HELMUT T. ZWAHLEN AND UMA DEVI VEL

Transcription

1 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD Conspicity in Terms of Peripheral Visal Detection and Recognition of Florescent Color Targets Verss N onflorescent Color Targets Against Different Backgronds in Daytime HELMUT T. ZWAHLEN AND UMA DEVI VEL A daytime field stdy was condcted to determine the conspicity in terms of peripheral visal detection and recognition of different florescent and nonflorescent color targets against different backgronds. Ten color targets (6 X 12 in.), of which six were nonflorescentand for were florescent, were tested against different nonniform mlticolored backgronds. Three different painted plywood boards of 4 x 4 ft depicting either typical city, fall foliage, or spring foliage backgrond colors were sed as the backgronds. The stimli (color targets) were presented at three different peripheral angles (2, 3, and 4 degrees to the right of the line of sight) against the different backgronds. Twelve sbjects with normal color vision between the ages of 2 and 22 years participated in the experiment, which was condcted on an nsed airport rnway. A randomized block experimental design was sed in sch a way that for each sbject the order of presentation of the three peripheral angles was random so that each angle occrred exactly once. Frthermore, for a given angle the order of presentation for the backgronds was randomized so that each backgrond occrred exactly once. For each backgrond and for each of the two blocks of 1 colors each color was randomized in sch a way that each color target appeared exactly once in the first block as Replication 1 and exactly once in the second block as Replication 2. Daytime chromaticity measrements were recorded for all of the color targets and backgrond colors along with daytime lminance measrements of all of the color targets and backgronds. The data were analyzed for two conditions: (a) detection percentage of total responses on the basis of the total nmber of presentations in which the sbject detected the presence of a color target bt in which the sbject's color recognition response cold be either the correct color or an incorrect color and (b) recognition percentage of the correct color target recognitions on the basis of the total nmber of presentations in which a sbject's response with regard to the recognition of the color of the target was correct. In general, florescent yellow was fond to be best detected and florescent orange was fond to be best recognized against any of the three backgronds investigated. Looking at the reslts of the stdy and the increased detection and recognition performances achieved with florescent colors for the conditions investigated, one may tentatively conclde that the florescent colors investigated in the stdy are considerably more conspicos dring daytime in terms of the peripheral detection and recognition percentages. It is recommended that designers of traffic signs, personal conspicity enhancement items and devices, and roadside traffic control devices consider the sperior visal conspicity properties of florescent colors (especially florescent yellow and florescent orange) and incorporate them in designs when the highest possible daytime target conspicity is absoltely necessary. Department of Indstrial and Systems Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio The conspicity of a target in the visal field can be indirectly measred by sing a nmber of different experimental methods and measrements. For example, one can measre the detection distance and the recognition distance (1) or the reaction time for foveal or near-foveal target locations, or one can measre the detection or recognition percentages for peripheral target locations nder certain experimental conditions (target size, exposre time, driver mental load, etc.). Usally, longer detection or recognition distances (foveal or near-foveal), higher peripheral detection or recognition percentages, and lower reaction times for target detection or recognition are assmed to correlate highly with higher conspicities. In the context of this paper conspicity is defined as an attentiongetting ability or becoming aware of a new stimls in the visal field almost instantaneosly after the stimls becomes present withot any great visal search effort on the part of the observer. In the present stdy the peripheral detection and recognition percentages were sed to measre the conspicities of florescent and nonftorescent color targets against different mlticolored nonniform backgronds. Dring the last decade several new. aspects of peripheral vision have been stdied and discssed. Zwahlen (2-6) provides evidence abot the peripheral natre of the appearance of targets in a driver's visal field, peripheral detection performance as well as data on the fixation distribtions and scanning behaviors of a driver's eyes. Looking at a driver's typical eye scanning behavior and noting that a driver makes a continos string of discrete eye fixations (most eye fixations last between.1 and.8 sec; a few last p to 2 sec) ahead of the car, the selection of the peripheral detection and recognition percentages (sprathreshold conditions) as indirect measres of conspicity wold seem fairly appropriate within the traffic safety context. As a case in point it is very nlikely that a location in the driving scene at which the target becomes visible to a driver for the first time will coincide with the location in the driving scene where a driver is momentarily fixating his or her eyes. Wootan and Wald (7) reported on the detection of three colors for eccentricities of p to 8 degrees and conclded that people who cannot see colors in the periphery are not color blind and that this inability is cased by some element of the neral pathways rather than the failre of the color receptors. N oorlander et al. ( 8) compared peripheral stimli with foveal stimli and fond that the spectrm loci are abot 1 to 5 degrees away from the target nder dark-adapted conditions and that there is a progressive contraction of the periph-

2 126 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1456 Wing Screw Iron Tbe Targets Leveling Screws To Control Circit FIGURE 1 Target plate stand. eral color with an increase in the distance from the fovea. Early evidence for a normal range of peripheral color vision was provided by Birch and Wright (9), who indicate that if the stimls fields are increased in size a fll range of hes cold be seen in the periphery. It is also known from the stdies of Stabell and Stabell (1,11) that for small stimls fields foveal and peripheral color discriminations differ in their relative sensitivities according to different wavelengths. Moreover, Gordan and Abramov (12) provide evidence that varios white fields differing in their chromaticities (which have been traditionally sed for backgronds) give reslts that are far better than those of.backgronds other than white. As cited earlier, Hanson and Dickson (J) condcted a stdy to establish the significant visal properties of some florescent pigments. Detection and recognition distances ( at near threshold conditions) for six.1- ft2-diameter circlar color targets (two florescent and for conventional colors) displayed against three different backgrond colors have been established. The stdy indicated a significant speriority of florescent colors when compared with the corresponding conventional colors, with the florescent yellow-orange target being the best detected and recognized target nder all test conditions, and the athors conclded that where high target visibility is the primary objective the se of florescent pigments shold be given serios consideration. In general, it can be observed from the available literatre that peripheral detection or recognition of color targets decreases with an increase in the peripheral angle and that an increase in the target size (with an increase in the peripheral angle) wold ac commodate for fairly consistent color recognition in the periphery. However, none of the stdies mentioned earlier investigated the peripheral detection and recognition of color targets presented against different backgronds within a driving context. Therefore, the object of the stdy described here was to provide peripheral detection and recognition performances for florescent and nonflorescent color targets against different nonniform mlticolored back- gronds to aid highway sign and other traffic control device designers in designing sch signs and devices in a most appropriate and adeqate manner for sitations in which a high conspicity performance dring daytime is absoltely necessary and reqired. METHOD Sbjects Twelve sbjects (six males and six females) between the ages of 2 and 22 years participated in the stdy. All the sbjects had a valid driver's license with an average driving experience of 3 years. None of the sbjects had any past accident history, althogh a few of them had moving traffic violations. The visions of all.of the.sbjects were tested with a Bash and Lomb vision tester. They all had visal acities ranging from 2118 to 2/22 and normal contrast sensitivity as determined with Vistech contrast sensitivity charts. Experimental Site and Apparats The stdy was condcted on an old nsed airport rnway (75 ft wide and 1,5 ft long) located on the otskirts of Athens, Ohio. The experiment was always condcted between 2:3 and 4:3 p.m., when direct snlight was incident on the targets, sing a 1979 Toyota Tercel as the experimental car. Six nonflorescent and for florescent color targets (a total of 1 color targets of 6 X 12 in. in size) were sed as stimli in the experiment. Three different plywood boards of 4 X 4 ft depicting typical city colors (63.5 percent grey backgrond with 36.5 percent red small irreglar polygons), typical fall foliage (58.4 percent brown backgrond with 17.4 percent yellow, 7.2 percent red, 9.6 percent green, and 7.5 percent grey

3 Zwahlen and Vel 127 Panel of size 4'x4', painted white (sed to have the sbjects fixate their eyes) monted on a base for rigid spport _.. 4'x4' mlticolored Backgrond panelswith the target stand and the target plates in front TABLE 2 Average Lminances for Targets and Backgronds Target Material Averaqe Lminance in cd/ml\/\2 City Backgrond Paint on Plywood 1592 Spring Backqrond Paint on Plywood 141 Fall Backgrond Paint on Plywo.od 1617 Red Retroreflective 111 Ble Retroreflective 845 Oranqe Retroreflective 153 Florescent Orange Retroreflective 2247 Florescent Pink Realar 2425 Florescent Or:ange Reqlar.2134 Green Retroreflective 872 Yellow Retroreflective 254 White Retroreflective 2751 Florescent Yellow Realar 4276 FIGURE 2 Experimental Car. Experimental layot. small irreglar polygons), and a typical spring foliage colors (57.6 percent green backgrond with 8.1 percent grey and 34.'37 percent brown small irreglar polygons) were sed as backgronds while presenting the targets to the sbjects. A wooden base with two angle brackets fixed adjacent to each other was sed to hold. the backgrond plywood boards in a vertical position. A white screen was placed straight ahead (along the longitdinal axis of the car) at a distance of 1 ft from the experimental car so that the sbject seated in the car cold easily fixate his or her eyes on the screen to avoid movement and fixations of the eyes toward the peripheral location of the targets. A compter-controlled portable black stand (to rotate the targets along the horizontal axis into an exposed position and to rotate them back into a nonexposed position) was sed to mont the color target plates. The stand consisted of an adjstable base, a 4-ft-lonK adjstable iron tbe, and a sliding collar that cold be slid onto the tbe and tightened at any selected height above the rnway srface. A direct crrent motor was fixed at one side of the sliding collar, and the shaft of the motor TABLE 1 Chromaticity Coordinates (2 degrees, D65 illminant) for All Color Targets and Backgrond Colors Tara et Material Chromatici1' Coordinates x y y City Backarond Paint on Plywood Ash Grey Cherry Red Sprino Backorond Paint on Plywood Forest Green Ash Grey Leather Brown Fall Backgrond Paint on. Plywood Leather Brown Lemon Yellow Cherry Red OA Forrest Green : Ash Grey Red Retroreflective Ble Retroreflective Orange Retroreflective Florescent Oranae Retroreflective Florescent Pink Reglar Florescent Oranoe Reolar Green Retroreflective Yellow Retroreflective White Retroreflective Florescent Yellow Reqlar

4 128 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD Q 8 E 7 Q fl:) E-< C!) 6 5 E-< 4 ---RED BLUE -*-ORANGE 8 3 A YELLOW + P.OR(REFL) 'fl. 2 P.PINK P. OR(REG) GREEN 1 WHITE 9 Q 8 E 7 Q fl:) C!) 6 5 E-< &::ii:: 4 g i:.i.. 3 'le. 2 AVG ALL NON FL + P. YELLOW 1 AVG. ALL FL PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (a) BLUE 9 ORANGE --RED 1 A YELLOW 9 + F.OR(REFL) Q 8 F. PINK F. OR(REG) GREEN fl:)... WHITE. a. + F. YELLOW E-< 5 E-< g 4 3 i:.i.. Q fl:) """' 5 4 g PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG) (b) 3 'fl. 2 "'"' '#. 2 Avg All Non FL 1 1() Avg. All. FL FIGURE PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG) (c) ' PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (d) Percentage of color targets detected and recognized as fnction of peripheral angles against mlticolored city backgrond (grey with red designs): (a) percentage of color targets detected for all 1 colors, (b) percentage of color targets detected for average of all florescent colors (n = 4) and all nonflorescent colors (n = 6), (c) percentage of color targets recognized for all 1 colors, and (d) percentage of color targets recognized for average of all florescent colors (n = 4) and all nonflorescent colors (n = 6) (12 sbjects, two replications; n = 24). was extended to fit the bracket, which was capable of holding the targets rigidly. A diagram of the target-holding apparats is shown in Figre 1. An electronic circit was bilt to control the motor via a compter. A compter program (written in C langage) for a Zenith laptop 888 personal compter allowed the experimenters to rotate the target plate into view for a fixed amo11t of time (2 sec) specified by the compter program. The compter and the control circit were powered by a portable generator. Walkie-talkies were sed as commnication devices between experimenters sitting in the car recording the responses of the sbject and the experimenters operating the compter and changing the targets. Figre 2 shows a diagram of the experimental site and setp.

5 Zwahlen and Ve/ Q Q 8 8 fo-< 7 7 Q Q 6 6 fo-< 5 5 fo-< fo-< ORANGE g F.OR[REFL] ""' ""' Avg Non FL Orange F.OR[REG) '#. 2 '#. 2 And Yellow 6 YELLOW Avg. FL Orange And 1 + F. YELLOW 1 Yellow PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (a) PERIPHERAL ANGLES (DEG] (b) 1 1 ORANGE Avg Non FL Orange 9 + F.OR[REFL] 9 And Yellow F.OR[REG] Q Q Avg. FL Orange And 8 6 YELLOW 8 Yellow... + F. YELLOW c f--o 5 f--o fo-< g ""' 2 2 '#. '# PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (c) fo-< ""' PERIPHERAL ANGLES (DEG] (d) FIGURE 4 Percentage of color targets detected and recognized as fnction of peripheral angles against mlticolored city backgrond (grey with red designs): (a) percentage of color targets detected for florescent orange and yellow and nonflorescent orange and yellow color grops, (b) average percentage of color targets detected for florescent orange and yellow (n = 3) and nonflorescent orange and yellow (n = 2), (c) percentage of color targets recognized for florescent orange and yellow and nonflorescent orange and yellow color grops, (d) average percentage of color targets recognized for florescent orange and yellow (n = 3) and nonflorescent orange and yellow (n = 2) (12 sbjects, two replications; n = 24). Specimen Color Targets The targets sed in the daytime experiment were plates (6 X 12 in.) ofretroreflective red, retroreflective ble, retroreflective florescent orange, retroreflective green, retroreflective orange, retroreflective white, retroreflective yellow, and reglar florescent orange, reglar florescent yellow, and reglar florescent pink. Whether a color target was retroreflective or not was really of no conseqence for this daytime experiment. Daytime lminance measrements were made for the three nonniform mlticolored backgrond plywood boards depicting the different backgrond scenarios and the different color targets by sing the CapCalc compter-controlled lminance mea-

6 13 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD RED BLUE ORANGE 6 YELLOW + F.OR(REFL]. F. PINK P. OR(REG) GREEN WHITE o... + F. YELLOW.., PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (a) Avg All Non FL 1 Avg. All FL o....., PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (b) RED BLUE ORANGE 6 YELLOW + F.OR(REFL) F. PINK F. OR(REG) GREEN WHITE + F. YELLOW Avg All Non FL 1 O-t PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (c) 1 Avg. All FL o PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (d) FIGURE 5 Percentage of color targets detected and recognized as fnction of peripheral angles against mlticolored fall backgrond (brown with red, yellow, green, and grey designs) (see legend to Figre 3 for descriptions of panels) (12 sbjects, two replications; n = 24). srement system from a distance of 1 ft nder direct snlight conditions. A description of the operation and featres of the CapCalc system was given by Zwahlen et al. (13). Table 1 lists the daytime color chromaticity coordinates (2 degrees, D65 illminant) for each color target and for each backgrond color, and Table 2 lists the daytime lminance vales of the color targets and the backgronds. Experimental Design A randomized block experimental design was sed in the experiment. The dependent variable was the sbject's target detection and target color recognition response, and the independent variables were the 1 colors (retrorefiective red, retrorefiective ble, retro-

7 Zwahlen and Vet 131 reflective florescent orange, retroreflective green, retroreflective orange, retroreflective white, retroreflective yellow, reglar florescent orange, reglar florescent yellow, and reglar florescent pink), the peripheral angles at which the targets were displayed (three levels; 2, 3, and 4 degrees to the right of the line of sight), and the nonniform mlticolored backgronds (three levels; city, fall, and spring foliage scenarios). The randomization for each sbject was carried ot by the following method. (a) The order of presentation for the peripheral angles was randomized so that each pe- ripheral angle occrred exactly once. (All three backgronds for a given peripheral angle were presented one after the other, to make the experiment more efficient.) (b) The order of presentation for the three backgronds was randomized so that each backgrond was sed exactly once (Block 2 immediately followed Block 1). (c) The 1 colors were randomized for each backgrond so that within a block of 1 colors each color appeared exactly once. (d) For each backgrond and peripheral angle each of the 1 colors was presented twice in two randomized blocks of 1 in which each color

8 132 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1456 appeared exactly once. The random order was different for Block 1 and Block 2. The total nmber of presentations for each sbject was 18 (three angles X three backgronds X 1 colors X two replications). Experimental Procedre The sbjects were given two trial rns after having received proper and detailed instrctions abot the procedre. Two experimenters sat in the car, one recorded the response of the sbject, whereas the other was in constant commnication with the experimenters at the target presentation stand and the compter via the walkie-talkies. Six experimenters were sed to condct the experiment, and it took each sbject abot 1.5 to 2 hr to go throgh the entire experiment. Vision testing and filling ot a brief sbject qestionnaire took another 3 to 45 min. The sbjects were seated in the driver's seat and were instrcted to keep their eyes fixated on the white target screen placed at a distance of 1 ft directly in front of the car. The targets were displayed for 2 sec in front of a selected backgrond in a ran RED BWE 3 ORANGE 6 YELLOW F. OR [REPL] 2. F.PINK F.OR(RBO] 6 GREEN 1 WHITE + F. YELLOW...,.....,..,..., PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (a) e Avg All Non FL 1 Avg All FL o , PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (b) RED BLUE M ORANGE 9 6 YELLOW F. OR [REPL) 8. F.PINK F.OR[REG].. GREEN 7.. WHrm 6 5 '.. + F. YELLOW 9 I PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (c) Avg All Non FL 1 Avg All FL PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (d) FIGURE 7 Percentage of color targets detected and recognized as fnction of peripheral angles against mlticolored spring backgrond (green with brown and grey designs) (see legend to Figre 3 for descriptions of panels) (12 sbjects, two replications; n = 24).

9 Zwahlen and Vet Cl.) I-< 6 I-< g 5 4 (.) 3 "'- '# a::... :;:;:... M ORANGE F. OR (REFL] - - o - F.oREGJ 6 YEL W F. YELLOW PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (a) Cl.) 6 I-< 5!-< g Avg Non FL Orange '#. 2 And Yellow Avg FL Orange And 1 yellow PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (b) a..... ' ' ORANGE F. OR [REFL] F. OR (REG] 6 YELLOW F. YELLOW 3... PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG] (c) (.) 6 Cl.)!-< r.li. I-< g (.) "'- Avg Non FL Orange 2 And Yellow '# Avg FL Orange And yellow PERIPHERAL ANGLES [DEG) (d) FIGURE 8 Percentage of color targets detected and recognized as fnction of peripheral angles against mlticolored spring backgrond (green with brown and grey designs (see legend to Figre 4 for descriptions of panels) (12 sbjects, two replications; n = 24). <lorn order as explained in the experimental design section. The target holder was fixed in sch a way that the vertical center of the color target was at a height of 26 in. from the rnway srface. Sbjects were instrcted to identify the color presented if they cold recognize the color or say "blank" if they cold detect a color target bt cold not discern any particlar color. Regardless of the type of the color target displayed (florescent or nonflorescent), the sbject had to respond by jst indicating a predetermined color name withot having to decide wether or not the color was florescent or nonflorescent. The response of a sbject was noted down on the data collection form and was either one of the predetermined correct color names (red, ble, orange, yellow, green, pink or white), an incorrect predetermined color name (detection bt not correct color recognition), or a blank (the color was not recognized). Two sets of data collection forms were prepared to test each sbject, one for the experimenter noting down the responses of the sbject in the car and the other one for the experimenters operating the compter and changing the targets. After the experiment was finished, an exit interview was condcted with each sbject to find ot if there were any difficlties dring the experiment that cold have

10 134 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1456 affected the sbject's performances in a detrimental way. The exit interviews indicated that none of the sbjects had any problems of any sort dring the experiment, and ths, all of the data collected for the sbjects were sed in the analysis. RESULTS An analysis of variance (at a.5 level) indicated that there was a significant effect with regard to detection and recognition when the backgrond alone, the color alone, or the peripheral angle alone is considered. The data were analyzed for two conditions: (a) detection percentage of total responses based on the total nmber of presentations, in which the sbject detected the presence of a color target bt in which the sbject's response cold be either a correct or an incorrect color, and (b) recognition percentage of correct color target recognitions based on the total nmber of presentations, in which a sbject's response with regard to the recognition of the color of the target was correct. Figre 3 shows the percentage of color targets detected and recognized based on the total nmber of presentations for all 1 O colors presented at the three different peripheral angles against the city backgrond. Figre 3 (a) indicates that for florescent color targets sally had a higher percentage of detection when compared with those of the nonflorescent color targets and that nonflorescent orange had the highest percentage of detection among all six nonflorescent color targets at lower peripheral angles (2 and 3 degrees). Figre 3 (b) indicates that the average percentage of florescent colors detected was higher when compared with the average percentage of the nonflorescent colors detected at all peripheral angles (2, 3, and 4 degrees). Figre 3 (c) indicates the percentage of colors correctly recognized on the basis of the same conditions, and Figre 3 (d) indicates that the average percentage of recognition for all the florescent colors was higher than that for all nonflorescent colors. Figres 3 (a) and 3 (c) indicate that both the reglar and the retroreflective florescent orange colors had the highest percentages of detection (1 percent) and recognition (abot 75 percent), respectively, at the lower peripheral angle of 2 degrees TABLE 3 Grop Averages and Standard Deviations for Percentages of Color Targets Detected on the Basis of Total Nmber of Color Target Presentations Color Type City Backgrond Fall Backgrond Spring Backgrond All (For) Florescent color targets 2deg 3 deg 4 deg 2 deg 3 deg 4 deg 2deg 3deg 4 deg Retroreflective Orange, Reglar Orange, Reglar Pink, Reglar Yellow. Grop Average (N=l2) Grop Standard- Deviation All (Six) Non-Florescent color targets Retroreflective Red, Retroreflective Ble, Retroreflective Yellow, Reglar Orange, Retroreflective White, Retroreflective Green. Grop Average Grop Standard- Deviation Three Florescent. Color targets Retroreflective Orange, Reglar Orange and Reglar Yellow. Grop Average (N=l2) Grop Standard Deviation Corresponding Non-Florescent Color targets Retroreflective Yellow, Reglar Orange, Grop Average (N=l2) Grop Standard Dcviation(N= 12)

11 Zwahlen and Vel 135 TABLE 4 Grop Averages and Standard Deviations for Percentages of Color Targets Recognized on the Basis of Total Nmber of Color Target Presentations Color Type City Backgrond Fall Backgrond Spring Backgrond 2deg 3deg 4 deg 2 deg 3deg 4 deg 2deg 3deg Odeg All (For) Florescent color targets Grop Average Grop Standard- Deviation. All (Six) Non-Florescent color targets Retroreflective Orange, Reglar Orange, Reglar Pink and Reglar Yellow Retroreflective Red, Retroreflective Ble, Retroreflective Yellow, Reglar Orange, Retroreflective White and Retroreflective Green Grop Average CN-12) Grop Standard- Deviation Three Florescent Color targets Retroreflective Orange, Reglar Orange and Reglar Yellow Grop Average Grop Standard Deviation Corresponding Non-Florescent Color tarq:ets Grop Average Grop Standard Deviation Retroreflective Yellow and Reglar Orange against the mlticolored city backgrond. The nonflorescent orange target had abot 58 percent recognition, whereas the two florescent orange targets had abot 75 percent recognition at a peripheral angle of 2 degrees. Figre 4 (a) indicates that the per" centage of color targets detected was higher for florescent orange and yellow than for the nonflorescent colors. Also, Figre 4 (b) indicates that at the greater angle (4 degrees) the average percentage of detection was higher for florescent orange and yellow than for the nonflorescent colors. Figre 4 (c) indicates that the percentage of color targets recognized for florescent yellow was higher at all three peripheral angles, and at 4 degrees the recognition was abot 4 percent for florescent orange and florescent yellow, which is higher than that for nonflorescent orange and yellow, and Figre 4 (d) indicates that the average percentage of recognition for florescent orange and yellow was mch higher than the averages for nonflorescent orange and yellow; this difference increases as the peripheral angle increases. Figre 5 depicts the percentage of colors detected and recognized on the basis of the total nmber of color target presentations for all 1 colors presented at the three different peripheral angles against the mlticolored fall foliage backgrond. Figre 5 (a) indicates that florescent yellow had the highest percentage of detection (abot 95 percent at a peripheral angle of 2 degrees and 8 percent at a peripheral angle of 4 degrees). Figre 5 (c) shows the percentage of color targets correctly recognized on the basis of the same conditions as detection. Figre 5 (c) indicates that florescent orange was best recognized (abot 75 percent recognition) at a peripheral angle of 3 degrees and that nonflorescent orange was best recognized at a peripheral angle of 4 degrees. Figre 5 (b) shows that the average percentage of detection of the targets for all florescent colors was abot 86 percent, whereas it was 76 percent for all nonflorescent colors. The difference between the percentage of detection of all florescent and nonflorescent colors was abot 1 percent at 2 degrees, and this difference increased as the peripheral

12 136 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1456 angle increased (at 4 degrees the difference was 2 percent). Figre 5 (cf) indicates that the average percentage of recognition for all florescent colors was still more than that for all nonflorescent colors, bt this difference was not very large. These figres indicate that the florescent color targets were easier and more sccessflly detected and recognized than the corresponding nonflorescent color targets. Figre 6 (a) also indicates that florescent yellow was best detected at a peripheral angle of 2 degrees at 95 percent compared with 85 percent detection of nonflorescent yellow against the mlticolored fall backgrond. Figre 6 (b) indicates that the average percentage of detection for florescent orange and yellow colors was higher than that for nonflorescent orange and yellow colors at all three peripheral angles. Moreover, at the lower peripheral angle (2 degrees), florescent yellow had a higher percentage of recognition, and at 3 degrees the reglar florescent orange had abot 75 percent recognition [Figre 6 (c)]. At the higher peripheral angle (4 degrees), the nonflorescent orange target had a higher percentage of recognition (abot 55 percent) than reglar florescent orange, which had abot 35 percent recognition. At the lower peripheral angles (2 and 3 degrees), florescent orange and yellow were better recognized (abot 75 and 6 percent recognition, respectively) than nonflorescent orange and yellow (abot 63 percent and 5 percent recognition, respectively) [Figre 6 (cf)]. Figre 7 illstrates the percentage of targets detected and recognized on the basis of the total nmbers of representations for all 1 color targets presented at the three different peripheral angles against the mlticolored spring foliage backgrond. Figre 7 (a) shows that reglar florescent yellow was easier and better detected at all three peripheral angles (i.e., 1 percent detection at 2 degrees, 95 percent detection at 3 degrees, and 85 percent detection at 4 degrees) than all of the other nine colors. Figre 7 (b) indicates that the average percentage of detection for all florescent colors was higher than that for all nonflorescent colors. Bt Figre 7 (cf) indicates that the average percentage of recognition for all florescent colors was same as that for all nonflorescent colors at a peripheral angle of 2 degrees. At higher peripheral angles, however, the florescent colors had better recognition than the nonflorescent colors. Figre 7 (c) indicates that florescent orange (reglar) was the best recognized at all three peripheral angles. Figre 8 (a) indicates that florescent yellow had the highest percentage of detection at all three peripheral angles, and Figre 8 (c) indicates that retroreflective florescent orange had 75 percent recognition, whereas reglar florescent orange had 95 percent recognition at the lower peripheral angle of 2 degrees and abot 48 percent recognition at the higher peripheral angle of 4 degrees. Figre 8 (b) indicates that the average percentages of detection for florescent or- 1 m City Backgrond Fall Backgrond Spring Backgrond i::: Q = 6 -!... Q 4 Oil c... Q,,. 2 "'d ii.) ii.) ii.) e = bl) bl) ::c c:: a c...: d c...: d...; c...: c...:...;...;...;...; d...;..:...; c: c: B - ii.) a c:: ii.)....9 :.a.9 c...: e:! bl)..: c...: >. c...: >. c...: d c...: d c...:..:...; d...;...;...;...;...;...; Colors FIGURE 9 Comparison of percentage of targets detected for 1 colors against three backgronds for all three peripheral angles combined (12 sbjects, two replications; n = 72 per backgrond). r.r.n.f. = retroreflective nonflorescent; r.r.f. = retroreflective florescent; r.f. = reglar florescent.

13 Zwahlen and Vel 137 ange and yellow and nonflorescent orange and yellow were the same at a peripheral angle of 2 degrees, bt at a peripheral angle of 4 degrees the average percentages of detection for florescent orange and yellow were higher than those for nonflorescent orange and yellow. Tables 3 and 4 provide averages and standard deviations for the percentages of detection and recognition, respectively, for the combined data for all 12 sbjects. Both tables indicate that the percent averages for the grops are almost always higher and that the percent standard deviations for the grops are almost always lower for the florescent color targets than for the nonflorescent color targets. This speriority of the florescent color targets is maintained when a comparison is made between the florescent color targets and the corresponding nonflorescent color targets, whose percent averages and standard deviations for the grops are also shown separately in the two tables. Figres 9 and 1 show the percentages of detection (averaged for all three peripheral angles) and the percentages of recognition (averaged for all three peripheral angles), respectively, for all the 1 color targets against all three mlticolored backgronds. It can be seen from Figre 9 that 8 of the 1 color targets sed in the stdy were better detected against the spring backgrond than against the city and fall foliage backgronds. Similarly, Figre 1 shows that 7 of the 1 color targets were better recognized against the spring backgrond than against the city and fall backgronds. CONCLUSIONS The available literatre on foveal and peripheral detection of color targets has been reviewed. Both stdies have conclded that there is a significant difference between the foveal detection of florescent colors (easier and more sccessflly detected) and nonflorescent colors. Based on the reslts of the stdy one can conclde that, in general, florescent color targets of 6 X 12 in. shown peripherally between 2 and 4 degrees to the right of the line of sight at a distance of 1 ft (target size is 17 X 34 min of visal arc) are more easily and more sccessflly detected and recognized than similar nonflorescent color targets against the three different selected mlticolored backgronds sed. If one wants the highest peripheral detection performance against a city backgrond, a fall foliage backgrond, or a spring backgrond, the best color is florescent yellow. If one wants the highest correct peripheral recognition performance against a city backgrond, a fall foliage backgrond, or a spring backgrond, the best color is florescent orange. It is therefore recommended that City Backgrond Fall Backgrond II Spring Backgrond "O G) G) c:: G) ::I bl) G)... ::E c::...: a..2 g :a..2 i: Q) Q) c:i...: : bl) c:i..:...: >....: >...:...:...:...: ci...: c:i...:..:..:..: c:i..:..:..:...; c:i..:..:..:...;..:..:..:..: Colors FIGURE 1 Comparison of percentage of targets recognized on the basis of total nmber presented for all 1 colors against three backgronds for all three peripheral angles combined (12 sbjects, two replications; n = 72 per backgrond).

14 138 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1456 designers of traffic signs, personal and other daytime conspicity enhancement items or devices, and roadside traffic control devices shold consider the sperior visal conspicity properties of florescent colors (especially florescent yellow and florescent orange) and incorporate them in designs when the highest possible daytime target conspicity is absoltely necessary and reqired. It shold also be noted that the reslts obtained in the stdy and the conclsions drawn are based on the performance of yong, healthy collegeage sbjects and with color targets of only 6 X 12 in. displayed peripherally at a distance of 1 ft. Additional research wold be needed to generalize these reslts to other conditions in which target size, target area, peripheral angles, immediate backgrond size and color composition, illmination condition, target exposre time, driver poplation, and mental loading level of the driver are mch different from the conditions sed in the present stdy. REFERENCES 1. Hanson, D.R., and A. D. Dickson. Significant Visal Properties of Some Florescent Pigments. In Highway Research Record 49, HRB, National Research Concil, Washington, D.C., 1963, pp Zwahlen, H. T. Peripheral Detection of Refiectorized License Plates. Proc., 3th Annal Meeting of the Hman Factors Society,, Vol. 1, 1986, pp Zwahlen, H. T. Conspicity of Sprathreshold Reflective Targets in a Driver's Peripheral Visal Field at Night. In Transportation Research Record 1213 TRB, National Research Concil, Washington, D.C., 1989, pp Zwahlen, H. T. Advisory Speed Signs and Crve Signs and Their Effect on Driver Eye Scanning and Driving Performance. In Transpor- tation Research Record 1111, TRB, National Research Concil, Washington, D.C., 1987, pp Zwahlen, H. T. Stop Ahead and Stop Signs and Their Effect on Driver Eye Scanning and Driving Performance. In Transportation Research Record 1168, TRB, National Research Concil, Washington, D.C., 1988, pp Zwahlen, H. T. Eye Scanning Rles for Drivers-How Do They Compare with Actal Observed Eye Scanning Behavior? In Transportation Research Record 143, TRB, National Research Concil, Washington, D.C., 1993, pp Wootan, B. R:, and G. Wald. Color Vision Mechanisms in the Peripheral Retinas of Normal and Dichromatic Observers. Jornal of General Physiology, Vol. 61, 1973, pp Noorlander, C., J. J. Koenderink, R. J. Den Oden, and B. W. Edens. Sensitivity to Spatiotemporal Color Contrast in the Peripheral Visal Field. Vision Research, Vol. 23, 1982, pp Birch, J., and W. D. Wright. Color Discrimination Physics. Medical Biology, Vol. 6, 1983, pp Stabell, U., and B. Stabell. Wave Length Discrimination of Peripheral Cones and its Change with Rod Intrsion. Vision Research, Vol. 17, 1976, pp Stabell, U., and B. Stabell. Rod and Cone Contribtions to Peripheral Color Vision. Vision Research, Vol. 16, 1976, pp Gordon, J., and I. Abramov. Color Vision in the Peripheral Retina II. He and Satration. Jornal of Optical Society, Vol. 67, 1977, pp , Zwahlen, H. T., Q. Li, and J. Y. Lminance Measrements of Retrorefiectivc Traffic Signs Under Low Beam and High Beam Illmination at Night Using the CapCalc System. In Transportation Research Record 1316, TRB, National Research Concil, Washington, D.C., Pblication of this paper sponsored by Committee on Visibility.