AN ANALYSIS OF IMPLICATURE: FLOUTING MAXIMS IN THE NOVEL ENTITLED UNCLE TOM S CABIN WRITTEN BY HARRIET BEECHER STOWE

Transcription

1 AN ANALYSIS OF IMPLICATURE: FLOUTING MAXIMS IN THE NOVEL ENTITLED UNCLE TOM S CABIN WRITTEN BY HARRIET BEECHER STOWE (A Pragmatics Approach) Submitted as a partial fulfillment of requirement for the Sarjana Sastra degree at English Department Faculty of Letter and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University By: Intan Mustika Prativi C ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA 2012

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4 PRONOUNCEMENT Name : Intan Mustika Prativi NIM : C Stated truthfully that the thesis entitled An analysis of implicature: Flouting Maxims in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe is originally made by the researcher. It is not a plagiarism nor made by others. The statements related to other s people work are written in quotations and included within in bibliography. If this pronouncement is proven incorrect in the future, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility. Surakarta, 2012 The researcher Intan Mustika Prativi iv

5 MOTTOS I d rather be hated for who I am, than loved for who I am not (Kurt Cobain) If you win, you need not have to explain...if you lose, you should not be there to explain (Adolf Hitler) Life is ours, we live it our way (James Hetfield) v

6 DEDICATIO This thesis is dedicated to: My dearest parents for their love and sacrifice My beloved little brothers and sister My best friends for their precious support My self vi

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillahirobil alamin My biggest gratitude is to the almighty Allah SWT, thanks for the blessing so that I could finish this thesis. In this memorable opportunity, I would like to thank you to everyone who gives help and support during finishing this thesis: 1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed, Ph.D,. as the Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts of Sebelas Maret University, for his approval in conducting this thesis. 2. Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M.Pd., as the Head of English Non Regular Program of Faculty of lettes and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University and also as my thesis supervisor. Thank you for the advice, guidance, and kindness in assisting this thesis from beginning until the end. 4. Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M.Tourism,. as my academic supervisor, thanks for the guidance during my study in English Department Sebelas Maret University. 5. All lecturers of English Department who have given valuable knowledge and experience. 6 My beloved parents, I am on my way to make you proud! vii

8 7. My little brothers and sister Billy, Rizky and Dea you guys are my champs! 8. My big family, especially grandma and grandpa, thank you for the support and love. 9. My best friends in English department Mega, Kinanthi, Foda, Wulan, Tika, Ita, Bibi, Stevi, and Zabila. I ll be missing you guys! 10. Febrian Eka Nugraha, thank you for being my dearest mood booster 11. My friends in kos 8, Tince, Sayik and Tyas, thanks for being my second family in Solo. Last but not least, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, I wholeheartedly welcome any suggestion, comments, and criticism from anyone who has concern in improving this thesis. Finally, I really hope that this thesis will be useful for everyone who reads it. Surakarta, 2012 The researcher Intan Mustika Prativi viii

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE... i APPROVAL BY THE SUPERVISOR... ii APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINER... iii PRONOUNCEMENT. iv MOTTO... v DEDICATION... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix ABSTRACT... xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Research Background... 1 B. Problem Statements... 5 C. Research Limitation... 5 D. Research Objectives... 5 E. Research Benefits... 6 F. Research Methodology.. 6 G. Thesis Organization... 7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Definition of pragmatics... 9 B. Context ix

10 C. The scope of pragmatics D. Implicature E. Conventional implicature F. Conversational implicature G. The cooperative principle H. The conversational maxim I. The flouting maxim J. Synopsis of the novel 26 K. Review other related study...28 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Type of study and Research method B. Data and Source of Data C. Sample and Sampling Technique D. Technique of Collecting Data E. Data Coding CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS A. Introduction...35 B. Analysis C. Discussion CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion B. Suggestion x

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES xi

12 ABSTRACT Intan Mustika Prativi. AN ANALYSIS OF IMPLICATURE: FLOUTING MAXIMS IN THE NOVEL ENTITLED UNCLE TOM S CABIN WRITTEN BY HARRIET BEECHER STOWE (BASED ON PRAGMATICS APPROACH). This research attempts to find out the kinds of flouting maxims which are used by the characters, the implicature which is employed by the characters and the reason why the characters used the flouting maxims in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin. This research uses pragmatics approach. It is descriptive qualitative research which takes total sampling technique. The data of this research were taken from the dialogues in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin contained the flouting maxims. The data are classified based on Grice s cooperative principles. The first finding of the research shows that the total data of the research are 27 data. There are five categories of flouting maxims namely the flouting clash between maxims with 13 data (44.44%), the flouting maxims of Quality with 4 data (14.81%), the flouting maxims of Quantity with 4 data (14.81%), the flouting maxims of Relevance with 4 data (14.81%) and the flouting maxims of Manner with 3 data (11.11%). The most dominant category is the flouting clash between maxims with 12 data (44.44%). The second finding of the research shows that there are six types of implicature found in the dialogues of the novel. The first type is convincing data with 6 data (22.22%). The second type is expressing feeling and condition with 8 data (29.62%). The third type is showing refusal with 6 data (22.22%). The fourth type is clarifying something with 3 data (11.11%). The fifth type is looking for certainty with 2 data (7.40%). The last type is hiding feeling and condition with 2 data (7.40%). The most dominant implicature which is used by the speaker in the dialogue of the novel is expressing feeling and condition with 8 data (29.62%). The third finding is the reason why the speakers in the novel flout the maxims. There are seven kinds of reason: The first reason is convincing someone with 4 data (14.81%). The second reason is avoiding agreement and politeness with 4 data (14.81%). The third reason is maintaining relationship with 3 data (11.11%). The fourth reason is expressing feeling and condition with 7 data (25.92%). The fifth reason is giving clear explanation with 5 data (18.51%). The sixth reason is maintaining self esteem with 2 data (7.40%). The last reason is asking for reconsideration with 2 data (7.40%). The most dominant reason why the speakers in the novel use flouting maxim is expressing feeling and condition with 7 data (25.92%). This study is expected to be used as a reference for the students, lectures, and other researchers who are interested in analyzing pragmatics study, particularly those who are interested in analyzing flouting maxims. xii

13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A. Research Background In communicating with others, people tend to use conversation as a real form of language. Conversation happens when participants talk about certain things in certain places. The conversation will succeed when there is no misinterpretation between participants. The speaker should be careful about what she or he says with the language and the listener has to try to understand the speaker s intention. Searle (1969: 17) states that the goal of spoken interaction is to communicate things to the hearer by getting him/her to recognize the intention that one has to communicate those things. The conversation can be delivered well when both of the speaker and the hearer are able to understand their conversation. Thomas (1995: 50-58) says that there are times when people say (or write) exactly what they mean, but generally they are not totally explicit. On the other occasions, they manage to convey their real intention by saying something which is quite different from the meanings of their words. For example, the utterance Father is coming, don t cry! is not only to inform that father is coming, but also to warn the listener that father who is cruel and bad tempered will do something if the children do not stop crying. In other words, the utterance implicates that the father is a cruel dad and he always feels angry to his crying kids. In this example, the speaker says something which is different 1

14 2 from the meaning of his words. The additional or different meaning observed in the example above is conveyed by means of implicature. Thomas (1995: 58) states that an implicature is intentionally produced by the speaker and it may (or may not) be understood by the hearer. Gadzar (1979) defines implicature as a proposition that is implied by the utterance of a sentence in a context, even though that proposition is not a part of entailment of what was actually said. Thomas (1995:56) asserts that Grice s theory (1975) is an attempt to explain how a hearer gets from what is said to what is meant, from the level of expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning. Grice distinguishes two different sorts of implicature: conventional implicature and conversational implicature. They both convey an additional meaning beyond the semantic meaning of the uttered words. Conventional implicature ignores the context of the utterance, while conversational implicature conveys what is implied by the speaker according to the context of the utterance (Thomas, 1995: 57). Grice further identifies as guidelines of this sort four basic maxims of conversation or general principles underlying the efficient co-operative use of language, which jointly express a general co-operative principle: The maxim of Quality, The maxim of Quantity, The maxim of Relevance, and The maxim of Manner. In short, the maxims specify what the participants have to do in order to converse in a maximally efficient, rational, co-operative way: they should speak sincerely, relevantly

15 3 and clearly, while providing sufficient information (Levinson, 1983: ). Dealing with the four conversational maxims, there are also times when people fail to observe the maxims. Grice states that there are many occasions when people fail to observe the maxims: Flouting a maxim, Violating a maxim, Infringing a maxim, Opting out of a maxim, and suspending a maxim. People may fail to observe a maxim because, for example, they are incapable of speaking clearly, or because they deliberately choose to lie (Thomas, 1995: 64). This research will be focused on flouting maxim since it is the most important category in the implicature. According to Thomas (1995: 65) a flout occurs when a speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim at the level of what is said, with the deliberate intention of generating an implicature. It is different from Violating maxim which tends to mislead. In this case, the speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim without any intention to deceive or mislead because the speaker wishes to suggest the hearer to find out other meanings behind what he/she said. Based on that reason, the researcher aims to make an analysis about flouted maxim in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, Retold by Brett Thomas. The novel is chosen as the source of the data because its dialogues contain many implicatures. This is anti-slavery movement novel and tells about slaves struggling for their freedom during 1850 s in U.S with the central character is Uncle Tom. This novel was first published in 1852 and

16 4 became one of the most widely read books in the world in the nineteenth century. As mentioned before, there are many implicatures in the conversation in this novel. For example: Eliza : Why are you so sad, George? she asked. See how happy I am and how fine your son looks. George: I wish I d never seen him and I wish you d never met me, The conversation above occurs in the Shelby s house. George comes to the Shelby s house to visit Eliza. They talk about treatment that they receive from their master and how nigger has no rights as human. Eliza receives good treatment from Mr. and Mrs. Shelby. On the other hand, George receives bad treatment from his master. Eliza and George are having conversation about George s plan to go to Canada looking for freedom. The conversation above has flouted the maxim of quality. George has answered Eliza s question, but he does not actually want to say it. It can be said that his utterance flout the maxim of Quality Do not say what you believe to be false and for which you lack adequate evidence. George has other intention by saying I wish I d never seen him and I wish you d never met me, It is related to how bad slave s life in that moment. He just wishes it will be better if he does not see his son and wife because he cannot stay with them as a real family. Uncle Tom s Cabin is one of the examples of novels which included in drama genre. This novel shows the form of real conversation which has

17 5 real communication in a real social context. There are many maxims flouted by the characters in the dialogues of this novel. Therefore, the researcher is interested in analyzing a research entitled An Analysis of Implicature: Flouting Maxims in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin B. Problem Statements 1. What types of flouting maxims are employed by the characters in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin? 2. What kinds of implicature are employed by the characters in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin? 3. Why do the characters use flouting maxims in the conversation in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin? C. Research Limitation This research is limited on the kind of conversational implicature covering the flouting maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relation, and Manner which occur in the dialogues in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin based on Grice s cooperative principle. D. Research Objectives The objectives of the research are: 1. To identify what types of flouting maxims employed by the characters in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin.

18 6 2. To find out what kinds of implicatures employed by the characters in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin. 3. To find out the reasons why the characters use flouting maxims in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin. E. Research Benefits This research is also expected to give benefits for those who want to learn more about pragmatics study especially in flouting maxims. The benefits of this research are: 1. For students who want to learn more about flouting maxims. It aims to give them knowledge about flouting maxims through the dialogues of the novel in this research. 2. This research is expected to be the references that will lead everyone who is interested in pragmatics and wants to make other research related to flouting maxims to conduct more comprehensive research in such topic. F. Research Methodology Surakhmad (1994: 147) states that descriptive method is a kind of research method using technique of searching, collecting and classifying, analyzing the data, interpreting them and finally drawing conclusion. In this research, the researcher uses a descriptive qualitative method, a kind of method that is conducted by collecting data, analyzing data, and drawing the conclusion. The researcher commit uses total sampling user technique in this research. All

19 7 utterance of the characters containing implicature involving the main character in the dialogues taken from the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin are the sample of the research. G. Thesis organization As a scientific writing, this research will be organized into five chapters, bibliography and appendices. The further explanation of the five chapters as follows: Chapter I consists of introduction. It contains research background, problem statements, research limitation, research objectives, research benefits, research methodology, and thesis organization. Chapter II consists of literature review. It discusses some theories, which are used in solving the three problem statements. The theories which are used in this research are the theory of context of situation, pragmatics, implicature, flouting maxims, synopsis of the novel and review other related study. Chapter III consists of research methodology. It discusses about the type of research, research sample, data and the data source, data collecting technique, and data analysis technique. Chapter IV consists of data analysis. It contains the classification of the types of flouting maxims employed by characters in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin. The analysis of how the implicatures conveyed by the characters, the influences context of situation when the conversation happens to understand

20 8 the meaning of utterances in the novel and the reason why the characters in the novel employing the flouting maxims. Chapter V consists of conclusion and suggestion. In this chapter, the researcher concludes the result of analyzing and gives suggestion.

21 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Definition of Pragmatics There are several definitions of pragmatics. According to Thomas (1995: 1) the most common definition of pragmatics is meaning in use or meaning in context. Gazdar (1979: 2) states that pragmatics has the topics of those aspects of the meaning of utterances which cannot be accounted for by simple reference to the truth conditions of the sentences uttered. In other words: Pragmatics = Meaning Truth conditions. The term of modern pragmatics for the first time is introduced by Charles Morris in 1938 (Levinson, 1983: 1). He defines that pragmatics is the study of the relations of signs to the interpreters. It is concerned with the study of meaning communicated by the speaker or the writer and interpreted by the listener or the reader. Hence, the modern study of linguistics has developed the definition of pragmatics. Yule (1996: 3) explains that pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning, contextual meaning, how we recognize what is meant by the speaker even when it is not actually said, and the expression of relative distance. 9

22 10 The term pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). Consequently, it will focus on the analysis of what people mean by their utterances. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires the consideration of how the speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with whom they are talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances. This approach also necessarily explores how listeners can make an interpretation of the speaker s intended meaning. This type of study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated. We might say that it is the investigation of invisible meaning. This perspective raises the question of what determines the choice between what is said and unsaid. The basic is tied to the notion of distance. Closeness, whether it is physical, social, or conceptual, implies shared experience. On the assumption of how close or distant the listener is, speakers determine how much it needs to be said.

23 11 Thomas (1995: 21-23) says the definitions of pragmatics as follows: a. Pragmatics as speaker meaning The speaker meaning tends to be favored by the writers who take a broadly social view of the discipline; it puts the focus of attention firmly on the producer of the message, but at the same time it obscures the fact that the process of interpreting what we hear involve two levels of speaker meaning namely utterance meaning and force. b. Pragmatics as utterance interpretation This term tends to be favored by the writers who generally take the cognitive approach. It is focused on the receiver of the message. In practice, it will ignore the social constraints on the utterance production. This term focuses almost entirely on the process of interpretation from the point of view of the hearer. c. Pragmatics as meaning interaction This term reflects the view that meaning is not something which is inherent in the words alone, nor by the speaker alone, nor by the hearer alone. Making meaning is a dynamic process, involving the negotiation of meaning between the speaker and the hearer, the context of utterance (physical, social and linguistic) and the meaning potential of an utterance.

24 12 Thus, it can be concluded that pragmatics is the study of meaning of the utterance spoken by a speaker or a writer and interpreted by a hearer or a reader, and it involves the context as a consideration of how the speaker or the writer organizes what he wants to say. B. Context Context is a substantial thing that must be considered when we analyze the meaning of an utterance. According to Leech (1983: 13) context is relevant aspects of the physical or social setting of an utterance. Context is the background of knowledge shared by the speaker and the listener in delivering and understanding their utterance. Mey (1993: 38) states that context is dynamic, not statistic concept. It is to be understood as the surrounding, in the widest sense, enabling the participants in a conversation process to interact, and that makes the linguistic expression of their interaction intelligible. In relation to the context of utterance, Malinowski distinguished the context into context of culture and context of situation (Zhang, 2007: 2). a. Context of Culture The context of culture refers to the social and cultural background which language s forms depends on language of the culture carrier. It is a part of culture, independent and interrelated. Malinowski argues that one language must be deep rooted in a given culture, conversely, the social culture is

25 13 unavoidably reflected by context. (Zhang, 2007: 3). In a given context of culture, when people use language to communicate with each other, they must follow certain conventional rules for social communication. There are some social factors which influence language behavior in a social context, several factors namely: 1) culture background 2) custom 3) class 4) gender 5) age 6) ethnic identity 7) education background 8) occupation 9) religious belief (Malinowski in Zhang, 2007: 3). b. Context of Situation According to Halliday, the context of situation consists of three components: scene, manner, and communicator. These elements interact with each other and limit the choice of forms (Zhang, 2007: 2). Based on such a definition, it can be said that meaning is determined by the context. Every utterance should be understood in accordance with the situation. Context of situation is closely related to various texts. Certain situational context asks for certain text and in return, certain text creates certain context. In the process of communication, the meaning system is largely determined by the three aspects of situational context: ideational meanings by field, interpersonal meaning by tenor and textual meaning by mode (Baker, 2000: 9).

26 14 Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that context of situation is important in interpreting the implicature of speaker s utterance if the hearer does not understand the context in the conversation. C. The Scope of Pragmatics There are some topics discussed in pragmatics. Levinson (1983: 27) states that pragmatics is the study of deixis, implicature, presupposition, speech act and aspect of discourse structure. Furthermore, implicature will be explained in the next item. However, the other topics will be explained briefly. a) Deixis Deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. Deixis means pointing via language (Yule, 1996: 9). Deixis is clearly a form of referring that is tied to the speaker s context. Therefore, the deixis of utterance is in a different way from what the speaker literally means. b) Implicature It is a proposition based on the interpretation of the language use and its context of communication in a bound that the participants can interpret the real meaning behind the speaker s utterance.

27 15 c) Presupposition According to Yule (1996: 25) presupposition is something that the speaker assumes to be case prior to make an utterance. Presupposition of a statement will remain constant even when the statement is canceled. For example, two statements John s car is not red and John has car have similar assumption that John has a car and the color of that car is red. d) Speech act Speech act carries some actions in an utterance. Austin in Yule (1996: 49) states that in uttering a sentence, one might be said to be performing action. There are three basic acts, namely: 1) Locutionary act, it is the basic fact of the utterance because it produces a meaningful linguistic expression. 2) Illocutionary act, it is performed via performed via communicative force of an utterance in order to make a statement, an offer, an explanation or other communicative purposes. 3) Perlocutionary act, it is done to have an effect from the utterance.

28 16 e) Discourse Structure It relates with the organization of conversation. Every conversation can be analyzed through conversation analysis because it has structures. For example, turn taking is done when someone respects other people in taking their turns in speaking and adjacency pairs is a fundamental unit of conversational organization, that manage the kind of paired utterances of which question should be replied by answer, greeting by greeting, or offer by acceptance. Those five aspects have the relation with the context because without appreciating the context of utterance, the messages of a speech cannot be interpreted accurately. D. Implicature A philosopher, H.P. Grice, outlines an approach to what he terms as implicature. The word implicature is derived from the verb to imply, which means to fold something into something else (Mey, 1993: 99). According to Yule (1996: 35) implicature is an additional conveyed meaning. Meanwhile, Gazdar (1979: 38) also states that implicature is a proposition implied by the utterances of a sentence in a context even though the proposition is not a part or not an entailment. Thomas (1995: 57) Grice divides implicature into conventional implicature and sonventional implicature.

29 17 From the definition above, it can be concluded that implicature is hidden meaning conveyed in an utterance in certain context of situation. In this research, conversational implicature will be the main concern for the researcher. E. Conventional implicature Thomas (1995: 57) states that conventional implicature ignores the context of the utterance. While Yule (1996: 45) states that conventional implicature is not based on the cooperative principle or the maxims of Grice. It does not have to occur in a conversation and it does not depend on the special context for the interpretation. This kind of implicature is unobserved in this research. On the other hand, in this subchapter the researcher will focus on the conversational implicature which is related to the research. Conventional implicature is associated with specific words and result in additional conveyed meanings when several words are used, for example: the word but. Marry suggested black, but I choose white. (From Yule, 1996: 45) The utterance associates that the expectation between Mary and I is different.

30 18 F. Conversational implicature Mey (1993: 99) states that a conversational implicature is something which is implied in conversation, that is, something which is left implicit in actual language use. While Leech (1983: 40) assumes that conversational implicature is the directness language which is modified in politeness rather than to what is the speaker s actually said. Yule (1996: 40) also states that conversational implicature is an additional unstated meaning which has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle. The implicature derives from a general principle of conversation plus a number of maxims which is normally obeyed by the speaker. Conversational implicature is divided into: a. Generalized conversational implicature The special background knowledge of the context of utterance is unnecessary to find out the conveyed meanings behind the utterance, for instance: Doobie: I hope you brought the bread and the cheese Dexter: Ah, I brought the bread (Yule, 1996:40) From the conversation above, it shows that the particular context is not necessary to interpret other additional meaning.

31 19 b. Particularized conversational implicature It is an implicature that needs a specific context. The special context is needed to find out the conveyed meanings behind the utterance. We can see the following example: Rick: Hey, coming to the wild party tonight? Tom: My parents are visiting. From the conversation above, it shows that Tom does not strictly answer Rick s question. However, he delivers the response indirectly to complete the speaker s goal. Tom s utterance indicates that he will not attend the party since he must accompany his parents. Thus, we can make a conclusion that conversational implicature is how the speaker s utterance is interpreted by the hearer. The utterance which is spoken by the speaker sometimes has hidden meaning which implies something behind the utterance. In this case, the speaker s intention is to convey certain meaning through his utterances based on a certain background knowledge and context of situation. G. The cooperative principle Grice introduces four conversational maxims and the cooperative principle to explain the mechanism by which people interpret conversational

32 20 implicature in logic and conversation (Thomas, 1995: 61-63). The cooperative principle runs as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged In this principle, Grice tells the speaker how to behave. He/she should obey the regularity or the principle in order not to make the conversation mislead. In other occasion, there will be time when the hearer has wrong assumption or misinterpretation in understanding the speaker s mean because of the mistakes and understanding. Thomas (1995: 62) says that Grice (as some commentators have wrongly assumed) does not suggest that people are always good and kind or cooperative in any everyday sense of that word. On the whole, people observe certain regularities in interaction and their aims are to explain one particular set of regularities. Therefore, it governs the generation and interpretation of conversational implicature. Example: The speaker has accidentally locked herself out of her house. It is winter, the middle of the night and she is stark naked: A: Do you want a coat? B: No, I really want to stand out here in the freezing cold with no clothes on.

33 21 The conversation above shows that B s reply is untrue and uncooperative, but in fact this is the sort of sarcastic reply that we encounter everyday and we have no problem at all in interpreting. According to Grice, if A assumes that, in spite of appearances, B is observing the cooperative principle and she has made an appropriate response to his question. Then, B will look for an alternative interpretation. Grice argues that without the assumption which the speaker is operating according to the CP, there is no mechanism to prompt someone to seek for another level of interpretation. (Thomas 1995: 63) H. The conversational maxim Grice s theory (1975) develops the concept of implicature. The basic notion of his concept is how people use language. Grice in Thomas (1995: 63-64) proposes four basic maxims of conversation as a guideline. They are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relation and maxim of manner which formulated as follows: 1. Quantity 1) Make your contribution as informative as is required 2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required The maxim relates to the amount of information given by the participants. They have to give sufficient information, no more and no less than

34 22 what is required. The speaker who gives insufficient information will cause failure in conducting conversation. 2. Quality 1) Do not say what you believe to be false 2) Do not say that for you lack adequate evidence There are two important keywords in the explanation above: truth and proof. The truth is connected with the speaker s belief in producing utterance. In this case, the speaker must include an adequate evidence to prove that his/her utterance is true. 3. Relation 1) Be relevant It means that each of the participants must say something relevant to the subject of the conversation. The participants of the conversation will find difficulties in understanding the topic if it has no relevance and the utterances will appear quite unconnected. 4. Manner 1) Avoid obscurity of expression 2) Avoid ambiguity 3) Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity) 4) Be orderly

35 23 In short, this maxim specifies what participants have to do in order to converse in a maximally efficient, rational, cooperative way: they should speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while providing sufficient information. I. The flouting maxim Grice in Thomas (1995: 65-71) explains that a flout occurs when a speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim at the level of what is said, with the deliberate intention generating an implicature. According to Grice, there are five kinds of the flouting maxims that are generated as follows; 1. The flouting clash between maxim The flouting clash between maxims shows that the speaker does not only flout one maxim but he also flouts more than one maxim in a conversation. Example: A is asking B about a mutual friend s new boyfriend: A: Is he nice? B: She seems to like him. In the dialogue above, B can simply reply No or Yes toward A s question. However, her utterance shows that she gives less information since she cannot say for certain whether her boyfriend is handsome or not. It can be said that B is unable to observe the maxim of quality and quantity. (Thomas, 1995: 66)

36 24 2. The flouting maxim of quality Flouts which exploit the maxim of Quality occur when the speaker says something which is blatantly untrue or for which he or she lacks adequate evidence. Example: The speaker is Lady Lucinda Lambton and she is talking about John Patten, who at the time was the Secretary of State for Education. I lived in the same house as the man for three years and he s the man I hate most in the entire world. In all my greasy past, he is the biggest grease spot It is patiently false that John Patten is a grease spot. Lucinda Lambton does not appear to try to make us believe that John Patten is a grease spot. So, in this instance the speaker is unable to simultaneously to observe the maxim of quality. (Thomas, 1995: 67) 3. The flouting maxim of quantity A flout of the maxim of Quantity occurs when a speaker blatantly gives more or less information that the situation requires. Example: The speaker is Rupert Allason (author, M.P. and expert on British intelligent services). He is discussing the identity of the so-called Fifth Man Interviewer : So, who is the Fifth Man?

37 25 Rupet Allason : It was Graham Mitchell or roger Hollis and I don t believe it was Roger Hollis In the example above, Rupert Allason blatantly gives more information than the situation requires. He could simply say The Fifth Man was Graham Mitchell (Thomas, 1995: 65) 4. The flouting maxim of relation The maxim of relation is exploited by making a response or observation which is very obviously irrelevant to the topic in hand (by abruptly changing the subject or subject or by failing to address the other person s goal in asking question); (Thomas, 1995: 70) Example: I finished working on my face, I grabbed my bag and a coat. I told my mother I was going out She asked me where I was going. I repeated myself. Out. The speaker in the conversation above makes an irrelevant answer in answering her mother s question. In this case, her utterance out is not relevant with her mother s question which is asking where she wants to go. (Ibid, 70) 5. The flouting maxim of manner The flouting of manner is exploited by making a response which is unclear so that the hearer cannot catch what the speaker means. The following is an example of flouting the maxim of manner:

38 26 The interaction occurred during a radio interview with unnamed official from the United States Embassy in Port-au-Prince, Haity. Interviewer: Did the United States Government play any part in Duvalier s departure? Did they, for example, actively encourage him to leave? Official : I would not try to steer you away from that conclusion. Actually, the official could simply have replied: yes or no. Her actual response is extremely long winded and convoluted and it is obviously no accident, nor through any inability to speak clearly, that she has failed to observe the maxim of manner. She gives a confusing answer so that the interviewer gets difficulties in understanding the official s utterance. However, there is no reason to believe that the official is being deliberately unhelpful (she could have simply refused to answer at all, or said, No comment. Therefore, she fails to observe the maxim of Manner (Thomas, 1995: 71). J. Synopsis of the novel Uncle Tom s cabin is an anti-slavery movement novel and tells about slaves struggling for their freedom during 1850 s in U.S with the central character is Uncle Tom. This novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and was first published in 1852 and became one of the most widely read books in the world in the nineteenth. The major character in this novel, Uncle Tom (A slave who is religious in Christian) faces complicated life and it ruins his life as a slave.

39 27 The novel begins when Uncle Tom s master namely Mr. Shelby sells him to the trader. He also wants to sell Eliza (another name of his slave) and her baby because of financial problem. Eliza does not want it so that she decides to go to Canada to look for freedom and her husband namely George. Here the slave s struggle looking for freedom is started. Tom is brought by the trader to go to the south for slave auction. On the way to Mississippi, he meets a little girl namely Eva and she asks her father to buy him. The trader then sells Tom to St. Clare (Eva s father). Fortunately, St. Clare is a good man and he treats slave like human. He also promises freedom for Tom someday. Eva also likes Tom very much, but not for her mother (Marie). She hates nigger and treats slave like an animal. Uncle Tom s life is temporary fine when he lives with St. Clare s family. Meanwhile, Eliza and her baby meet very helpful senator on their escape namely Senator Bird. He and his wife rescue Eliza and her baby from the trader. Then, Senator Bird decides to take Eliza and Harry to the place where they will be safe for the night. It is the home of John Van Trompe, located in woods seven miles away. After lodging there, Eliza and Harry move next to a Quaker settlement, where they stay at the home of Simeon and Rachel Halliday. While there, they receive joyful news. George is also in the settlement so that Eliza and George are reunited. After enjoying good food, rest, and the company of the Quakers, they leave for Canada.

40 28 Tom s luck is now over. After two years he lives happily with St. Clare, things are getting worse. Little Eva is sick and dies. This terrible event is then followed by the death of St. Clare. Consequently, the legal work required to free Tom is never completed. In the settlement of St. Clare s estate, his wife sells Tom for $1,200 to an extremely cruel slave owner, Simon Legree, who runs a cotton plantation. He treats his blacks slave cruelly and uses slave women to satisfy his lust. There, Uncle Tom and two other women slave namely Casey and Emmeline are treated like animal. One day Casey and Emmeline decide to escape. Legree feels angry and then kills Tom because he thinks that Tom helps the two slaves run away. George Shelby, who has been looking for Tom, arrives and says he will take Tom back to Kentucky with him. But it is too late because Tom is already dead. He then buries Tom s body outside the boundary of the plantation. After George Shelby reaches Kentucky, he frees his slaves. The three women Emily (George Harris s daughter), Cassy, and Emmeline go to Canada, where they reunite with George and Eliza. Meanwhile, The Harrises, along with Cassy, later leave Canada for Africa where they establish a colony for the former slaves. K. Reviews of Other related Study The researcher includes some related studies based on Grice s maxims and Cooperative Principles. A previous research based on cooperative principles

41 29 was done by Tety Ratna Artanti (2006), in her thesis entitled An Analysis of the Flouting Maxims in Princess Diaries 2: ROYAL ENGAGEMENT film based on Grice s Cooperative Principle (A Pragmatics Study). This study uses Pragmatics approach based on Grice theory of implicature covering of cooperative principle and its maxims, namely maxim of quality, quantity, relevance, and manner. The result of the study shows that there are flouting maxims in Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement film. Grice s cooperative principle is not perfectly fulfilled by the characters in their dialog. The results also shows that based on the analysis of flouting maxim, there are 3 flouting maxims employed by the characters, namely flouting maxim of Quality, Quantity, and Manner. The first is that the most of flouted maxims in the data have low information content and high affective content. It shows that the characters tend to express the affective (the implicatures of their utterances) rather than the information of their utterances (what is actually said by the characters). The second, the researcher also finds overlapping incidences which there are two or more maxims flouted in one utterance. Another similar research was done by Anies Fortina Febriani (2008) entitled An Analysis of the flouting maxims in Les Miserables film based on the novel written by Victor Hugo (A Pragmatics Approach). This research

42 30 applies pragmatics as approach based on Grice s theory. It consists of Cooperative Principles and the flouting of maxims. In her research, she only focused on what and how question without explaining why the characters use flouting maxims in that film. The results of the data analysis show that the Grice s Cooperative principles are not perfectly observed by the characters in the film. There are four flouting maxims are employed by the characters in the dialogues, namely flouting maxim of Quality, Quantity, Relation and Manner. Those flouting maxims have their own implicatures related to the context of each dialogue which shows the reason why the character flouts a maxim.

43 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Type of the Study and Research Method In this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method. According to Surakhmad (1994: 147), descriptive research is a research method using technique of collecting, classifying the data, analyzing and interpreting them, and then drawing conclusion. Meanwhile, Moleong (2001: 6) states that in the descriptive method, the researcher merely collecting the data, analyzing them and drawing conclusions from the data analysis. A qualitative research is a type of research which does not include any calculation/enumeration (Moleong, 2001: 6). It is called qualitative because the data are produced in the form of words. Boghdon and Taylor in Moleong (2001) define qualitative method as a procedure of research produce descriptive data in the form of written or oral words from people or participants that can be observed. It can be concluded that descriptive qualitative method consists of techniques in collecting, classifying and analyzing the data in the form of sentence to draw the conclusions. 30

44 31 B. Data and Source of Data According to Subroto (1992: 7) Data is in the form of discourse, sentence, clause, phrase, word, or morpheme. While Arikunto (1992: 91) states that the source of data constitutes a subject from which all the data of a research are obtained. The data in this research are dialogues uttered by the characters which generate flouting maxims in Uncle Tom s Cabin novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The data are taken from this novel because Uncle Tom s cabin is one of his masterpieces which becomes the inspiration of anti-slavery movement in that era. Moreover, there were various kinds of flouting maxims occurred in the dialogues of this novel which can be the source of data for the research. C. Sample and Sampling Technique Sampling is a part of population that will be investigated (Arikunto, 1992: 117). Mantra and Kastro in Singarimbun (1989: 152) also define that population is all subject of the research, and that all sample is the representation of the population from which the researcher generalizes the result of the research. In presenting the population, the researcher collects the sample of data using specific sampling technique.

45 32 This research employs total sampling technique in collecting the data. The sample is taken from only one source that is a novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin. The researcher uses all of the dialogues which contain flouting maxims to be taken as the sample to represent the whole phenomenon in the Uncle Tom s Cabin novel. D. Technique of Collecting data The data of the research are collected by doing the following steps: 1. Copying the novel from ILC 2. Reading the novel for couple times. 3. Cross validating the data by transcribing the dialogues containing the flouting maxims from the novel into the form of dialogues list. 4. Identifying and coding the flouting maxims in the dialogues by giving numbers to each flouting maxims. E. Data Coding The researcher gives some codes in the data to make the analysis of each datum easier. The data is based on the number of datum and the speaker who flouts the maxim. The example of data coding in the research is:

46 33 Datum 01/GO/FCM/EFC/EF Datum 01 GO EL HL SA TM CHL SH BD MGO LU STC OP AD MA EV TO WO : the number of datum : George (the speaker who flouts the maxims) : Eliza : Haley : Sam : Tom : Aunt Chloe : Mr. Shelby : Mr. Bird : Master George : Lucy : St. Clare : Ophelia : Adolphe : Marie : Eva : Topsy : Woman Types of flouting maxim: FCM : Flouting class between maxim

47 34 FQT : Flouting maxim of quality FQTY : Flouting maxim of quantity FR : Flouting maxim of relevance FM : Flouting maxim of manner Kinds of implicature: CSO : Convincing someone EFC : Expressing feeling and condition SRF : Showing refusal CLF : Clarifying something LFC : Looking for certainty HFC : Hiding feeling and condition Reason: CS : Convincing someone AV : Avoiding agreement and politeness MR : Maintaining relationship EF : Expressing feeling and condition GC : Giving clear explanation MS : Maintaining self esteem AF : Asking for reconsideration

48 CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS A. Introduction This chapter consists of the data analysis of the research which is conducted based on the theory presented in Chapter II in order to answer the problem statements in Chapter I by using the research method in Chapter III. In this chapter, the data are analyzed to reveal the phenomenon of the flouting maxims employed in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin. It covers explanation of the kinds of flouting maxims employed by the characters in the novel entitled Uncle Tom s Cabin based on Grice Cooperative Principle. It also covers the description of how the characters employ Cooperative Principle and the reason why the characters employ the flouting maxims. In accomplishing the goal, the researcher arranges the analysis as follows: 1. Data Description It shows the dialogs between the participants containing the flouting maxims. It also describes the setting of place, time participant s background and the happening situation when the flouting maxim occurred. 35

49 36 2. Data interpretation It contains the description how the Cooperative Principle employed in the novel and the analysis of the kinds of flouting maxim employed by the characters. B. Analysis 1. Kinds of flouting maxims are employed by the characters in Uncle Tom s Cabin novel. 1.1 Flouting clash between maxims The flouting clash between maxims shows that the speaker does not only flout one maxim but he also flouts more than one maxim in a dialogue. There are five sub-categories of flouting clash between maxims based on overlapping of the maxim flouted. a) The flouting maxims of quality, quantity, and manner The flouting maxims of Quality, Quantity, and Manner shows that the participants blatantly give less information than it is required with something which is untrue and also difficult to be understood because it is unclear and long winded. There were two data found in this research.

50 37 Datum 1/GO/FCM/EFC/EF 1. Data description The dialogue is between Eliza and George. It occurs in the Mr. Shelby s house. At that time George visits Eliza while Mr. Shelby is outside the town. Eliza feels happy because George has spare time to visit her and their son. However, Eliza then realizes that there is something wrong with George. She asks George what makes him sad. Eliza George : Why are you so sad, George? See how happy I am and how fine your son looks. : I wish I d never seen him and I wish you d never met me. 2. Data Interpretation In the dialogue above, George has answered Eliza s question. His utterance I wish I d never seen him and I wish you d never met me, shows that his utterance is untrue since he does not really want not to meet Eliza and his son, Harry. He gives that answer to express his sad feeling through their condition as slaves. It is related to how bad slave s life in that moment. He just wishes it will be better if he does not meet his son and wife because he cannot stay with them as a real family. Therefore, it can be said that George has flouted the maxim of quality. Although George answers Eliza s question, he blatantly gives more information than the situation requires. He could simply answer Eliza s