Novel Blind Recognition Algorithm of Frame Synchronization Words Based on Soft- Decision in Digital Communication Systems
|
|
- Lee Norris
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Novel Blind Recognition Algorithm of Frame Synchronization Words Based on Soft- Decision in Digital Commnication Systems Jiangyi Qin*, Zhiping Hang, Chnw Li, Shaojing S, Jing Zho College of Mechatronic Engineering and Atomation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha , Hnan Province, P.R. China * qjyacmilan@163.com Abstract OPEN ACCESS Citation: Qin J, Hang Z, Li C, S S, Zho J (2015) Novel Blind Recognition Algorithm of Frame Synchronization Words Based on Soft-Decision in Digital Commnication Systems. PLoS ONE 10(7): e doi: /jornal.pone A novel blind recognition algorithm of frame synchronization words is proposed to recognize the frame synchronization words parameters in digital commnication systems. In this paper, a blind recognition method of frame synchronization words based on the hard-decision is dedced in detail. And the standards of parameter recognition are given. Comparing with the blind recognition based on the hard-decision, tilizing the soft-decision can improve the accracy of blind recognition. Therefore, combining with the characteristics of Qadratre Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) signal, an improved blind recognition algorithm based on the soft-decision is proposed. Meanwhile, the improved algorithm can be extended to other signal modlation forms. Then, the complete blind recognition steps of the hard-decision algorithm and the soft-decision algorithm are given in detail. Finally, the simlation reslts show that both the hard-decision algorithm and the soft-decision algorithm can recognize the parameters of frame synchronization words blindly. What s more, the improved algorithm can enhance the accracy of blind recognition obviosly. Editor: Zhaohong Deng, Jiangnan University, CHINA Received: March 6, 2015 Accepted: Jne 10, 2015 Pblished: Jly 8, 2015 Copyright: 2015 Qin et al. This is an open access article distribted nder the terms of the Creative Commons Attribtion License, which permits nrestricted se, distribtion, and reprodction in any medim, provided the original athor and sorce are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper. Fnding: The athors received no specific fnding for this work. Competing Interests: The athors have declared that no competing interests exist. Introdction In the digital commnication system, frame synchronization is the fondation for the followp signal processing, sch as forward error correction (FEC) and information access. Frame synchronization words can mark the place for mapping receiving binary stream and eliminating redndant information. However, the frame synchronization words parameters are different across the varios commnication systems. In backgrond of the non-cooperation commnication system, the blind recognition of frame synchronization words is necessary for obtaining the information contained in the nknown binary signal [1 4]. In this paper, a novel blind recognition algorithm of frame synchronization words is proposed. The algorithm exploits the soft-decision to enhance the accracy of blind recognition. Comparing with conventional hard-decision, soft-decision tilizes the confidence level of each receiving data to recognize parameters [5 9]. The QPSK signal is sed to verify the blind recognition algorithm and the simlations reslts show that soft-decision is better than the hard-decision. PLOS ONE DOI: /jornal.pone Jly 8, /8
2 Fig 1. Conventional frame form. doi: /jornal.pone g001 The rest of paper is organized as follow. In section 2, the basic frame synchronization words blind recognition method is described in detail. In section 3, the improved blind recognition algorithm of frame synchronization words is shown. In section 4, simlations reslt is shown to verify the algorithms performance. Finally, section 5 concldes this paper. Materials and Methods Signal is transmitted in the form of frames. The frame alignment is sed to realize the synchronization on the receiver and transmitter. The conventional frame form is shown in Fig 1. Each frame has two parts, one is synchronization words (SW), and the other is payload (P). On the transmitter, the payload is divided into grops. The length of each grop is L and the length of synchronization words is M. A payload grop and a synchronization words constitte a frame. On the receiver, the synchronization words are periodic emergence. However, the payload data is different between each frame. Therefore, the receiver can detect the place of synchronization words in the data stream to find the start point of each frame. Then, the receiver can obtain payload data from the data stream for other signal processing. Frame synchronization words blind recognition In backgrond of the non-cooperation commnication, the frame length (L), synchronization words form and synchronization words length (M) are nknown. In order to obtain the payload data for other signal processing, these parameters shold be recognized firstly [10]. According to frame synchronization words characteristic, the frame length can be recognized by detecting the periodic fragment in the data stream and confirming the period. Then, the frame synchronization words form and its length can be recognized by analyzing the periodic fragment. A l matrix X and a data stream vector Y are shown in Fig 2. Y means the receiving binary stream. Pt the data of Y into X sccessively. When the colmn nmber of X is eqal to the frame length, some colmns data are eqal and the other colmns data are random. The former are synchronization colmns and the latter are non-synchronization colmns. When the colmn Fig 2. The mapping relation between matrix X and vector Y. doi: /jornal.pone g002 PLOS ONE DOI: /jornal.pone Jly 8, /8
3 nmber of X is not eqal to the frame length, each colmns data are random. The synchronization colmns will not appear. Therefore, calclate the sm of each colmn and se the sm to represent the nmber of 1. If the nmber of 1 in a colmn is closed to 0 or, this colmn can be recognized as the frame synchronization words colmn. Based on above methods, traverse the L vale. Then, the frame length and frame synchronization words can be recognized. In order to distingish the non-synchronization colmns and synchronization colmns, reasonable thresholds shold be designed [11 12]. And the colmn nmber of X is important to improve falt-tolerant ability and redce calclation. The colmns can be expressed as follow. X j ¼ðx 1;j ; x 2;j ;...; x ;j ; Þ T ð1 j lþ ð1þ When the colmn is non-synchronization colmn, each data in it is random. Therefore, the probability of 0 and the probability of 1 are eqal to 0.5 approximately. Z j is the sm of the j colmn. Therefore, Z j obeys the binomial distribtion and its mathematical expectation and variance can be expressed as follow. ( EðZ j Þ¼P r ¼ 1Þ ¼=2 ð2þ DðZ j Þ¼P r ¼ 1ÞP r ¼ 0Þ ¼=4 When it is synchronization colmn and there is no bit error in the colmn, every data in the colmn is 0, or everyone is 1. Sppose the channel conversion probability is τ and channel noise is existed. The bit flipping probability can be expressed as follow. ( P r ¼ sþ ¼1 t ; ð1 i ; 1 j lþ P r ¼ 1 sþ ¼t ð3þ Where s (s = 1 or 0) is transmission bit. In this case, Z j means the sm of j colmn. Z j obeys the binomial distribtion and its mathematical expectation and variance can be expressed as follow. ( EðZ Þ¼P ðx j r i;j ¼ 1Þ ¼ðt 2st þ sþ DðZ jþ¼p r ¼ 1ÞP r ¼ 0Þ ¼tð1 tþ ð4þ In order to balance the false alarm probability and false dismissal probability, according to the six times standard deviation principle, the average of non-synchronization and synchronization colmns six times standard deviation bondary vale is sed as the decision threshold. The decision threshold decides which colmn is synchronization colmn and which is not. And, there are two kinds of synchronization colmn. One is made p of 0 and the other is made p of 1. Therefore, there shold be two kinds of threshold, and they can be expressed as follow. 8 >< d p ¼ >: d down ¼ 2 þ rffiffiffi h p þ ð1 tþ 6 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i tð1 tþ 4 2 rffiffiffi h p þ t 6 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i tð1 tþ 4 When the vale of Z j is between the δ p and δ down, the j colmn is decided to be non-synchronization colmn. Otherwise, it wold be decided to be synchronization colmn. According 2 ð5þ PLOS ONE DOI: /jornal.pone Jly 8, /8
4 to (5), another relation can be dedced as follow. 8 rffiffiffi 2 þ 6 h p < ð1 tþ 6 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i >< tð1 tþ 4 rffiffiffi 2 6 h p < t 6 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i >: tð1 tþ 4 Therefore, the shold be confirmed with the relation as follow. h > 36 1 þ 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffii tð1 tþ ð1 2tÞ 2 ð6þ ð7þ However, the τ is nknown in the blind recognition and the Z j probability distribtion is not dependent on τ. Therefore, δ p and δ down can be expressed as follow. 8 d p ¼ rffiffiffi 2 þ 6 ¼ ð þ 6 p >< ffiffiffi Þ d down ¼ rffiffiffi 2 6 ¼ 1 ð 6 ffiffiffi ð8þ p >: Þ 4 2 In order to ensre the validity of decision, the difference of δ p and δ down shold be small. d p d down < yð0 < y < 1Þ ð9þ Then, according to (8), can be expressed as follow. > 36 = y 2 ð10þ When θ is eqal to 0.5, the shold be larger than 144. The improve blind recognition algorithm In section 2, a basic frame synchronization words blind recognition method is proposed. The method is based on the hard-decision. In this section, an improved blind recognition algorithm based on the soft-decision will be proposed. QPSK signal will be sed to describe the improved algorithm. Sppose the QPSK signal transmitted throgh the Additive White Gassian Noise (AWGN) channel and the transmitted signal is random. The QPSK signal constellation diagrams on the transmitter and the receiver are shown in Fig 3. There are for types of transmission signals on the transmitter. They are s 1 =1+i, s 2 = 1+i, s 3 = 1 i and s 4 =1 i. The transmission signals in AWGN channel have been distorted. Therefore, these signals cannot be sed directly on the receiver. The constellation diagrams on the transmitter and receiver are shown in Fig 3. The data near the real axis and the imaginary axis will lead to misjdgment. Therefore, in each colmn of X, a certain nmber of nreliable receiving data shold be deleted. The confidence level of each receiving data can be expressed as follow. g j ¼ max fjr j s i jg i¼1;2;3;4 The data with a greater degree of confidence level will be reserved and the data with a lower degree of confidence level may be deleted. The complete steps of the improved blind recognition algorithm are shown as follow. ð11þ PLOS ONE DOI: /jornal.pone Jly 8, /8
5 Fig 3. (A) The constellation diagrams at the transmitter (B) The constellation diagrams at the receiver. doi: /jornal.pone g Set the frame length searching scope (l min and l max ), initialize l as l min. Calclate, δ p and δ down. 2. Pt the receiving data into the l matrix X. 3. Calclate the confidence level of each receiving data. The receiving data in the bottom fifth of confidence level will be deleted. The reserved data constitte the ' l matrix X'. The 'is eqal to b0.8 c. 4. Calclate the sm of each colmn in the, pt the reslt into the row vector U l and the vector length is l. 5. Search elements which are greater than δ p or less than δ down in U l. Record the sm of these elements as Q l, calclate the V l = Q l / l. 6. If l < l max, l = l + 1 and go to (2), otherwise, go to (7). 7. The vector V can be expressed as ½V l min ; V l min þ1;...; V l Š, record the maximm vale of V max as V max. 8. Search the elements which are larger than (2 / 3) V max, and the minimm sbscript of these elements will be the estimation of frame length, record as L^. 9. Make l eqal to L^, pt the reserved data into X' again and calclate the sm of each colmn in the matrix, pt the reslt into U^L. 10. Select the data which are greater than δ p or less than δ down from U^L. The data with consective sbscript will be the recognition of frame synchronization words. If the data is greater than δ p, the corresponding position bit of frame synchronization words is "1". Otherwise, it is "0". And the nmber of consective sbscript is the length of frame synchronization words. PLOS ONE DOI: /jornal.pone Jly 8, /8
6 Fig 4. The vale of Z ' when l 6¼ L. doi: /jornal.pone g004 Reslts and Discssion In this section, simlations are sed to verify the validity of the frame synchronization words blind recognition algorithms proposed in section 2 and section 3. Then a comparison will be made to test the performance between the algorithm based on hard-decision and the one based on soft-decision. The simlations se the QPSK signal commnication system and transmission channel is AWGN channel. Meanwhile, the assmptions proposed in section 2 and section 3 are tre. In Fig 5. (A) The vale of Z ' (B) The partial zoom of Z '. doi: /jornal.pone g005 PLOS ONE DOI: /jornal.pone Jly 8, /8
7 Fig 6. The reslt of frame length recognition. doi: /jornal.pone g006 the simlations, the length of frame is 1024 signs, the frame synchronization words is 0xF628 and the is 150. The vale of l min is 970 signs and the vale of l max is 1070 signs. The Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) is 3dB, and the constellation diagrams on the transmitter and on the receiver are shown in Fig 3. To simplify calclation, the normalizing parameter Z ' j, δ ' p and δ ' dowm are sed to replace the Z j, δ p and δ down. According to the steps proposed in section 3, the simlation reslts of blind recognition algorithms based on soft-decision are shown in Fig 4 and Fig 5. The red lines in Fig 4 and Fig 5 mean the δ ' p and the δ ' dowm. The vale of δ ' p and the δ ' dowm can be calclated according to (8). When the l = 1023, there isn't any Z ' j greater than δ ' p or smaller than δ ' down in Fig 4. Therefore, the frame synchronization words cannot be recognized. When the l = 1024, there are several Z ' j greater than δ ' p or smaller than δ ' down in Fig 5. These colmns can be sed to recognize the frame synchronization words. The partial zoom Fig 7. (A) Hard-decision reslt of 32 bits frame synchronization words (B) Soft-decision reslt of 32 bits frame synchronization words (C) Harddecision reslt of 16 bits frame synchronization words (D) Soft-decision reslt of 16 bits frame synchronization words. doi: /jornal.pone g007 PLOS ONE DOI: /jornal.pone Jly 8, /8
8 figre is shown in Fig 5. From the partial zoom figre, the frame synchronization words can be recognized easily. To recognize the frame length, l shold be traversed from the l min to l max, the search reslts are shown in Fig 6. In Fig 6, only when l is eqal to 1024, there are several the Z ' j meet the reqirement. Therefore, according to the simlation reslts, the frame synchronization words are recognized as 0xF628 and the recognition reslt is correct. To compare the performance between the hard-decision and the soft-decision, the compare simlation reslts are shown in Fig 7. In the simlations, different AWGN is adding to the channel and recognize the frame synchronization words with different lengths. The 0xF628 and 0xF628F628 are sed respectively as the frame synchronization words in these simlations. Throgh 1000 simlations, the misjdgment rates of blind recognition are shown in Fig 7. The simlations crves mean that the soft-decision reslts are better than the hard-decision reslts. And the length of frame synchronization words will impact the misjdgment rate. Conclsions In this paper, a novel blind recognition algorithm of frame synchronization words is proposed. Comparing with the algorithm based on hard-decision, the one based on soft-decision is developed to improve the recognition performance. QPSK signal is sed to test the performance of these algorithms. The simlation reslts mean that these algorithms can recognize frame synchronization words and soft-decision is better than hard-decision. What is more, these algorithms can be sed in other signal modlation forms. Athor Contribtions Conceived and designed the experiments: JQ. Performed the experiments: CL. Analyzed the data: ZH. Contribted reagents/materials/analysis tools: JZ. Wrote the paper: SS. References 1. Cassaro T.M., Georghiades C.N., Frame synchronization for systems over AWGN channels, IEEE Trans. Commn. 52 (3) (2004) Massey J.L., Optimm frame synchronization, IEEE Trans. Commn. 20 (2) (1972) Li G.L., Tan H.H., Frame synchronization for Gassian channels, IEEE Trans. Commn. 35 (8) (1987) Mostofa M., Howlader K., Frame synchronization of convoltionally coded systems for packet transmission, IEEE Commn. Lett. 5 (7) (2001) S. Hocke, G. Sicot, Blind frame synchronization for block code, in: Porc. EUSIPCO2006, Florence, Italy, Imad R., Hocke S., Jego C., Blind frame synchronization for error correcting codes having a sparse parity check matrix, IEEE Trans. Commn. 57 (6) (2009) R. Imad, S. Hocke, C. Jego, Blind frame synchronization of prodct codes based on the adaptation of the parity check matrix, in: Proc. ICC2009, Dresden, Germany, R. Imad, C. Polliat, S. Hocke, Blind frame synchronization of Reed-Solomon codes: non-binary vs. binary approach, in: Proc. SPAWC2010, Marrakech, USA, Jing Zho, Zhiping Hang, Shaojing S, Blind frame synchronization of Reed-Solomon coded optical transmission systems, Optik 124 (2013) Clzea M., Finiasz M., Recognition of a Code s Length and Synchronization from a Noisy Intercepted Bitstream, Proc. ISIT2009, Seol, Korea, Imad R., Hocke S. Theoretical Analysis of a MAP Based Blind Frame Synchronizer, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commn., (11): Qi Y., Wang B., Rong M., Li T, Comments on Theoretical Analysis of a MAP Based Blind Frame Synchronizer. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commn., (10): PLOS ONE DOI: /jornal.pone Jly 8, /8
A Parallel Multilevel-Huffman Decompression Scheme for IP Cores with Multiple Scan Chains
A Parallel Mltilevel-Hffman Decompression Scheme for IP Cores with Mltiple Scan Chains X Kavosianos, E Kalligeros 2 and D Nikolos 2 Compter Science Dept, University of Ioannina, 45 Ioannina, Greece 2 Compter
More informationFrame Synchronization in Digital Communication Systems
Quest Journals Journal of Software Engineering and Simulation Volume 3 ~ Issue 6 (2017) pp: 06-11 ISSN(Online) :2321-3795 ISSN (Print):2321-3809 www.questjournals.org Research Paper Frame Synchronization
More informationAdaptive decoding of convolutional codes
Adv. Radio Sci., 5, 29 214, 27 www.adv-radio-sci.net/5/29/27/ Author(s) 27. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Advances in Radio Science Adaptive decoding of convolutional codes K.
More informationOptimum Frame Synchronization for Preamble-less Packet Transmission of Turbo Codes
! Optimum Frame Synchronization for Preamble-less Packet Transmission of Turbo Codes Jian Sun and Matthew C. Valenti Wireless Communications Research Laboratory Lane Dept. of Comp. Sci. & Elect. Eng. West
More informationDetection and demodulation of non-cooperative burst signal Feng Yue 1, Wu Guangzhi 1, Tao Min 1
International Conference on Applied Science and Engineering Innovation (ASEI 2015) Detection and demodulation of non-cooperative burst signal Feng Yue 1, Wu Guangzhi 1, Tao Min 1 1 China Satellite Maritime
More informationIEEE Broadband Wireless Access Working Group <http://ieee802.org/16>
2004-01-13 IEEE C802.16-03/87r1 Project Title Date Submitted Source(s) Re: Abstract Purpose Notice Release Patent Policy and Procedures IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group
More informationMontgomery Modular Exponentiation on Reconfigurable Hardware æ
Montgomery Modlar Exponentiation on Reconfigrable Hardware æ Thomas Blm Worcester Polytechnic Institte ECE Department Worcester, MA 0609-2280, USA tblm@ece.wpi.ed Christof Paar christof@ece.wpi.ed Abstract
More informationDecoder Assisted Channel Estimation and Frame Synchronization
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange University of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects University of Tennessee Honors Program Spring 5-2001 Decoder Assisted Channel
More informationVadim V. Romanuke * (Professor, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland)
Electrical, Control and Commnication Engineering ISSN 2255-959 (online) ISSN 2255-940 (print) 20, vol. 4, no., pp. 5 57 doi: 0.247/ecce-20-0006 https://www.degryter.com/view/j/ecce An Attempt of Finding
More informationSpeech Recognition Combining MFCCs and Image Features
Speech Recognition Combining MFCCs and Image Featres S. Karlos from Department of Mathematics N. Fazakis from Department of Electrical and Compter Engineering K. Karanikola from Department of Mathematics
More informationIEEE Broadband Wireless Access Working Group <
2004-03-14 IEEE C802.16-04/31r1 Project Title IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group BPSK Modulation for IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN TM OFDM Date Submitted Source(s) 2004-03-14
More informationTechnical report on validation of error models for n.
Technical report on validation of error models for 802.11n. Rohan Patidar, Sumit Roy, Thomas R. Henderson Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle Abstract This technical
More informationTERRESTRIAL broadcasting of digital television (DTV)
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL 51, NO 1, MARCH 2005 133 Fast Initialization of Equalizers for VSB-Based DTV Transceivers in Multipath Channel Jong-Moon Kim and Yong-Hwan Lee Abstract This paper
More informationImplementation of a turbo codes test bed in the Simulink environment
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Informatics - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences 2005 Implementation of a turbo codes test bed in the Simulink environment
More informationError Resilience for Compressed Sensing with Multiple-Channel Transmission
Journal of Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing c 2015 ISSN 2073-4212 Ubiquitous International Volume 6, Number 5, September 2015 Error Resilience for Compressed Sensing with Multiple-Channel
More informationAnalog Signal Input. ! Note: B.1 Analog Connections. Programming for Analog Channels
B Analog Signal Inpt B.1 Analog Connections Refer to the diagram (page B-10) showing the VAN analog boards for connection of analog inpts. Be sre yo follow the indicated positive and negative polarity
More informationFPGA Implementation of Convolutional Encoder And Hard Decision Viterbi Decoder
FPGA Implementation of Convolutional Encoder And Hard Decision Viterbi Decoder JTulasi, TVenkata Lakshmi & MKamaraju Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gudlavalleru Engineering College,
More informationOn the Complexity-Performance Trade-off in Code-Aided Frame Synchronization
On the Complexity-Performance Trade-off in Code-Aided Frame Synchronization Daniel Jakubisin and R. Michael Buehrer Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG), Wireless@VT, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,
More informationAN UNEQUAL ERROR PROTECTION SCHEME FOR MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT SYSTEMS. M. Farooq Sabir, Robert W. Heath and Alan C. Bovik
AN UNEQUAL ERROR PROTECTION SCHEME FOR MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT SYSTEMS M. Farooq Sabir, Robert W. Heath and Alan C. Bovik Dept. of Electrical and Comp. Engg., The University of Texas at Austin,
More informationInvestigation of the Effectiveness of Turbo Code in Wireless System over Rician Channel
International Journal of Networks and Communications 2015, 5(3): 46-53 DOI: 10.5923/j.ijnc.20150503.02 Investigation of the Effectiveness of Turbo Code in Wireless System over Rician Channel Zachaeus K.
More informationREDUCED-COMPLEXITY DECODING FOR CONCATENATED CODES BASED ON RECTANGULAR PARITY-CHECK CODES AND TURBO CODES
REDUCED-COMPLEXITY DECODING FOR CONCATENATED CODES BASED ON RECTANGULAR PARITY-CHECK CODES AND TURBO CODES John M. Shea and Tan F. Wong University of Florida Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
More informationA Novel Video Compression Method Based on Underdetermined Blind Source Separation
A Novel Video Compression Method Based on Underdetermined Blind Source Separation Jing Liu, Fei Qiao, Qi Wei and Huazhong Yang Abstract If a piece of picture could contain a sequence of video frames, it
More informationModeling and Optimization of a Systematic Lossy Error Protection System based on H.264/AVC Redundant Slices
Modeling and Optimization of a Systematic Lossy Error Protection System based on H.264/AVC Redundant Slices Shantanu Rane, Pierpaolo Baccichet and Bernd Girod Information Systems Laboratory, Department
More informationSkip Length and Inter-Starvation Distance as a Combined Metric to Assess the Quality of Transmitted Video
Skip Length and Inter-Starvation Distance as a Combined Metric to Assess the Quality of Transmitted Video Mohamed Hassan, Taha Landolsi, Husameldin Mukhtar, and Tamer Shanableh College of Engineering American
More informationA Real-time Framework for Video Time and Pitch Scale Modification
Dblin Institte of Technology ARROW@DIT Conference papers Adio Research Grop 2008-06-01 A Real-time Framework for Video Time and Pitch Scale Modification Ivan Damnjanovic Qeen Mary University London Dan
More informationc:: Frequency response characteristics for sinusoidal movement in the fovea and periphery* ==> 0.' SOO O.S 2.0
Freqency response characteristics for sinsoidal movement in the fovea and periphery* C. WILLIAM TYLER and JEAN TORRES Northeastern University, Boston, Massachsetts 211 Threshold sensitivity was measred
More informationNUMEROUS elaborate attempts have been made in the
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1998 1555 Error Protection for Progressive Image Transmission Over Memoryless and Fading Channels P. Greg Sherwood and Kenneth Zeger, Senior
More informationKeysight E4729A SystemVue Consulting Services
Keysight E4729A SystemVue Consulting Services DOCSIS 3.1 Baseband Verification Library SystemVue Algorithm Reference Library for Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS 3.1), Intended
More informationChapter 4 (Part I) The Processor. Baback Izadi Division of Engineering Programs
EGC442 Introdction to Compter Architectre Chapter 4 (Part I) The Processor Baback Izadi Division of Engineering Programs bai@engr.newpaltz.ed Introdction CPU performance factors Instrction cont Determined
More informationAn Implementation of a Forward Error Correction Technique using Convolution Encoding with Viterbi Decoding
An Implementation of a Forward Error Correction Technique using Convolution Encoding with Viterbi Decoding Himmat Lal Kumawat, Sandhya Sharma Abstract This paper, as the name suggests, shows the working
More informationRESEARCH OF FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION TECHNOLOGY BASED ON PERFECT PUNCTURED BINARY SEQUENCE PAIRS
Research Rev. Adv. Mater. of frame Sci. synchronization 33 (2013) 261-265 technology based on perfect punctured binary sequence pairs 261 RESEARCH OF FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION TECHNOLOGY BASED ON PERFECT PUNCTURED
More informationBASE-LINE WANDER & LINE CODING
BASE-LINE WANDER & LINE CODING PREPARATION... 28 what is base-line wander?... 28 to do before the lab... 29 what we will do... 29 EXPERIMENT... 30 overview... 30 observing base-line wander... 30 waveform
More informationR&S FSW-K76/-K77 3GPP TD-SCDMA BS/UE Measurement Applications Specifications
R&S FSW-K76/-K77 3GPP TD-SCDMA BS/UE Measurement Applications Specifications Test & Measurement Data Sheet 01.00 CONTENTS Definitions... 3 Specifications... 4 Frequency... 4 Level... 4 Signal acquisition...
More informationAdaptive bilateral filtering of image signals using local phase characteristics
Signal Processing 88 (2008) 1615 1619 Fast communication Adaptive bilateral filtering of image signals using local phase characteristics Alexander Wong University of Waterloo, Canada Received 15 October
More informationError Performance Analysis of a Concatenated Coding Scheme with 64/256-QAM Trellis Coded Modulation for the North American Cable Modem Standard
Error Performance Analysis of a Concatenated Coding Scheme with 64/256-QAM Trellis Coded Modulation for the North American Cable Modem Standard Dojun Rhee and Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza LSI Logic Corporation
More informationEasy Estimation of Spectral Purity of Test Signals for ADC Testing. David Slepička
Sep. -4, 008, lorence, Italy Easy Estimation of Spectral Prity of Test Signals for ADC Testing David Slepička Czech Technical University in Prage, aclty of Electrical Engineering, Dept. of Measrement Technická,
More informationOpen Research Online The Open University s repository of research publications and other research outputs
Open Research Online The Open University s repository of research publications and other research outputs Impact of nonlinear power amplifier on link adaptation algorithm of OFDM systems Conference or
More informationNews from Rohde&Schwarz Number 195 (2008/I)
BROADCASTING TV analyzers 45120-2 48 R&S ETL TV Analyzer The all-purpose instrument for all major digital and analog TV standards Transmitter production, installation, and service require measuring equipment
More informationSDR Implementation of Convolutional Encoder and Viterbi Decoder
SDR Implementation of Convolutional Encoder and Viterbi Decoder Dr. Rajesh Khanna 1, Abhishek Aggarwal 2 Professor, Dept. of ECED, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India 1
More informationFig 1. Flow Chart for the Encoder
MATLAB Simulation of the DVB-S Channel Coding and Decoding Tejas S. Chavan, V. S. Jadhav MAEER S Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Kothrud, Pune, India Department of Electronics & Telecommunication,Pune
More informationImplications and Optimization of Coverage and Payload for ATSC 3.0
Implications and Optimization of Coverage and Payload for ATSC 3.0 Featuring GatesAir s April 23, 2017 NAB Show 2017 Steven Rossiter TV Systems Applications Engineer Copyright 2017 GatesAir, Inc. All rights
More informationG.709 FEC testing Guaranteeing correct FEC behavior
Technical Note G.709 FEC testing Guaranteeing correct FEC behavior Capabilities and Benefits Techniques in Detail Example The ONT-503/506/5 optical network tester from JDSU which delivers in-depth analysis
More informationLatest Trends in Worldwide Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting and Application to the Next Generation Broadcast Television Physical Layer
Latest Trends in Worldwide Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting and Application to the Next Generation Broadcast Television Physical Layer Lachlan Michael, Makiko Kan, Nabil Muhammad, Hosein Asjadi, and Luke
More informationPart 2.4 Turbo codes. p. 1. ELEC 7073 Digital Communications III, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
Part 2.4 Turbo codes p. 1 Overview of Turbo Codes The Turbo code concept was first introduced by C. Berrou in 1993. The name was derived from an iterative decoding algorithm used to decode these codes
More informationInvestigation of a Correlation Based Technique for Rapid Phase Synchronization in the DVB-S Standard
Investigation of a Correlation Based Technique for Rapid Phase Synchronization in the DVB-S Standard Francis T. Nguyen Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
More informationFRAME ERROR RATE EVALUATION OF A C-ARQ PROTOCOL WITH MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD FRAME COMBINING
FRAME ERROR RATE EVALUATION OF A C-ARQ PROTOCOL WITH MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD FRAME COMBINING Julián David Morillo Pozo and Jorge García Vidal Computer Architecture Department (DAC), Technical University of
More informationAdvanced Techniques for Spurious Measurements with R&S FSW-K50 White Paper
Advanced Techniques for Spurious Measurements with R&S FSW-K50 White Paper Products: ı ı R&S FSW R&S FSW-K50 Spurious emission search with spectrum analyzers is one of the most demanding measurements in
More informationOn the design of turbo codes with convolutional interleavers
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2005 On the design of turbo codes with convolutional interleavers
More informationBER MEASUREMENT IN THE NOISY CHANNEL
BER MEASUREMENT IN THE NOISY CHANNEL PREPARATION... 2 overview... 2 the basic system... 3 a more detailed description... 4 theoretical predictions... 5 EXPERIMENT... 6 the ERROR COUNTING UTILITIES module...
More information1. Basic safety information 4 2. Proper use 4
307304 EN Astro Time Switch SELEKTA 170 top3 1700130 SELEKTA 174 top3 1740130 1. Basic safety information 4 2. Proper se 4 Disposal 4 3. Installation and connection 5 Time switch installation 5 Connecting
More informationConcise Papers. Comprehensive Citation Index for Research Networks 1 INTRODUCTION 2 COMPREHENSIVE CITATION INDEX
274 IEEE TRASACTIOS O KOWLEDGE AD DATA EGIEERIG, VOL. 23, O. 8, AUGUST 20 Concise Papers Comprehensive Citation Index for Research etworks Henry H. Bi, Jianrui Wang, and Dennis K.J. Lin Abstract The existing
More informationExperimental Study on Two-Phase Flow Instability in System Including Downcomers
Jornal of Nclear Science and Technology SSN: 0022-3131 (Print) 1881-1248 (Online) Jornal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnst Experimental Stdy on Two-Phase Flow nstability in System nclding
More informationLBC 347x/00 Horn and Driver Loudspeaker Range
Conications Systems LBC 347x/ Horn and Driver Lodspeaker Range LBC 347x/ Horn and Driver Lodspeaker Range High efficiency drivers Excellent speech reprodction Easy assembly Water- and dst protected to
More informationAnalysis of Packet Loss for Compressed Video: Does Burst-Length Matter?
Analysis of Packet Loss for Compressed Video: Does Burst-Length Matter? Yi J. Liang 1, John G. Apostolopoulos, Bernd Girod 1 Mobile and Media Systems Laboratory HP Laboratories Palo Alto HPL-22-331 November
More informationETSI TS V1.1.1 ( )
TS 102 210 V1.1.1 (2003-11) Technical Specification Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); HIPERMAN; System profiles 2 TS 102 210 V1.1.1 (2003-11) Reference DTS/BRAN-0040005 Keywords access, broadband,
More informationAC103/AT103 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS JUN 2015
Q.2 a. Draw and explain the V-I characteristics (forward and reverse biasing) of a pn junction. (8) Please refer Page No 14-17 I.J.Nagrath Electronic Devices and Circuits 5th Edition. b. Draw and explain
More informationDVB-T2 modulator design supporting multiple PLP and auxiliary streams
> BMSB-2010 - mm2010-86 < 1 DVB-T2 modulator design supporting multiple PLP and auxiliary streams Correia S., Vélez M., Prieto G., Eizmendi I., Berjon-Eriz G., Fernández C., Ordiales J.L. Abstract This
More information[Dharani*, 4.(8): August, 2015] ISSN: (I2OR), Publication Impact Factor: 3.785
IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION OF ADDRESS GENERATOR FOR WiMAX DEINTERLEAVER ON FPGA T. Dharani*, C.Manikanta * M. Tech scholar in VLSI System
More informationDesign Project: Designing a Viterbi Decoder (PART I)
Digital Integrated Circuits A Design Perspective 2/e Jan M. Rabaey, Anantha Chandrakasan, Borivoje Nikolić Chapters 6 and 11 Design Project: Designing a Viterbi Decoder (PART I) 1. Designing a Viterbi
More informationA NOTE ON FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION SEQUENCES
A NOTE ON FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION SEQUENCES Thokozani Shongwe 1, Victor N. Papilaya 2 1 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park,
More informationRobust 3-D Video System Based on Modified Prediction Coding and Adaptive Selection Mode Error Concealment Algorithm
International Journal of Signal Processing Systems Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2014 Robust 3-D Video System Based on Modified Prediction Coding and Adaptive Selection Mode Error Concealment Algorithm Walid
More informationUniversity of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research. Peer reviewed version. Link to published version (if available): /ISCAS.2005.
Wang, D., Canagarajah, CN., & Bull, DR. (2005). S frame design for multiple description video coding. In IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) Kobe, Japan (Vol. 3, pp. 19 - ). Institute
More informationBER Performance Comparison of HOVA and SOVA in AWGN Channel
BER Performance Comparison of HOVA and SOVA in AWGN Channel D.G. Talasadar 1, S. V. Viraktamath 2, G. V. Attimarad 3, G. A. Radder 4 SDM College of Engineering and Technology, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
More informationRobust Transmission of H.264/AVC Video using 64-QAM and unequal error protection
Robust Transmission of H.264/AVC Video using 64-QAM and unequal error protection Ahmed B. Abdurrhman 1, Michael E. Woodward 1 and Vasileios Theodorakopoulos 2 1 School of Informatics, Department of Computing,
More informationSystematic Lossy Error Protection of Video based on H.264/AVC Redundant Slices
Systematic Lossy Error Protection of based on H.264/AVC Redundant Slices Shantanu Rane and Bernd Girod Information Systems Laboratory Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. {srane,bgirod}@stanford.edu
More informationApplication of Symbol Avoidance in Reed-Solomon Codes to Improve their Synchronization
Application of Symbol Avoidance in Reed-Solomon Codes to Improve their Synchronization Thokozani Shongwe Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box
More informationRobust Transmission of H.264/AVC Video Using 64-QAM and Unequal Error Protection
Robust Transmission of H.264/AVC Video Using 64-QAM and Unequal Error Protection Ahmed B. Abdurrhman, Michael E. Woodward, and Vasileios Theodorakopoulos School of Informatics, Department of Computing,
More informationField Communication FXA 675 Rackbus RS-485 Interface monorack II RS-485
Technical Information TI 221F/00/en Field Commnication RS-485 Interface monorack II RS-485 For distribted control of Commtec transmitters and field transmitters with RS-485 interface 19" Racksyst plg-in
More informationLTE-A Base Station Performance Tests According to TS Rel. 12 Application Note
LTE-A Base Station Performance Tests According to TS 36.141 Rel. 12 Application Note Products: ı R&S SMW200A ı R&S SGS100A ı R&S SGT100A 3GPP TS36.141 defines conformance tests for E- UTRA base stations
More informationMPEG-4 Audio Synchronization
MPEG-4 Audio Synchronization Masayuki Nishiguchi, Shusuke Takahashi, Akira Inoue Oct 22, 2014 Sony Corporation Agenda Use case Synchronization Scheme Extraction tool (Normative) Similarity Calculation
More informationHigh Speed Optical Networking: Task 3 FEC Coding, Channel Models, and Evaluations
1 Sponsored High Speed Optical Networking: Task 3 FEC Coding, Channel Models, and Evaluations Joel M. Morris, PhD Communications and Signal Processing Laboratory (CSPL) UMBC/CSEE Department 1000 Hilltop
More informationWyner-Ziv Coding of Motion Video
Wyner-Ziv Coding of Motion Video Anne Aaron, Rui Zhang, and Bernd Girod Information Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 {amaaron, rui, bgirod}@stanford.edu
More informationE-Vision Laser 4K Series High Brightness Digital Video Projector
E-Vision Laser 4K Series High Brightness Digital Video Projector 4INSTALLATION AND QUICK-START GUIDE 4CONNECTION GUIDE 4OPERATING GUIDE 4REFERENCE GUIDE 118-157A Abot This Docment Follow the instrctions
More informationHELMUT T. ZWAHLEN AND UMA DEVI VEL
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1456 125 Conspicity in Terms of Peripheral Visal Detection and Recognition of Florescent Color Targets Verss N onflorescent Color Targets Against Different Backgronds in
More informationHYBRID CONCATENATED CONVOLUTIONAL CODES FOR DEEP SPACE MISSION
HYBRID CONCATENATED CONVOLUTIONAL CODES FOR DEEP SPACE MISSION Presented by Dr.DEEPAK MISHRA OSPD/ODCG/SNPA Objective :To find out suitable channel codec for future deep space mission. Outline: Interleaver
More informationCode-aided Frame Synchronization
DLR.de Chart 1 Code-aided Frame Synchronization MCM 2015 Munich Workshop on Coding and Modulation 30 & 31 July 2015 Stephan Pfletschinger (joint work with Monica Navarro and Pau Closas) Institute for Communication
More informationPhysical Layer Built-in Security Enhancement of DS-CDMA Systems Using Secure Block Interleaving
Physical Layer Built-in Security Enhancement of DS-CDMA Systems Using Secure Block Qi Ling, Tongtong Li and Jian Ren Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing,
More informationReducing tilt errors in moiré linear encoders using phase-modulated grating
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS VOLUME 71, NUMBER 6 JUNE 2000 Reducing tilt errors in moiré linear encoders using phase-modulated grating Ju-Ho Song Multimedia Division, LG Electronics, #379, Kasoo-dong,
More informationVHDL IMPLEMENTATION OF TURBO ENCODER AND DECODER USING LOG-MAP BASED ITERATIVE DECODING
VHDL IMPLEMENTATION OF TURBO ENCODER AND DECODER USING LOG-MAP BASED ITERATIVE DECODING Rajesh Akula, Assoc. Prof., Department of ECE, TKR College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad. akula_ap@yahoo.co.in
More informationA Model for Scale-Degree Reinterpretation: Melodic Structure, Modulation, and Cadence Choice in the Chorale Harmonizations of J. S.
Empirical Msicology Review Vol. 10, No. 3, 2015 A Model for Scale-Degree Reinterpretation: Melodic Strctre, Modlation, and Cadence Choice in the Chorale Harmonizations of J. S. Bach TREVOR de CLERCQ[1]
More informationDINION 5000 AN. Video DINION 5000 AN. Ultra high resolution 960H sensor
Video TVL 960H Ultra high resoltion 960H sensor High Dynamic Range to see bright and dark details simltaneosly Detail enhancement Bilinx commnication for remote set-p and control Easy to install The DINION
More informationR&S FSV-K76 TD-SCDMA BS (DL) Measurements Specifications
FSV_K76_dat-sw_en_5214-1572-22_cover.indd 1 Data Sheet 02.00 Test & Measurement R&S FSV-K76 TD-SCDMA BS (DL) Measurements Specifications 07.08.2013 18:42:49 CONTENTS Specifications... 3 Frequency... 3
More informationPhysical Layer Built-in Security Enhancement of DS-CDMA Systems Using Secure Block Interleaving
transmitted signal. CDMA signals can easily be hidden within the noise floor, and it is impossible to recover the desired user s signal without knowing both the user s spreading code and scrambling sequence.
More informationA Novel Turbo Codec Encoding and Decoding Mechanism
A Novel Turbo Codec Encoding and Decoding Mechanism Desai Feroz 1 1Desai Feroz, Knowledge Scientist, Dept. of Electronics Engineering, SciTech Patent Art Services Pvt Ltd, Telangana, India ---------------***---------------
More informationConstant Bit Rate for Video Streaming Over Packet Switching Networks
International OPEN ACCESS Journal Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) Constant Bit Rate for Video Streaming Over Packet Switching Networks Mr. S. P.V Subba rao 1, Y. Renuka Devi 2 Associate professor
More informationAN IMPROVED ERROR CONCEALMENT STRATEGY DRIVEN BY SCENE MOTION PROPERTIES FOR H.264/AVC DECODERS
AN IMPROVED ERROR CONCEALMENT STRATEGY DRIVEN BY SCENE MOTION PROPERTIES FOR H.264/AVC DECODERS Susanna Spinsante, Ennio Gambi, Franco Chiaraluce Dipartimento di Elettronica, Intelligenza artificiale e
More informationENGINEERING COMMITTEE Digital Video Subcommittee AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/SCTE Digital Transmission Standard For Cable Television
ENGINEERING COMMITTEE Digital Video Subcommittee AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/SCTE 7 26 Digital Transmission Standard For Cable Television NOTICE The Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE)
More informationUnequal Error Protection Codes for Wavelet Image Transmission over W-CDMA, AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channels
Unequal Error Protection Codes for Wavelet Image Transmission over W-CDMA, AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channels MINH H. LE and RANJITH LIYANA-PATHIRANA School of Engineering and Industrial Design College
More informationMobile Phone Camera-Based Indoor Visible Light Communications With Rotation Compensation
Mobile Phone Camera-Based Indoor Visible Light Communications With Rotation Compensation Volume 8, Number 2, April 2016 Willy Anugrah Cahyadi Yong Hyeon Kim Yeon Ho Chung, Member, IEEE Chang-Jun Ahn, Senior
More informationBridging the Gap Between CBR and VBR for H264 Standard
Bridging the Gap Between CBR and VBR for H264 Standard Othon Kamariotis Abstract This paper provides a flexible way of controlling Variable-Bit-Rate (VBR) of compressed digital video, applicable to the
More informationModule 11 : Link Design
Module 11 : Link Design Lecture : Link Design Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Design criteria Power Budget Calculations Rise Time Budget Calculation The optical link design essentially
More informationDesign Approach of Colour Image Denoising Using Adaptive Wavelet
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development ISSN: 78-067X, Volume 1, Issue 7 (June 01), PP.01-05 www.ijerd.com Design Approach of Colour Image Denoising Using Adaptive Wavelet Pankaj
More informationDesign of Polar List Decoder using 2-Bit SC Decoding Algorithm V Priya 1 M Parimaladevi 2
IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 3, Issue 03, 2015 ISSN (online): 2321-0613 V Priya 1 M Parimaladevi 2 1 Master of Engineering 2 Assistant Professor 1,2 Department
More informationA Buyers Guide to Laser Projection
The Eropean Digital Cinema Form A Byers Gide to Laser Projection AUTUMN 2018 Table of Contents Slides 2-5 Introdctory notes Slides 6-22 1: Technical Considerations Slides 23-31 2. Financial and lifetime
More informationAdaptive Sub-band Nulling for OFDM-Based Wireless Communication Systems
Adaptive Sub-band Nulling for OFDM-Based Wireless Communication Systems Bang Chul Jung, Young Jun Hong, Dan Keun Sung, and Sae-Young Chung CNR Lab., School of EECS., KAIST, 373-, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu,
More informationONE SENSOR MICROPHONE ARRAY APPLICATION IN SOURCE LOCALIZATION. Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
ICSV14 Cairns Australia 9-12 July, 2007 ONE SENSOR MICROPHONE ARRAY APPLICATION IN SOURCE LOCALIZATION Percy F. Wang 1 and Mingsian R. Bai 2 1 Southern Research Institute/University of Alabama at Birmingham
More informationMULTI-STATE VIDEO CODING WITH SIDE INFORMATION. Sila Ekmekci Flierl, Thomas Sikora
MULTI-STATE VIDEO CODING WITH SIDE INFORMATION Sila Ekmekci Flierl, Thomas Sikora Technical University Berlin Institute for Telecommunications D-10587 Berlin / Germany ABSTRACT Multi-State Video Coding
More informationLB2 Premium-sound Cabinet Loudspeaker Range
Commnications Systems LB2 Premim-sond Cabinet Lodspeaker Range LB2 Premim-sond Cabinet Lodspeaker Range www.boschsecrity.com High-fidelity msic and speech reprodction Selectable 8 ohm, 70 V and 100 V inpts
More informationImplementation of CRC and Viterbi algorithm on FPGA
Implementation of CRC and Viterbi algorithm on FPGA S. V. Viraktamath 1, Akshata Kotihal 2, Girish V. Attimarad 3 1 Faculty, 2 Student, Dept of ECE, SDMCET, Dharwad, 3 HOD Department of E&CE, Dayanand
More informationDual Frame Video Encoding with Feedback
Video Encoding with Feedback Athanasios Leontaris and Pamela C. Cosman Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0407 Email: pcosman,aleontar
More information