CONVERSATION ANALYSIS OF TURN TAKING MECHANISM IN PIERS MORGAN TONIGHTTALK SHOW

Transcription

1 CONVERSATION ANALYSIS OF TURN TAKING MECHANISM IN PIERS MORGAN TONIGHTTALK SHOW NURYATUL ISMALIYAH NIM ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2015

2 CONVERSATION ANALYSIS OF TURN TAKING MECHANISM IN PIERS MORGAN TONIGHT TALK SHOW A Thesis Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree of Strata One NURYATUL ISMALIYAH NIM ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2015

3 ABSTRACT Nuryatul Ismaliyah, Conversation Analysis of Turn Taking Mechanism in Piers Morgan Tonigh Talk Show. Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, February The purpose of this research is to analyze the turn taking mechanism in Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show between Piers Morgan and Bruno Mars, which every conversation always occurs the turn and the taking to make conversation flows well. In this case, the aims of this research are: (1) to convey the turn taking mechanism used by Piers Morgan and Bruno Mars, (2) to convey the kinds of the turn taking mechanism mostly used by Piers Morgan and Bruno Mars. The method of this research use qualitative method. The research questions will be answered in analytical description. The collected turn taking mechanism is picked up randomly then classified based on the same kind. The turn taking mechanism is analyzed by using Jacob L Mey s theory to see the turn taking mechanism which mostly occurs in conversation between Piers Morgan Tonight and Bruno Mars. The result of this research shows that there are twenty one data collected from random sampling, those collected data resulted three kinds of turn taking mechanism. There are three kinds of turn taking mechanism: taking the floor, holding the floor and yielding the floor and all kinds found in that conversation. Keywords: Conversation Analysis, Turn Taking Mechanism, Jacob L Mey, Talk Show i

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6 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. Jakarta, Februari Nuryatul Ismaliyah iv

7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT بسم اهلل الر حمن االر حيم In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful, and the most Beneficent Praise is only for Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta ala, Lord of the world. First, I m deeply grateful to Him who gives me His blessing, guidance, health, ability, and opportunity to accomplish this thesis. Blessing and salutation be upon the most honorable prophet and messenger Muhammad Sholallaahu Alaihi Wasalam, his relatives and followers. This thesis could not be completed without a great deal of help from many people. Therefore, I would like to give my sincerest gratitude to my beloved parents, Abdul Hamid, A.Ma and Jamilah. Thanks for being the strength and the best supporter of her success. Thanks mom and dad, This is my special gift for you, which is also shape of my tears and sweats to make you proud of me. I m heartily thankful to my beloved sister Eka Haniyah, S.Pd.I, Nurseha and my brother Phulo who give motivation in process of finishing this thesis. May Allah bless and give the greatest award for them. I also want to give my gratitude to Mr. Hilmi Akmal, M.Hum and Mr. Drs. Saefudin M.Pd, as my advisors for their time, help, patience and motivation v

8 from the first to the final level of this research. Thanks for all the contribution that I need until the end of my study. May Allah always bless them and their families. I also would like to express my deepest gratitude to the following persons: 1. Prof. Dr. Syukron Kamil, MA. as the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta; 2. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Assistant of Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty. 3. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd. as the Head of English Letters Department; 4. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum. as the Secretary of English Letters Department; 5. All the lecturers of English Letters Department thanks for teaching precious knowledge and wonderful experience during the study; 6. All the staffs of Library Center of State Islamic University, American Corner Library, and Library Faculty of Adab and Humanities, and Library of Indonesia University; 7. Ade Lukmansyah who always accompany me to finish this research. Thank you so much; 8. SOBATSABIT (Iin, Angel, Maul, and Rima), Rahma, Kurnia Makki, Muthi, Asih. Nice to have you all, the wonderful girls. Thanks for support, prayer, and everything. Hopefully we can stick together even though will rarely meet later then; 9. ABNORMFAMILY and KKN BETA, Thanks for support, prayer and everything. vi

9 10. All people who have supported me during the finishing this research, Thanks a lot; May Allah bless you all gives His Kindness. I realize that my paper actually has not been perfect yet, there are many mistakes in its contents. Therefore, I would like to receive any comments, suggestion, or criticism. Finally, I hope this thesis will be guidance for the reader and those who are interested in it. Jakarta, Februari 2015 The Writer vii

10 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.... APPROVAL SHEET.. LEGALIZATION... DECLARATION.... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..... i ii iii iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS. THE LIST OF TABLE. viii x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 A. Background of Research.. 1 B. Focus of Research 5 C. Research Questions.. 6 D. Objective of the Research... 6 E. Significance of Research.. 7 F. Research Methodology The Method of Research Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analyis 8 3. Research Instrument Unit of Analysis.10 9 CHAPTER II THE THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION 11 A. Previous Research B. Concept Discourse Discourse Analysis Context.... viii

11 4. Pragmatics Conversation Analysis Turn Taking Procedure for Turn Allocation Turn Taking Mechanism. 21 CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS A. The Data Description..... B. The Data Analysis.. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.... A. Conclusions B. Suggestions BIBLIOGRAPHY.. 51 APPENDICES ix

12 LIST OF TABLE Table 1 : The Data of Types of Turn Taking Mechanism. 28 Table 2 : The Result of Simple Random Sampling 29 Table 3 : Transcript Conventions x

13 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study In daily life, human as a social creature needs a media to communicate each other. The media is called language. Without language, human cannot communicate and interact. Language is one of the important things in human life. Language is arbitrary sound symbol system used by humans for communication and interaction each other. 1 Not only verbal language, But also sign language and gesture are often used by human to communicate at certain moment. 2 Verbal language related to word, phrase, and sentence. Realization of verbal language is conversation. Conversation means a cooperative activity in the sense that it involves two or more parties. Each of whom must be allowed the opportunity to participate. 3 Conversation is a human way to build the social relationship. Through conversation, human can identify, recognize and know the characters each other. From the definition above, it can be concluded that conversation consists of two or more people who get and exchange information each other. One is called speaker and the other is called listener. A Speaker is a person who is speaking or 1 Harimurti Kridalaksana, 2005, Bahasa dan Linguistik in Kushartanti, Untung Yuwono and RMT Lauder (Ed), Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik, (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama) p George Yule, 2006, The Study of Language : Third Edition. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). p Ronald Wardaugh, 1986, An Introduction to Sosiolinguistics. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell) p

14 2 expressing the ideas and listener is person who listens what the speaker say and wait for the turn to speak. In conversation, the position of participants (speaker and listener) is not static. It means that they will alternate each other. Pay attention for the example of this conversation below: (1) A : Are you doing anything important right now? B : No, not really. A : Okay, then, can you do this letter for me? I need it in a hurry B : Yes, I can. 4 From the example (1), when A is the speaker, B is waiting for the turn. When B as the speaker, A as the listener and wait for the turn to speak. The changing or replacement position of speaker to listener and listener to speaker that occur in conversation above, it is called turn-taking. The basic unit of the conversation is the turn. Turn is a shift in the direction of the speaking flow which is characteristic of normal conversation. 5 Sack said, as quoted by Mey that A central feature (of conversation) is that exactly one person at least one and no more than one talks at a time. 6 Actually, the rules that conversation is found to obey, however, turn out to be more like the rules that people had devised for other social activities. But in the fact, participants do not always speak in their turn. Sometimes, one of them is still speaking and the other follow to speak without waiting the turn. So it causes overlapping in conversation (two or more 4 Ibid., p Jacob L Mey, 2001, Pragmatics: An Introduction. Second Edition. (Oxford : Blackwell Publishing) p Ibid.

15 3 participants talk in a time). In order to make conversation flows smoothly, the participants have to know the mechanism of turn taking itself. Ordinary conversation employs no such pre-allocation: the participants just normally take turn. 7 The mechanism of turn-taking relates to organization of conversation. Conversation has a good organization if turn-taking rules are obeyed. But in daily conversation, it does not always follow the rules so some analysts use conversation analysis to find out what occurs in conversation, how mechanism of turn-taking, overlapping, back chanelling, interruption etc that occur in conversation. Conversation cannot be avoided in daily activity of human life (conversation face to face or by phone). Conversation Analysis is a technique developed relatively recently for examining and exploring spoken language. 8 Conversation analysis is studied in pragmatics. Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which studies about language structure as a communication tool between listener and speaker. It also studies the use of language in human communication as determined by condition of society. 9 In pragmatics, there are many theories such as speech act, maxims, relevance and conversation implicature. All those theories might happen in conversation. As mentioned above that conversation is one of realization of verbal language (spoken language). People use spoken language to communicate directly but to communicate with others who are removed in time and space, or for those 7 Ronald Wardaugh, Op.Cit p Shirley Reay, 1998, Conversation Analysis in Alison Wray, Kate Trott and Aileen Bloomer. Project in Linguistics : A Practical Guide to Researching Language. (Bristol : Arnold Publisher). p.54 9 Jacob L. Mey, Op.Cit p.6

16 4 occasions on which a permanent or semi permanent record, people use written language. Verbal or spoken language can be transfered to be a text as a written language record. 10 All of people communicate in conversation everywhere, such as conversation between doctor and patients, conversation between teacher and students, conversation between host and guest in talk show and so on. Talk show is a television program where someone or a group of people come together to discuss about a particular topic in a relaxed but serious condition and guided by a host. 11 People who invited are the famous, experienced, and who experts in particular topic which is recently discussed. There are many talk shows on television programs. One of talk show is Piers Morgan Tonight on CNN. It is hosted by a British Tabloid Journalist and television personality Piers Morgan. Piers Morgan Tonight replaces the legendary Larry King Live. 12 Such another conversation, turn-taking also occurs in the conversation on the talk show. But, sometime the rules of conversation are not obeyed by participants. The mechanism of turn taking does not occur orderly. There are some violations in turn-taking rules such as interruption and overlapping. See the example below: (2) Piers Morgan : That s going to really eat away at Robe lowe. You re younger. [You re better looking] 10 David Nunan Introducing Discourse Analysis. (London: Penguin English) p Morissan, M.A Manajemen Media Penyiaran: Strategi Mengelola Radio & Televisi. (Jakarta : Kencana).p The Associated press accessed on 10 April 2014

17 5 Bruno Mars : [That s my goal life] From the conversation above, Robe Lowe is a guest in the previous session in Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show. Piers Morgan makes a joke about Robe Lowe and Bruno Mars. He said that Bruno Mars will defeat Robe Lowe because Bruno Mars younger than Robe Lowe. And about the turn taking mechanism is not orderly because when Morgan has not given a floor yet to take a turn, Mars direct speak without waiting Morgan finishes his word, so it is caused overlapping between them. The symbol of overlapping is [word]. 13 This research focuses on conversation analysis of turn taking mechanism in Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show on January 6, 2012 and Bruno Mars as a guest by analyzing discourse in the transcript of Piers Morgan Tonight s Talk Show. The Analysis of Turn Taking Mechanism consists of yielding the floor, taking a floor (starting up, interruption, overlapping), holding the floor, TRP and back channeling. 14 This research Explains the reasons and the kinds of Turn Taking Mechanism are mostly used in conversation and tells the reasons of the turn-taking that occur in conversation. Piers Morgan Tonight is chosen because language is used in it is natural language such as informal language. B. Focus of the Study Based on the background of the study, in order to get a specific explanation and avoid the large explanation, this research is limited on analyzing of turn- 13 Michael A. Forrester How to Do Conversation Analysis : a brief guide. (University of kent) p Jacob L Mey, Op.Cit p.139

18 6 taking mechanism which consists of taking the floor ( starting up, interruption, overlapping) holding the floor, yielding the floor, TRP and back channeling. And explaining the reasons of turn taking which occur in conversation by analyzing discourse in transcription on Piers Morgan Tonight episode January 6, 2012 by using conversation analysis according to Jacob L.Mey. C. Research Question According to explanation above, this research tries to find the answer of research question below: 1. What kinds of turn-taking mostly used in conversation on Piers Morgan Tonight episode January 6, 2012? 2. How does the mechanism of turn-taking occur in conversation on Piers Morgan Tonight episode January 6, 2012? D. Objective of Study Based on the research question above, so the aims of this research are:. 1) To identify the kinds of Turn-Taking Mechanism which includes Taking the Floor, Holding the Floor and Yielding the Floor on Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show Episode January 6, ) To analyze Turn-Taking Mechanism which includes Taking the Floor, Holding the Floor and Yielding the Floor on Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show Episode January 6, 2012.

19 7 E. Significance of the Study 1. Theoretical The researcher expects that this thesis gives some advantages for the reader and next researcher. it can become an additional references or knowledge for reader in understanding of conversation analysis. 2. Practical The thesis can be expected that the researcher can get more knowledge about Conversation Analysis (CA) especially turn taking. Furthermore, it will be useful to improve knowledge of English Letters Departement s Student who are interested in Linguistics. F. Research Methodology 1. The Method of Research This research uses qualitative method in conversation analysis on Piers Morgan Tonight talk show. According to Bogdan and Biklen (1982), as quoted by Subroto, qualitative method is a research method, which is used in a problem that is not designed using procedural statistics. 15 This method is descriptive, meaning that the researcher makes a note on the data from words, sentences, discourse, pictures or photos and video. This method is used to find out how the mechanism of turn taking, the reasons and the kinds of turn taking mostly occur. 15 D. Edi Subroto Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural. (Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press).p. 5

20 8 2. The Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis To collect data, this research uses bibliography technique. Biblioghraphy technique means using written sources to get data. Written sources are chosen which describe synchronic language used. 16 The synchronic is a study which formulates indications of language which is produced by speaker at the certain time (past or present). 17 Technique of data collecting follows some steps: a. Download the video of Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show at b. Download the dialogue transcription of Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show at c. Read the whole dialogue transcription and watch the video of Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show d. Give a transcription symbol on dialogue such as the symbol [word] is using when overlapping occurs. e. Compile the dialogues into data card. So the data card contains number of data, the clasification of mechanisme of turn taking that occured in conversation and the dialogue text. On this object was found 42 corpus data. The details are shown in this table. p Ibid. p Roekhan and Martutik Kebahasaan I (Linguistik Umum). (Malang: YA3 Malang).

21 9 Processes of data analysis are: analyze data which are collected before and classify data based on types of turn taking with using data card. After collecting data, data is put in data card and choose some of data finding and analyze one by one the mechanism of turn taking that occured on Piers Morgan Tonight talk show by using conversation analysis according to Jacob L.Mey. f. After the data have been collected, the next step is processing the data. In this point, the amount of samples will be specified. The data will be chosen and use random sampling technique to specify the samples. There are are four techniques in random sampling, such as: simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling and cluster sampling. 18 And the most suitable for this research is simple random sampling technique and using raffle method with some steps: 1) Each component of populations is arranged into list and numbered. 2) Each of numbered lists of population s member is written on the papers. 3) The papers are rolled up and inserted in the box. 18 Hermawan Wasito, 1992, Pengantar Metodologi Penelitian, (Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka Utama), p.54-58

22 10 4) After shake the box, the rolls of paper are taken in accordance with the amounts of wanted sample. 19 5) Classifying the data. As stated by Jacob L.Mey, the mechanism of turn taking is divided into three types: (1) Taking the floor includes starting up, interruption, and overlapping, (2) Holding the floor and (3) Yielding the floor. 3. The Instruments of Research The instrument of this research is data card. Data card is a card which is used to put relevant data with data sources at the end of line. 20 After collecting data, data is put in data card and choose some of data findings and analyze one by one the conversations that occured on Piers Morgan Tonight talk show by using conversation analysis according to Jacob L.Mey. 4. Unit of Analysis As a unit of Analysis, this research uses transcript as a primary object and video of Piers Morgan Tonight Talk Show episode January 6, 2012 as a secondary object. 19 Ibid. 20 D. Edi Subroto. Op.Cit. p. 43

23 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION A. Previous Research There are some previous researches which related to this research. The first is the research about discourse conversation analysis on TV one s debates by Amir Mustofa (2010) from Sebelas Maret University Surakarta on the title Analisis Wacana Percakapan Debat Tv One. The results of Amir Mustofa s research are: the speech event TV One debate has the characteristics of turn taking, finding 8 adjancy pairs in the object of his research, and occurring divergence in conversation such as interruption and overlaps. 1 The differences between this research and Amir Mustofa s research are on the theory, corpus and objects which were analyzed. The second is the research about Conversation Analysis on The Kingdom s movie script by Lia Lestari Mulya Diana from Widyatama University Bandung entitled Analisis Percakapan pada Naskah Film The Kingdom (Kajian Pragmatik) (2008). The results of Lia Lestari s research are the conversation of The Kingdom s movie script is uncommon has a low complexity level and also there are quite numbers of violation over maxim of conversation especially of maxim of relation. 2 In her research described the kinds of adjancy pairs and find weather there are any violations over maxim of conversation in it. The difference 1 Amir Mustofa, 2010, Analisis Wacana Percakapan Debat TV One, Unpublished Thesis. (Surakarta : Sebelas Maret University ). 2 Lia Lestari Mulya Diana, 2008, Analisis Percakapan pada Naskah Film The Kingdom, Unpublished Thesis (Bandung : Widyatama University). 11

24 12 between this research and Lia Lestari s research is the theory, corpus and focused of the research. The third is a thesis from Universitas Indonesia s Student, Maria Margaretha Tika Larasati Guritno. Her thesis entitled Analisis Percakapan Tiga Sahabat Wanita Bilingual di Jakarta (2008). The purpose of her research is to investigate the way in which they develop and maintain verbal interactions between each other by studying their conversational characteristics including the use more than one language, code switching and sequential organization which appears in the conversation. 3 The differences between this research and Maria s research is on combining code mixing and sequential organization. This research focused on turn taking mechanism and there is no combining as Maria did. The fourth is the research about conversation analysis with object in tv talk show, by the title Conversation of Overlaps in Talk show, Conversation with Michael Eisner (2008) by Martha Yoriza Handayani from Andalas University Padang. 4 The differences of the research is Martha s research focuses on only overlaps in conversation and using theory according to Levinson, Jefferson, Sack et al and Yule. In another case, this research differs from Martha s research. This research focuses on turn taking mechanism and analysis is deeper than Martha s one. 3 Maria Margaretha Tika Larasati Guritno, 2008, Analisis Percakapan Tiga Sahabat Wanita Bilingual di Jakarta, Unpublished Thesis (Depok : Indonesia University). 4 Martha Yoriza Handayani, 2008, Conversation Analysis of Overlaps in Talk show Conversation with Michael Eisner, Unpublished Thesis (Padang : Andalas University).

25 13 B. Concept. 1. The Definition of Discourse The Discourse has many various definition according to some linguists. There are some differences and there are also some similarities among them. Here are the definition of discourse according to some linguists: Discourse can be defined as a stretch of language consisting of several sentences which are perceived as being related in some ways. 5 In another case, discourses are ways with words, deeds and interactions, thoughts and feeling, object and tools, time and place that allow us to enact and recognize different socially situated identities. 6 According to Renkema in his book Introduction to Discourse Studies, discourse is discipline to the investigation of the relationship between form and function in verbal communication. 7 From all definition above, it can be concluded that discourse is the biggest unit of language with coherence and cohesion which has continuity on written or spoken. It not only analyzes form and meaning, but also analyzes form and function in communication and language as a media to communicate in daily activity. Discourse and pragmatics have much in common. They are: firstly, as mentioned above, is context. Both pragmatics and discourse analyze the 5 David Nunan, 1993, Introducing Discourse Analysis. (London: Pinguin English).p.5 6 James Paul Gee, 2005, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method, Second Edition. (London : Rotledge)p.35 7 Jan Renkema, 2004, Introduction to Discourse Studies. ( Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company). p.1

26 14 meaning of word in context that can be explained by knowledge of the physical and social world, and the socio-psychological factors influencing communication. 8 Secondly, pragmatics and discourse have in common that they both look at discourse or the use of language and text, or pieces of spoken or written discourse concentrate on how stretches of language become meaningful and unified for their users. 9 And the last, pragmatics and discourse have in common the fact that they are both concern with function: the speakers short term purposes in speaking, long term goals in interacting verbally. 10 So, pragmatics and discourse have some in common and have relation each other. 2. The Definition of Discourse Analysis As mentioned above about definition of discourse. This part will explain about definition of discourse analysis ( Henceforth is called DA) according to some linguists. According to Nunan, DA involves the study of language in use. 11 It means that the analysis of discourse involves the analysis of language in use, compared with an analysis of the structural properties of language divorced from their communicative functions. 12 And Nunan also said that Discourse Analysts study these text-forming devices. However, they do so with reference to the purposes and functions for which the discourse was produced, as well as the context within which the discourse was created. Their ultimate 8 Joan Cutting Pragmatics and Discourse. (london: Routledge) p.2 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid. 11 David Nunan. Op.Cit. p.7 12 Ibid.

27 15 aim is to show how the linguistic elements enable language users to communicate in context. 13 Schiffrin explains that there is a discourse marker in DA study. Discourse marker like expressions well, oh, but and y know. They are one set of linguistic item that functions in cognitive, expressive, social, textual domain. 14 And also discourse markers are one type commentary pragmatic marker: they are a class of expressions, each of which signals how the speaker intend the basic message that follows to relate to the prior discourse. 15 So, in discourse neither spoken discourse or written discourse is needed pragmatics markers to relate the message of the speakers to previous discourse and so on. 3. Context Context is an important thing in pragmatics because to figure the ambiguities in spoken or written language. Context is dynamic not a static concept. 16 It means that all of event need context, as Chomsky gave an example, as quoted by Mey The presence of food in the mouth while speaking may be part of some context, yet it is not a linguistic factor, and may be not even pragmatic one. 17 The context is more than reference. Context is action, it is about understanding what things are for; it is also what gives our utterances their true pragmatic meaning and allows them to be counted as a true 13 Ibid. 14 Deborah Schiffrin, 2001, Discourse Markers: Language, Meaning and Context in Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen and Heidi E.Hamilton (Ed). The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. (Malden : Blackwell Publisher) p Ibid. 16 Jacob L Mey Op.Cit.p Ibid., p.40

28 16 pragmatics acts. 18 And according to Kridalaksana in kamus linguistik context is physical environment aspects which related to certain statement or knowledge which is had between speaker and listener so that listener understands what speaker means. 19 So, context is vitally important not only in assigning the proper values to reference and implicature, but also in dealing with other pragmatic issues. 4. The Definition of Pragmatics According to Yule, pragmatics is the study of what speaker means or invisible meaning, or how we organize what is meant even when it is not actually said or written. 20 Mey said that pragmatics studies the use of the way humans use their language in communication, bases itself on a study of those premises and determines how they effect and effectualize, human language use. 21 So, pragmatics is a study which relate to meaning such as semantics but pragmatics relate to context. If the word bank is used in a sentence together with words like steep or overgrown, it has no problem deciding which type of bank is meant. People know from this linguistic context which type of bank is intended. That is called the context. 22 According to Mey, Pragmatics includes 18 Ibid. 19 Harimukti Kridalaksana, 2008, Kamus Linguistik Edisi ke-empat, (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama), p Geoge Yule, 2006, The study of Language. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press).p Jacob L Mey, Op.Cit. p.6 22 George Yule, Loc.Cit.

29 17 Speech act, conversational implicature, Politeness, and conversation Analysis The definition of Conversation Analysis Conversation Analysis (Henceforth called CA) is an approach which is used for analysis of spoken interaction. CA is a minimalist approach, which allows only so much hypothesizing as is strictly required to explain the phenomena at hand. 24 On the other hand, Reay said that CA is a technique developed relatively recently for examining and exploring spoken language. 25 In other word, CA is fairly approach to analysing spoken language which is possible to find common observable rules and procedures by which participants organize and manage their conversation behavior such as who gets to speak next, when and how they get to speak. And a set of basic features which constitute the machinery of conversation such as turn-taking, interruption and simple overlapping talk. Mey has noted in the framework of CA, the various mechanisms determining people s use of the language in an extended, open conversational settings are explored: who holds the right to speak (called Turn ), what kind of rules are there for taking, yielding or holding the floor, what makes a particular point in the conversation particularly appropriate for a turn (one speaker 23 Jacob L Mey. Op.Cit. p Ibid 25 Shirley Reay Conversation Analysis in Alion Wray, Kate Trott, Aileen Bloomer. Projects in Linguistics : Practical Guide to Researching Language.(Great Britain : J W Arrowsmith Ltd) p.54

30 18 relinquishing the floor, another taking it) and so on. 26 Another definition of CA is stated by Cutting that CA is a studying the way what speakers say, dictates the type of answer expected and that speakers take turns when they interact. 27 And according to Hutchby and Woffitt, CA is defined as study of talk where it is interpreted as the systematic analysis of talk produced in every day situation of human interaction. 28 So, CA is the way how speakers say as a systematic analysis of talk produced in daily interaction. 6. The definition of Turn-Taking In conversation, there are two people or more communicate each other. Only one of them speaks in one time. So that, to make conversation flows well, the participants of conversation have to know when they speak and when they listen. In this case, linguist always called by Turn. Turn is a shift in the direction of the speaking flow which is characteristic of normal conversation. As Sack, quoted by Mey said that a central feature of conversation is that exactly one person (at least one and no more than one) talks at a time. 29 According to Yule, Turn is having the control of conversation or floor and attempt to get the turn is called turn-taking. Turns occur normally at certain well-defined junctures in conversation such points are called Transition Relevant Place (TRPs). TRPs can be exploited by the 26 Jacob L Mey. Op.Cit p Joan Cutting Pragmatics and Discourse. (London: Routledge) p Ian Hutchby and Robin Woffitt Conversation Analysis: Principles, Practices and Applications. (Malden: Blackwell) p Ibid. p.139

31 19 speaker holding the floor. Floor is defined as the right to speak. 30 In the case of floor, it is made an analogy of conversation with the market economy which has a valuable commodity. A valuable commodity in conversation is the floor. So the people who have a floor, they have a control of conversation. The natural breaks occurring in every conversation, it is called Transition Relevant Place (TRPs) as mentioned above. A speaker has to pause for breath, or runs out of things to say or simply declares his or her contribution to be finished: all those points in the conversation are places where a natural transition, a relay of the right to speak to the next speakers may occur. 31 On the other hand, there are the formal rules of next speaker selection (turn allocation) that regulate the turn taking. 7. Procedure for turn Allocation The turn allocation procedures for conversation are distributed into two groups: First, the current speaker selects the next speakers. Second, the next speakers are self-selected. 32 So, the initial transition relevant place of a turn, the following options are relevant: 1) If the current speaker has identified, or selected, a particular next speaker, that the next speaker should take a turn at that place. For example : 30 George Yule, 1996, Pragmatics. (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p Jacob L Mey. Op.Cit p Robin Woffitt, 2005, Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis : A Comparative and Critical Introduction ( London : SAGE Publication). p.27

32 20 (3) Piers Morgan : Bruno Mars, welcome. Bruno Mars : Good to be here. In this case, Piers Morgan uses person s name to identify the appropriate the next speaker. 2) If no such selection has been made, then any next speaker may (but need not) self-selection occur, then first speaker has the right to the turn. For example : (4) A : John s lost on our scale, about fourteen pounds. B : Oh [ no] C : [twelve ponds I think, wasn t it?] In the example (4), A s announcement is not directed to a specific recipient, and thus two people select themselves as the next speaker at the transition relevant place at the end of Pounds. 3) If no next speaker has been selected, then alternatively the current speaker may, but need not, continue talking with another turn constructional unit, unless another speaker has self-selected, in which case that speaker gains the right to the turn. For example : (5) Ava : He, He and Joe were like on the outs, you know? [So uh,]

33 21 Bee : [They always are.] In the example (5), after Ava s observation, no next speaker has selfselected up to nearly a second into the onset of transition relevance place. Then Ava attempts to continue her turn. At the same time that Bee selfselects. Ava abandons her turn. 4) Whichever option has operated, then rules 1-3 come into play again for the next transition relevance place. 33 The discussion of the principles above reflects that it is designed to account the smooth turn transition which can be found in conversation. In other words, turn taking consists of a set of rules which enacted through the use of signals. Those signals indicate to take, to hold or yield the turn at talk. 8. The Turn Taking Mechanisms The turn taking system involves three basic strategies: taking the floor, holding the floor, and yielding the floor. 34 a. Taking the floor When conversation occurs, it means that the participants have initiative to begin speak or bring the topic to be discussed in the conversation. Of course, it must be cooperative among participants as speaker and listener. So, it makes conversation flows well. The 33 Ibid. p Jacob L.Mey. Op.Cit. p. 134

34 22 response from the listener to give comment or to answer the current speaker s question are called taking the floor which has been done by the listener. In the other word, taking the floor is when the participants take a turn to speak. Kinds of taking the floor : a. Starting up means that the beginning of conversation. It can be done by hesitent star and clean start. For example : (6). PM : I switch to the rather more glamorous Avalon Club in Hollywood. I found somebody even more glamorous than Rob Lowe. And that is Bruno Mars. Bruno, welcome BM : (.) Good to be here. In the example (6), Piers Morgan is as a first speaker who takes the floor with clear start. Piers Morgan is a nice host because in the beginning of conversation with his guest, he made a praise so the guest felt proud and happy to be in that event. Piers Morgan gave the turn to Bruno Mars with greeting such as welcome. And Bruno Mars answered with hesitent start, it is signified with pause or silent (.) for a moment before answering because Bruno Mars seems nervous when he spoke in TV talkshow. In this case, the beginning of conversation above is simple one of talk show category. Piers Morgan just gave a praise and asking by saying Bruno Welcome followed by smile and good mannered.

35 23 b. Taking over means take a turn to speak. Can be done by using conjunction. c. Interruption means when speaker do not want to wait until the TRP. next speaker cannot be sure that the current speaker s turn is complete, but they usually take the end of a sentence to indicate that the turn is possibly complete. 35 It can be said that take a turn to speak while the current speaker haven t finished his speaking yet. The next speaker think the current speaker s talk is enough. For example : (7). Bruno Mars : I definitely don't plead guilty to being a heartthrob. I don't think my friends will ever let me say that I'm a // Piers Morgan : // Some mornings you look in the mirror. Bruno Mars : And I say, yeah, you are the most beautiful man I've ever seen. But that's just me, Piers. In the example (7), strategy which is used by Piers Morgan to take the floor is Interruption which is signed by //. Bruno Mars told about facing the heartthrob, Bruno Mars didn t finish the speaking then Piers Morgan directly took the turn before Bruno 35 Joan Cutting. Op.Cit. p.29

36 24 Mars takes on TRP. When Bruno Mars said That I m a... it means that Bruno Mars is still thinking to continue the speaking but Piers Morgan takes the floor without waiting TRP s. Interruption was done by Piers Morgan when Bruno Mars was speaking and looking for the words to say. Because of interruption, Bruno Mars can t take on the TRP then the words are missing. But after PM speaks, BM continues the speaking and it makes the conversation is still informative. d. Overlaps means that the participants talk in a time together. For example: (8) Piers Morgan : That s going to really eat away at Rob Lowe. You re younger. [you re better looking] Bruno Mars : [That s my goal in life]. Eat your heart out, Mr. Lowe. (LAUGHTER) In the example (8), Piers Morgan accolades Bruno Mars as a starting to open the nice topic and also as a reception to a guest star. Bruno Mars receives the reception with a great answer and makes a joking. Before Piers Morgan takes on TRP, Bruno Mars also speaks and then both of them speak in a time togrther and it is called by Overlapping ([]). It means that as a appreciation for a great reception which is given by a host.

37 25 b. Holding the floor Holding the floor means to carry on talking. The participant who hold the floor has right to bring conversation as well as he/she wants. Pay attention for the example below : (9).Piers Morgan Bruno Mars : Was that a dream of yours to do that? : Absolutely. She had been taking care of me for quite some time. It's time for her to sit back and relax. Piers Morgan Bruno Mars : How did she react when you did that? : She said, it's not big enough. Get me out of it. (LAUGHTER) (.) Bruno Mars : She was in tears. It was a very special moment for me. So- Piers Morgan : The thing I like about your story is it hasn't all just been easy. A lot of entertainers your age, it all goes crazy very young, it carries on and burns out. In the example (9), Piers Morgan starts the conversation with asking question about BM s dream for his mother. Bruno Mars wanted to give his mother the happiness and enjoyed the time, just sit and relax because he knew that his mother always took care of him until now. Bruno Mars answered without hesitant and his face looked having a big anthusiasm.

38 26 And continuing with asking question about reactions of Bruno Mars mother when Bruno Mars dream comes true. Bruno Mars answered after TRP s and both of them laugh, making a pause (.) for a moment and then Bruno Mars took the turn again or it is called holding the floor. Keep the turn before Piers Morgan take the turn to speak. Bruno Mars felt his speaking don t enough so he continues his speaking although in the end of his speaking are taken by interruption by Piers Morgan. As far as this conversation flows well. c. Yielding the floor Yielding the floor means give a turn to the next speaker. To yield someone the turn can use a question and a statement. For example : (10). Piers Morgan : If I could take away the money or the women, which would you rather keep? Bruno Mars : Definitely the women, Piers. What kind of question is that? What is this, a setup? Piers Morgan : It's a good answer. In the example (10), Piers Morgan gave the floor by asking question with fall intonation in the end of the sentence. He asked about Bruno Mars life, woman or money would be chosen when both of it were a choice. Bruno Mars answered that he would choose his woman. Bruno Mars made a joke with asking what kind of question is that?, he felt that

39 27 Piers Morgan just wanted to make him shy and confused. And Bruno Mars knew his turn to speak. Bruno Mars answered clearly without hesitant because no pause before he answers, and he gave a turn by statement with rise intonation in the end. It is not a question, it is just a rhetorical question which need not the answer.

40 CHAPTER III THE RESEARCH FINDINGS A. The Data Description In this chapter, the compiled data and the selected one will be analyzed. This research is using qualitative case study and for the data collecting is using bibliography technique. Bibliography technique uses written sources to get the data. Data have been collected and identified by some steps which is mentioned in the previous chapter. Then, Compiled in the table as below. Table I: The Types of Turn Taking Mechanism of Piers Morgan Tonight. NO Types of Turn Taking Mechanism Total 1 Taking the Floor a). Starting up 2 b). Interruption 10 c). Overlapping 8 2 Holding the Floor 4 3 Yielding the Floor 18 TOTAL 42 From 42 data collected, 21 data have been elected by using simple random sampling technique and then, 21 will analyze. Data elected are: Data card 40, 5, 28, 17, 22, 20, 37, 33, 41, 9, 18, 36, 8, 11, 31, 25, 2, 39, 13, 38, dan 1. As Compiled on the table. 28

41 29 Table II : The Result of Simple Random Sampling on Research Data. NO Types of Turn Taking Mechanism Total 1 Taking the Floor a). Starting up 1 b). Interruption 6 c). Overlapping 7 2 Holding the Floor 2 3 Yielding the Floor 5 TOTAL 21 B. The Data Analysis In this chapter, this research uses the data from the conversation between host and guest in the talk show. First, observing the context which supported the analysis. Second, identifying the mechanisme of turn taking in the dialogue of talk show. Third, giving the symbol on sentences or words that contain mechanismof turn taking in conversation. Table III : Transcription Conventions Trancription Conventions Trancription Element or Marked rise (or fall) in intonation // Interruptions Meaning [ ] Overlaps, cases of simultaneous speech (.) Small pauses = When there is nearly no gap at all between one utterance and another ::: indicates the length of stretching (Sources : Michael A. Forrester, Department of Psychology: University of Kent (2002))

42 30 (Participants code) PM : Piers Morgan BM : Bruno Mars 1. Taking the floor a. Starting up Datum Number 1 PM : I switch to the rather more glamorous Avalon Club in Hollywood. I found somebody even more glamorous than Rob Lowe. And that is Bruno Mars. Bruno, welcome BM : (.) Good to be here. In this data, PM is as a first speaker who takes the floor with clear start. PM is a nice host because in the beginning of conversation with his guest, he made a praise so the guest felt proud and happy to be in that event. PM gave the turn to BM with greeting such as welcome. And BM answered with hesitent start, it is signified with pause or silent (.) for a moment before answering because BM seems nervous when he spoke in TV talkshow. In this case, the beginning of conversation above is simple one of talk show category. PM just gave a praise and asking by saying Bruno Welcome followed by smile and well mannered.

43 31 b. Interruption Datum Number 8 PM : The thing I like about your story is it hasn't all just been easy. A lot of entertainers your age, it all goes crazy very young, it carries on and burns out. In your case, you had this big wakeup call. You were 18 years old. You come to Hollywood. Motown signs you up. And you thought, whoa emm // BM PM BM : //This is it. : I have arrived. : Yes. In this data, BM doesn t wait TRP and then interruption occurs. The conversation above told about BM s life and the carrier. PM admired and felt proud of BM carrier because it had been easy, a lot of entertainers in his age, it all went crazy very young. When BM was 18 years old, he had come to hollywood and motown sign. PM was still speaking, BM took a turn by Interruption. He took a turn without waiting TRP s of PM so missing text of PM. PM was still looking for the words to continue with signed by pause at the moment and saying whoa emm. It means that PM still thinks to continue speak but directly BM speak without waiting TRP from PM. Interruption causes of participant (BM) feel that information is enough.

44 32 Datum Number 9 BM : It was taking a step back. I used to be able to walk into a room and say, hey, I'm Bruno Mars, I'm signed with Motown Records. Now I have to say I got dropped from Motown Records. You lose leverage. You lose people believing in you because, then, why didn't it work? Emmm// PM : //How did you get told the news? In this data, BM told about story of his career. BM had been signed with Motown records but he have to be patient and strong when Motown Records dropped him and told to everyone what happened with him. In the end of his sentences, he showed a question but it doesn t need to be answered. When BM was still thinking to continue with saying emmmm, PM took a turn by interruption because PM thought that BM s speaking was enough and informative so he doesn t need more information. PM took a turn by interruption and yield a turn again with asking question in the end of the sentences. Taking the floor was done by PM without waiting the TRP and Interruption occured. When BM is still looking for the word to continue, PM directly speaks without waiting the TRP so that some words are missing. It is because of PM thinks that information that BM conveys clearly. Datum Number 22

45 33 BM : I think it was the Milton Berle show. I believe. I think it was the Milton Berle show. I don't if it was Ed Sullivan. But he sang "Hound Dog." He had girls in the palm of his hand. He said, you know what, watch this. You could tell that it was like an improve thing, because the band kind of didn't know what to do. I don't know if that was live TV or not. But as he started, he got -- he milked it for everything it was worth. I remember being a kid watching that and saying, I want that. I want girls to scream like that. PM BM : Now they do, Bruno. It s emm// : //That's right. Rob Lowe, you hear that? In this data, BM told history about his dream when he was kid. He wanted to be like other super star, people screamed his name like a super star. PM takes a turn with waiting TRP from BM and when PM is still speaking, BM take a turn by doing interruption signed by (//) when PM still thinks to continues the sentences with saying it s mmm... It means PM still wants to continue the speaking but BM directly takes the turn because BM feels what was spoken by PM are enough. In this case Interruption (//) occured when one of the participants feel enough information then he doesn t wait the TRP. Datum Number 28 BM : I definitely don't plead guilty to being a heartthrob. I don't think my friends will ever let me say that I'm a //

46 34 PM : // Some mornings you look in the mirror. BM : And I say, yeah, you are the most beautiful man I've ever seen. But that's just me, Piers. In this data, strategy which is used by PM to take the floor is Interruption which is signed by //. BM told about facing the heartthrob, BM didn t finish the speaking then PM directly took the turn before BM takes on TRP. When BM said That I m a... it means that BM is still thinking to continue the speaking but PM takes the floor without waiting TRP s. Interruption was done by PM when BM was speaking and looking for the words to say. Because of interruption, BM can t take on the TRP then the words are missing. But after PM speaks, BM continues the speaking and it makes the conversation is still informative. Datum Number 39 PM : You've been involved with songs about desperately wanting to be a billionaire. BM : That's the beauty about "Billionaire." If you listen to the lyrics, it, it's really not about -- it is. We touch on it a little bit. Why I wrote that -- I wrote "Billionaire" when I was flat broke. I just helped write a song for Flo Rider. It was the number one song in the world, biggest downloads ever. It was the number one song for I don't know how many