm) Wyatt= courtier + one of Henry VIII s intimates during period when his marriage to Anne Boleyn was being arranged. When Anne was later tried for adultery, Wyatt was imprisoned. Eventually released but many claimed the two were lovers> poem= allegory (narrative with two distinct levels of meaning) in which speaker= Wyatt, deer= Anne Boleyn + Caesar= Henry VIII hynde. Animal as woman so seen more as a pet/ property of men? Similar to Victorian view Envelope rhyme (line or group of lines is enclosed by lines that rhyme)= used to make enclosed lines stand out. 1 st use draws attention to suffering caused by desire First line appears to be hearty encouragement for other men to join his hunt but second line contrasts. Emphasised by contrastive conjunction But + helas shows speaker s lovelorn feelings as it s a sighing onomatopoeic word farthest cometh behinde. His competition is younger + more energetic as Heathcliff s competition (Edgar) has his money + social class to help him win the heart of the loved one so sore + weried mynde. Both mentally + physically exhausted by the struggles of this love like Cathy + Heathcliff as she fleeth afore. f sounds + short vowel sounds suggest quick bounds of deer Faynting I followe. I leve of therefore. Line disrupts light iambic metre (rhythm, depends on sequence of unstressed + stressed syllables) with a trochee (stressed syllable followed by unstressed syllable) which uses a faltering beat after highlighting the speaker s faltering, then abandoned, attempt to follow the deer ( faynting starts strong + then fades away) in a nett I seke to hold the wynde. Hunter= ill-equipped for his task, his actions are foolish + his prey= so difficult to catch that she appears to be invisible + intangible (not able to be touched due to not having a physical presence) written her faier neck rounde abowte. Like a collar- possessive Couplet: Touch me not for Caesar s I am/ and wild to hold through I seem tame. During that time period it was a capital crime to hunt the royal deer + Wyatt almost lost his head for pursuing the king s lover wylde to hold. Deer s untameable nature, owner s power to punish anyone who dares touch her or promise of wild sex. Links with Cathy as also seems tame due to marrying Edgar Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare: Shakespearean sonnet contains 3 quatrains (stanza of 4 lines) + a final couplet true mindes. Goes deeper than a purely physical relationship Allusions to marriage ceremony give a solemnity to subject of love: o Admit impediments. Clergyman invites congregation to declare any impediment that might prevent the marriage o beares it out even to the edge of doome. Clergyman asks couple to promise to love each other till death do us part

5 love is not love/ Which alters when it alteration finds/ Or bends with the remover to remove o Love isn t true if it changes when the lover changes or disappears when the lover leaves o Cathy changes at Thrushcross Grange and Heathcliff leaves but their love remains o Paradoxical statements (self-contradictory/ absurd). Contain repeated pairs of words + this mirroring is suggestive of a loving couple so perhaps they are self-contradictory because they are two halves of one whole, like how Cathy + Heathcliff view themselves alteration = abstract language> reader can supply the details Love= an ever fixed marke (flaming navigation beacon). Constant, flame shows passion? lookes on tempests and is never shaken. Because of their height, sea-marks would appear to be looking down on the world below + due to their solidity, storms had no effect on them. In Wuthering Heights, lovers are affected by storms but Cathy + Heathcliff s love remains star to every wandring barke. Pole star by which mariners navigate> suggests safety, security. Star connotes heaven, fate, destiny Whose worth unknown, although his higth be taken. Astronomers took height of stars in order to steer by them. Line alludes to this idea by saying that like a star, love s value is beyond measure even if its height can be measured (didn t know much about stars e.g. what made of) Lov s not Times foole. Time= personified> more powerful. Love isn t under time s power- real love remains constant + endures. Cathy says my love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods, time will change it sickles = hook used to harvest grain. compasse = circle created by sweep of sickle. Time= violent Lov s not Times foole, though rosie lips and cheeks/ Within his bending sickles compasse come. Time can change physical appearance but this doesn t alter true love. Links with how Cathy and Heathcliff s appearance is much more than purely physical Couplet: If I m wrong about this and can be proven wrong, I never wrote, and no man ever loved. Emphasises the strength of his beliefs. He s very sure of himself- of course he has written + of course men have loved The Garden of Love by William Blake: Blake= individualistic thinker who feared the corrupting influences of institutions e.g. monarchy, government + church> poem= allegory for ways in which Church of England controls people. Committed Christian but worshiped outside constraints of the church Like the Garden of Eden- perfect like the moors are to Cathy + Heathcliff> link of nature First quatrain sets up story told using simple bi- + monosyllabic words. Metre contributes to simplicity with bouncing iambic tetrameter (eight-syllable line comprised of 4 iambs- unstressed syllable followed by stressed one). Rhyme= also simple with (abcb) Chapel represents traditional religion + marriage green connotes growth, fertility + spring. Village greens were used for play> represents joy, imagination etc. in human life + weren t owned by anyone> represents freedom from authority

6 And the gates of this chapel were shut. Extra syllable disrupts simple pattern. Representative of church ruining what was simple + perfect Thou shalt not. Reader= given a sense of things being forbidden. Don t discover what is forbidden> seems everything people desire is denied. Harsh stresses + stands out due to prominent position at centre of poem> highlights how constraints of church= unavoidable + harsh Love + sweet flowers = replaced with graves + tomb-stones. Religion (+ marriage?) stops nature, represses human nature Last 2 lines: o Internal rhymes cluster, mimicking the binding that takes place deep within the speaker ( gowns + rounds & briars + desires ) o Longest lines- emphasises death + decay + shows how it can be painfully drawn out Semantic field of prisons: gates= shut, no freedom- binding + Thou shalt not + police wear uniforms + patrol like guards binding with briars (thorny plant). Like perversion of Christ s crown of thorns. The final image is one of pain + humiliation but these feelings are internalised + for no higher purpose- represents church s harsh rule: those subject to it are controlled not just externally (e.g. by priests) but internally through having been made to accept its teachings Song (Ae fond kiss) by Robert Burns: 18 th century: sentiment= one of the most prevalent literary styles + this poem= written in that mode. Privileges feelings over intellect + offers sincerity rather than irony or wit Written for a lady (Nancy) separated from her husband who was working abroad. Burns was deeply in love with her + they corresponded daily for months. Burns sent a copy of the poem to her after hearing she was going to visit her husband who hoped for a reconciliation Song> detailed outpouring of love= appropriate, not overstated sever. Dramatic verb makes imminent parting seem even more emotive as suggests a sudden final separation Metre puts stress on first syllable of every line + ends each line with an unstressed syllable (feminine ending). Gives poem a sad, falling feel. Aided by feminine rhyme (rhyme that falls on an unstressed syllable) Deep + heart-wrung shows depth of love Three-part rhymes (e.g. I ll pledge thee + I ll wage thee ) represent his ongoing affection for + allegiance to loved one pledge. Like in law- takes his promise very seriously sighs and groans I ll wage thee. True love= pain, like in Cathy + Heathcliff s relationship Last 4 lines of 1 st stanza= speaker saying to men in general that if there is a glimmer of hope of a reunion, you are blessed. However, he doesn t have this glimmer of hope Dark despair. Alliteration= aggressive + dramatic Cluster of uses of love + lov d at heart of poem= symbolic- most important part Never met We had ne er been broken-hearted. Considering it may not have been a good love- better off if never met (like Cathy + Heathcliff)? BUT: pledge still remains at end. Like in Wuthering Heights, lovers acknowledge love= destructive but still believe it to be worth it fairest + dearest. Superlatives show idealisation of Nancy

7 Last 4 lines of last stanza mirror first 4 of first but Alas instead of and then. Shows his feelings haven t changed but the time for parting has moved closer. Links with time stagnates here - love will always be this painful Remember by Christina Rossetti: Petrarchan sonnet When you can no more hold me by the hand + You tell me of our future that you planned. Is the speaker constrained by the speaker who makes her decisions- plans her life for her. These lines put him as the subject + her as the object. Links with issues in Wuthering Heights concerning women + loveless marriages + patriarchy. The subtle way Rossetti shows this symbolises how women were repressed- she wants to speak her mind but it was only acceptable for men to do so Both quatrains in octave use envelope rhyme> enclosed lines stand out. Also: rhymed abba> enclosed lines stand out even more. Links with previous point (enclosed parts suggest constraint) Octave= insistent the speaker= remembered. Heathcliff= stuck in 1 st octave. Thinks remembering is the best + only option 1 st word of each quatrain= imperative verb, commanding the addressee 4 th line rhymes with 1 st > sense of looking back rather than forwards silent land. More like a refuge from the world than a happy place- similar to Cathy + Heathcliff s view of Christian heaven Only remember me - not the pain It will be late to counsel then or pray. When she s dead it will be too late for thoughts of cures, pain relievers or divine intervention. Cathy= only thing Heathcliff worships At an Inn by Thomas Hardy: Inspired by his relationship with the aristocratic + literary Florence Henniker. Their growing friendship + her kindness led Hardy to draw the wrong conclusions about their relationship. He took her to an inn where people presumed them to be lovers but Florence drew the line at flirtation due to her Christian beliefs Narrated in 1 st person plural- man speaks for himself + his female companion. Symbolic due to patriarchy at time strangers sought. Sibilance emphasises how they are simply strangers- nothing special They warmed as they opined/ Us more than friends + say Ah, God, that bliss like theirs/ Would flush our day!. People in inn take a vicarious enjoyment in their assumed sexual relationship. Direct speech conveys this excited, gossipy pleasure resigned. Shows how people were very reserved at the time living love. Alliteration sounds beautiful. Substantial> sense of reality living love/ Which quicks the world. Love can quicken time> death Caesura (definite break in the middle of a line of verse. Usually, but not always, indicated by a punctuation mark) + maybe hints real life isn t as straightforward as the language of the 1 st 2 stanzas suggests spheres above. Conveys Hardy s belief of the supernatural impacting the physical Love s own pair. Personification of love makes their relationship seem powerful 3 rd stanza: chilled + death. Contrasts warmed + living from previous 2 stanzas Yet never the love-light shone/ Between us there! + Love lingered numb. Lack of love port suggests their love was ready to truly exist, to sail away from confines of Victorian society

8 A bloom not ours. Love= created by an outside factor as Cathy + Edgar s was created by society sport. In Victorian society, love was a sport because women were reliant on men financially + socially so needed to hunt for them aching, severing and death. Semantic field of pain at end O. Broken syntax (arrangement of words + phrases to create well-formed sentences) shows raw emotion Factors preventing them being together= sea and land (geography + distance) + laws of men (marriage to others) Ere death, once let us stand/ As we stood then!. Can properly be together in death like Cathy + Heathcliff La Belle Dame sans Merci. A Ballad by John Keats: Set in medieval times + knight> presume courtly love, chivalry Title means The Beautiful Woman Without Mercy Ballad- poetic retelling of a folktale about a tragic incident given in a vivid manner + usually in quatrains whose 2 nd + 4 th lines rhyme no birds sing. Life has gone. Unnerving, eerie, especially due to end-stopping lily on thy brow. Symbol of death, associated with funerals- foreshadows his gloomy tale. Also suggests he s pale> love has made him physically ill. Supported by next line: fever long hair may suggest sensuality her foot was light. Quick + unpredictable behaviour. May suggest elf? wild. Placed at end of description, end-stopped (line concludes with punctuation mark) + last word of stanza> gives emphasis. Also repeated twice in stanza VIIIfurther emphasis fragrant zone = female genitals? She looked at me as she did love. Suggests sexual confidence I set her on my pacing steed,/ And nothing else saw all day long. Metaphor for long session of sex? Knight doesn t appear to care for anything but the lady A faery s song + language strange. Supernatural like elements of Cathy + Heathcliff s love honey wild. Reminiscent of the land flowing with milk and honey which God promised Moses manna-dew. Manna= the food Jewish scriptures say the Israelites ate when they were in the desert after Moses freed them from slavery in Egypt. Supposedly food from heaven> lady seems supernatural/ divine BUT: association may be due to theme of slavery as knight becomes enslaved to lady woe betide!. Used to express extreme grief or suffering. Monomania leading to loneliness + extreme sadness= relevant to Heathcliff thrall = bondage. Physically constraining as well as mentally Last 3 lines= almost identical to those of 1 st stanza (but now from knight, not speaker s perspective)> reader= given a sense of the knight s entrapment Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae sub Regno Cynarae by Ernest Dowson: Unclear whether riotous living led to him losing Cynara or if losing her led him to adopt that way of life Iambic hexameter (line of verse with 6 metrical units. 12 syllables) allows speaker to linger on emotion of every line> adds to sense of gravitas (dignity, seriousness)

9 Dowson= associated with Decadent Movement of late 1890s: notion of intense refinement, valuing artificiality over nature, interest in perversity + transgressive (violation of moral or social boundaries) modes of sexuality 12 syllable French line poem- epitome of love Title= I am not what I was in the reign of good Cynara. Reign suggests she rules over the speaker, controls him. BUT: she s not really a monarch like Cathy + Frances aren t really idols - lovers worship them + see them as greater than themselves Cynara means artichoke- her love choked him? Of the sunflower family> also suggests brightness, happiness, joy. Constant repetition suggests cannot escape Archaic (outdated language for the time of writing) e.g. yesternight + betwixt. Also: inverted syntax e.g. There fell thy shadow. Both= used throughout + add to sense of gravitas Presence of lover in form of shadow. Feels like she s there, judging> guilt Each stanza= sestet comprised of 2 tercets (stanza of 3 lines) which use envelope rhyme. Draws attention to middle, enclosed lines, especially 5 th line of each stanza as it s shorter (iambic pentameter) sick. Love makes him physically ill like Heathcliff + Cathy Upon my soul. Very deep connection- she ll always be a part of him> he can t escape her. I am Heathcliff I have been faithful to thee, Cynara! in my fashion o Ambiguous- simultaneously proclaims fidelity whilst suggesting infidelity o Forceful, exclamatory sentence with which each stanza reaches a climax= undermined by the final anticlimactic 3 words o Faithful to her emotionally? Just sex with other women, not emotional ties. Like how Heathcliff + Cathy remain faithful to each other despite marrying + having children o Exclamatory mark suggests meant to end sentence there but felt guilty. No capital letter after as doesn t want to draw attention to bought red mouth. Prostitute. Red connotes danger, lust desolate. Unrequited because in love with 11 year old Adelaide who obviously couldn t love him romantically. Link to themes of perversion in Decadent Movement gray. No light without her- she= everything to him. I cannot live without my life lilies suggests purity, innocence- contrasts prostitute. Symbol of death, associated with funerals- she led him to his grave? Like Cathy + Heathcliff The dance was long. Metaphor for life? It is a long fight, I wish it were over! I cried for madder music and for stronger wine. Desperate to shut out memories of her I was becomes I am in last stanza. Sickness + desolation only grows worse to a point where it s no longer a memory of the past but a present condition A Song (Absent from thee) by John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester: Addressee= God or woman he s idolised? languish (weaken) + straying Fool. Knows he s weaker away from his lover but cannot make himself go back. Desires for infidelity= compulsive like he s in the grip of an addiction- knows it will lead to trouble but can t help it Fantastick = capricious- given to sudden + unaccountable changes of mood or behaviour tears. Painful separation When wearied with a world of Woe. Stanza= slowed + given a sad sound by alliteration. Also suggests tiredness, boredom

10 expire. Most likely means die (so spends rest of life with her) but also has connotations of sexual climax Lest = in order not to/ in case once more. Suggests the attempt to return to his true love will fail as he knows his patterns of behaviour make him unlikely to change Faithless to thee, False, unforgiv n. harsh f sounds, almost like he s cursing at himself at the thought of being these awful things. Self-loathing Everlasting rest. Contentment of being with his true love in heaven. Links to how Edgar lies next to Cathy when she dies. He s peaceful whilst Heathcliff s tormented Last stanza shows alternative life he will lead if he fails to return to his true love + stay with her- he may die unforgiven + damned + he s worried about this She Walks in Beauty by Lord Byron: Title reminds reader of idea of walking in light of God- idealised spiritually as much as physically. Cathy= Heathcliff s idol, deity, heaven. Supported by later language that makes her sound saintly e.g. grace, goodness, peace, innocent cloudless climes (climates) + starry skies. Balance of the best elements of dark + light (next line) Regular up + down rhythm throughout due to iambic tetrameter. Regularity represents her faultlessness Thus mellowed to that tender light/ Which heaven to the gaudy day denies. Heaven= only allowing her beauty to appear in the night? Too perfect for the rest of humanity. Much like how Heathcliff sees Cathy: she is so immeasurably superior to them- to everybody on earth One shade the more, one ray the less. Both sides= perfectly balanced, same number of words + syllables> feeling of symmetry. Psychologists say those with symmetrical features= perceived as being attractive. Also: shade + ray and more + less = opposite> like the lovers complete each other, bringing to the relationship what the other doesn t have. Literally two halves of a whole raven. Dark hair like Cathy- not like traditional ideas of beauty (blonde, blue eyes). Wuthering Heights also links appearance with nature. Perhaps gives her a dark aspect as bird of bad omen Enjambment (line doesn t conclude with punctuation mark) suggests speaker cannot pause for breath as too overwhelmed by her beauty Blazon (cataloguing a woman s features, often moving down her body) at start of 3 rd stanza Despite blazon, Byron s final thoughts are not of features of the body but of the woman s heart. Outward beauty= result of inner beauty? Speaker says love right at end for 1 st time. Suggests he takes a while to admit it to himself The Flea by John Donne: Metaphysical poet- work= characterised by conceits (striking extended metaphor comparing two elements that seem very dissimilar at first) Typical Donne love lyric (relatively short, non-narrative poem that expresses the mood or thoughts + feelings of the speaker) At the time, fleas= much more common in homes than today> contemporary readers wouldn t have been as revolted by the imagery as modern readers Flea= conceit that represents the couple s physical union before it has taken place

11 Each stanza= sestet of 3 couplets + a triplet. Each couplet= building block in his argument- 1 st line of each couplet often uses enjambment or only has a comma for punctuation while the 2 nd ends with a more definite pause e.g. full stop our two bloods mingled be. Contemporary readers believed sperm + other sexual secretions were formed by the body s purest drops of blood + this blood mingled during sex Says the mingling cannot be called A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead. Manipulative- lies to get what he wants Triplet rhyming adds to subtle persuasiveness as harmony + subtle shift in tone emphasises point Says flea= marriage temple > destroying flea= also destroying the institution of marriage temple suggests he worships her like Heathcliff worships Cathy Idea of religion being a big part of relationship e.g. temple, cloistered + flea= Holy Trinity (man, woman + love) cloistered = enclosed, secluded, sheltered from outside world. Suggests safety but also entrapment for woman who is reluctant to sleep with speaker Killing flea= self-murder. Links with idea of Cathy + Heathcliff being same person> neither can live without the other Grandiose imagery of blood of innocence contrasts triviality of Purpled thy nail - means nothing to her but a lot to him? Last couplet= woman claims triumph over speaker s argument as neither are weaker now the flea s dead. Speaker said flea represents sacred bond but clearly not as easy to kill + nothing was lost> no reason to have sex To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell: Metaphysical poet- work= characterised by conceits Line 14-16= language reminiscent of blazon BUT blazon= associated with courtly appreciation from love-struck poet whilst Marvell s= full of lust- spends half as much time on the eyes + forehead as on each breast times as much on the regions beneath> mocking typical blazon as used to show love so he s improved it by making it lustful? Coyness= feigning shyness or modesty to seem alluring Opening line= if there was enough space + time, her coyness wouldn t be a crime> essentially calling her a criminal Indian Ganges = was pure + pristine at time + considered by many to be sacred + Holy- is she? Also: he s at Humber > far away vegetable Love. Phallic imagery- can be read as a long, slow erection OR organic love - without the pressure of anything but nature. Like the growing of vegetables, their love is natural + results in something nourishing. Clear link to Cathy + Heathcliff s love + Hareton s cultivation I alwaies hear/ Times winged Charriot hurrying near. Personification of time + his actions= vivid, immediate + frightening Worms shall try/ That long preserv d Virginity. Capital letter highlights its importance in the time period. Language contrasts earlier playful use of phallic imagery- designed to shock addressee into granting speaker s wishes quaint (euphemism for vagina) Honour turn to dust; And into ashes all my Lust. Echoes funeral service from the Book of Common Prayer ashes to ashes, dust to dust The Grave s a fine and private place. Not together in death

12 thy willing Soul transpires/ At every pore with instant Fires. Her soul desperately tries to escape through her pores- v passionate as emphasised by Fires sport + Strength + Ball creates semantic field of sport. Sex= sport to him but serious to her Now + now + at once creates semantic field of time. Sense of urgency, desperation Ball represents them having sex. Says it can break through the Iron gates of Life. Sex is the only way to break out of the cruel world which is subject to the constraints of time Last two lines: they can t use sex to stop time but they can use it to make time go faster so it won t have time to kill people- can control time (weak argument but desperate to convince lover). Sun represents time as in his time, people believed it controlled time The Scrutiny by Richard Lovelace: Dramatic monologue + I = repeated 9 times> doesn t care what her view is scrutiny = critical observation or examination Lady = trochee. Stress on 1 st syllable draws attention- can she be a lady after jeopardising her reputation by sleeping with a man like him? Also: not accompanied by any adjectives that set her apart from others> sees all women as the same but attempts respect by giving her a title OR not sober the night before> can t remember her name Monogamy= impossibility BECAUSE I must all other Beauties wrong,/ And rob thee of a new embrace. If they were monogamous, he d be depriving other women of his company + robbing her of a new lover tedious twelve hours. Alliteration reflects boredom due to similarity like time spent with her Other women= described as Beauties > doesn t want to make the lady feel special. Also: only comments on appearance- shallow, lustful Compares himself to a mineralist (using tools to search for something that is otherwise hidden from view or knowledge). Requires rare skill + intuition> elevates him. Meanwhile, woman= treasure > passive, simply waiting to be discovered> degenerates her Regular rhyming could reflect the ongoing argument that the speaker is engaged in sated = satisfied. Suggests worn out- wants to use for comfort rather than sex this time? The Ruined Maid by Thomas Hardy: ruined = at end of every stanza. Shows all the good parts of her new life come from this + also that she can t escape it- her reputation is damaged beyond repair Attack on treatment of working class women in Victorian England who were either exploited through hard agricultural work or through sex. Does this through satire (mocking something with a moral purpose) about the idea that she is ruined by premarital sex Long lines bounce with a predictable beat> comedic feel. ee sound at end of 3 rd line of each stanza contributes Last two lines of each stanza: friend begins rhyme + ruined maid finishes it off. Also: Melia says ain t at end. Highlights how under the act they remain very similar Your hands were paws then. Animal imagery suggests she was practically below human in status as a woman + poor

13 Never learn friend s name as poor so irrelevant to society at time. Similar to class struggles of Wuthering Heights Angelic imagery: feathers, fine sweeping gown, delicate face. Friend idolises Melia as Heathcliff idolises Cathy

14 Unseen Context The Renaissance (1300s-1700s): Humanism= belief that humanity was making progress towards perfection> optimism Renaissance literally means rebirth - awakening Break with feudal modes of living> lower classes= free from landowners> growth + development Inspired by Greek + Roman mythologies> themes= beauty, ostentatiousness etc. The Age of Enlightenment (1700s): Advances in science + industry> scientific rationalism> movement away from Church Growth of humanism Industrial Revolution (1760s-1840s)> more reading material available to public> more intelligent Romanticism (1800s-1850s) + Victorian era ( ): Industrial Revolution> population shift from rural to urban areas> nostalgic towards nature Liberalism (ideas of liberty- freedom of speech, religion etc. + equality) Emphasis on intense emotions (e.g. fear, horror, terror + awe) Transcendentalism (1830s-1850s): Scepticism of established religions as believed divinity resided in the individual Contrasted scientific revolutions (fact) with things that cannot be known for sure Many Romantic themes Realism (late 1800s/early 1900s): Journalistic techniques e.g. objectivity + precise facts Attempted to accurately simulate nature of reality Naturalism (late 1800s/early 1900s): More explanatory than Realism, identifying underlying causes for people s beliefs + actions Growth of liberalism Emphasis on environment Existentialism (late 1800s/early 1900s): Recurring problem of finding meaning within existence> attempt to create meaning The Beat Generation (1950s): End of WW2> questioning of materialism Bold, straightforward + expressive- artistic rebellion Modernism (1900s): Experimentation + individualism= praised Focus on decay + growing alienation of the individual. Little care for nature, history etc.