1 The Baroque Period-1600-1750 The Baroque Style -definition of word baroque -Paintings changed how? - Age of Absolutism -what was it? -religious institutions used what to make it more appealing? What countries were primarily Catholic? Protestant? Why would this make a difference? middle class influences Who were the main men in science? I. Baroque music (1600-1750)-3 phases Early Phase (1600-1640) Monteverdi-who? When? Where? Contribution to music? Used homophonic texture or polyphony favored? Dissonance used frequently? Infrequently? For what purposes? Did he do this? One or more solo singers against a chorus or voices against instruments Instrumental parts-copare to Renaissance. Middle Phase (1640-1680) From Italy to all Europe Church modes gave way to what? What family of instruments are backbone of the orchestra? Last Phase (1680-1750) V-to I becomes strong Instrumental part stronger? Same? Or Less than vocal parts? Is Homophonic texture or polyphonic texture more prevalent? A. Characteristics of Baroque Music Define or explain main characteristics 1. Unity of Mood 2. Rhythm 3. Melody 4. Dynamics terraced dynamics Clavichord-made gradual changes-from ppp to mp-brass blades struck strings 5. Texture Polyphany or Homophonic textures? Which voices most important? How was vocal music commonly displayed?
2 Titan of Baroque Composer that was mostly polyphonic Another top Composer both polyphonic and homophonic 6. Chords and Basso Continuo (Figured Bass) Renaissance-harmonies occurred how? What is different now in baroque with harmonies? Basso continuo- or figured basswhat is it, how was it done What is term realized mean? Numbers indicate what? Give examples What were two reasons for using numbers? 7. Words and Music Word painting-what is it? Give Baroque examples. Explain virtuoso singers B. Baroque Orchestra General number of performers? What were the Basso continuo instruments? Were there brass and perc and woodwinds? If so, name them. Aristocrat of brass? Treated how? What 2 composers were interested in orchestration? What does orchestration mean? What elements of music were the strongest in Baroque? Tone color, melody, rhythm, harmony? Composers rearranged music how? C. Baroque Forms Movement-define Two common forms Alternation of sound-describe II. Music In Baroque Society Aristocracy important-why? courts, chapels opera singers employed Bach had 18 players to direct. Other courts up to 80 Music director duties? Rank in community? Unusual relationships to get jobs-explain.. Were women music directors in Baroque era? Who s corelli? Who s King Frederick the Great? Johannes Quantz? Why was Venice important? Who had shares in London stock in 1719? For what How was music learned in Baroque era? Music schools in Italy were connected to what? What was their name Who was Vivaldi? Where from? Why important? all-female orchestra best in Europe
3 III. Concerto Grosso and Ritornello Forms Concerto Grosso-define. -several mvts that contrat in tempo and character Describe movements. Ritornello Form-define Define key patterns of Ritornello form. Listening Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D Major Composed by? Written for? When approximately? What instruments? Prominent features of form? IV. The Fugue polyphonic or homophonic? What is subject? Answer? Episode? Countersubject? Stretto? Pedal Point Organ Point? 4 ways a Fugue is varied-define: Inversion Retrograde Augmentation Diminution Fugues independent works or part of larger work? -Prelude 2 Baroque composers who defined Baroque? And dates of lives. Listen to Organ Fugue in G minor (Little Fugue) ~1909 JS Bach V. The Elements of Opera Opera- define. Italy important in opera. Why? Characters and plot revealed through how? Music heightens emotional effect of words and story. Yes or no. Music makes even a complicated plot believeable by depicting what? The flow of music carries the plot forward. Yes or no? In opera-the music is the what? Supers -supernumeraries are what in opera?
4 combined spectacle is bigger than what? Composer and Libretto is what? Who were the librettist usually? Thru music composer paces the drama, controlling the speed of gestures, entrances, exits and stage mvements. Yes or no Which takes longer? Text of opera or text of play? Define and know Opera voice ranges: Colortura Soprano Lyric Soprano- Dramatic Soprano- Lyric Tenor- Dramatic Tenor- Basso Buffo- Basso Profundo- An opera may be 1 to 5 acts subdivided into scenes. Yes no? Single Act may end definitely or be linked with next section to form continuous flow with next scene. Yes no? Aria-define Recitative-define Ensembles -define Chorus-define Prompter-define Dance-in opera is usually what? Orchestra Pit define Overture -define Preludes-define Supertitles-define VI. Opera in the Baroque Camerata-define Recitative - origins earliest surviving opera-florence 1600 Orfeo-by whom and what? When? Based on? Why was opera important for commoners? Castrata tenors. Importance in baroque. Secco Recitatives-define Accompanied Recitatives-define Baroque Aria- define Da Capo Aria- define VII. Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) Cremona, Italy-singer, violist, music director
5 Coronation of Poppea, 1642 -aurally recognize. -musical bridge between what two centuries? -all vocal music supported by what? -emotional intensity used through music? Yes no? -used dissonances to do this? Yes no? -opera blends music and drama? Yes no? Orfeo-1607 Act II-Recitative-Tu se Morta (You are Dead) Composed by? When? Describe action/emotion/setting/characteristics-aurally recognize VIII. Henry Purcell (1659-1695) -born in London-father a king s musician-choirboy age 10. Died at 36. Buried in Westminster Abbey. Only opera-dido and Aeneas. Ground Bass or Basso Ostinato (obstinate or persistent bass)-define Dido and Aeneas (1689) -based on an epic poem by? when written? written for whom? How long is it? What instruments? What voices? Any dancing? Why? Act III-Dido s Lament --aria built on what musical element(s) IX. The Baroque Sonata -Sonata - instrumental development in composition in several movements for how many instruments?1 Trio sonatas-has melodic lines high and a - Trio sonatas are for instruments.-usually high instruments such as and for basso continuo instruments such as or Sonatas started in then spread to where? -sonata de chiesa -define -Sonata du camera-define Trio Sonata in A minor, Op. 3, No. 10 (1689) Arcangelo Corelli Opus- stands for? X. Antonio Vivaldi (1681-1741) Lived as nearly same time as? From where?
6 Worked where? Background? Solo Concerto-define La Primavera (Spring), Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra, Op. 8, No. 1 from the Four Seasons (1725) XI. Johan Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Pg 126 Born where? Religious background? Protestant or Catholic? During his life-noted for being what? Improvisation-define People stated that his music was style going out of fashion why? 1829-who presented St. Mathew Passion? What happened? A. Bach s Music What kinds of music did he write mostly? What did he not write that was popular at the time? His Church music used operatic forms such as and Art of the Fugue-composed to expose what? Wrote Cello suites Well-Tempered Clavier-that were composed for what purpose? XII. the Baroque Suite -related to music Renaissance-dance music usually in pairs- with lively meter. Baroque copied dance styles for listening or dancing? Suites-sets of dance-inspired -all written in same key but differ in,, and Courante and gavotte are what? New breakfast cereals? Sarabande-slow what from where? Gigue (jig) from and The had its origin as a sexually suggestive song and dance became respected after time and lost original flavor. Common Forms of Suites-which are correct below? AABB A-Tonic A-Dominant B-Dominant B-Tonic Suites often begin with a mvt French Overture -define In 2 parts-define each part. Music influenced by dance has and
7 Bach wrote how many Suites Suite No. 3 in D Major (1729-1731) JS Bach XIII. The Chorale and Church Cantata In Leipzig-Lutheran service 4 hrs-social highlight of week. Chorale or hymn-tune in German-with to a syllable. Chorale Prelude-organist doing what? A. Church Cantata Cantata-originally meant? vs. Sonata-piece that was? Bach used Cantata tied to each different Gospel and Epistle reading for each Sunday. Sermon in music that reinforced sermon Closely resembled opera-used, and. Bach wrote 295-195 survive. Cantata no. 140-W (Awake A Voice Is Calling)-1731-JS Bach XIV. The Oratorio Oratorio-define Length greater or less than Cantata? Chorusparts used to do what? Narrator s recitatives do what? Handel s Messiah-best known oratorio. True or False? XV. Handel, George Frideric (1685-1759) Born in one month before Bach. At 20-wrote successful opera At 21 went to Italy and was successful 1712-1759-lived in London. Director Royal Academy of Music-which was what? What happened to it? Formed his own company. What happened to it? What happened to him? A. handel s Music Oratorios from Old or NewTestament? Were they written for church services? Chorus focus of Handelian oratorio combines with orchestra to change? Combined two different melodic ideas polyphonically and achieved sharp changes of mood thru and key shifts.
8 B. Messiah (1741) Length? hrs. composed in days. Premiered in Ireland London less well received opposition because of Christian text in theatre. True or False 10 yrs later became annual event to raise money for London. 3 Parts Messiah: I-prophecy of Messiah s coming, celestial announcements of Christ s birth and redemption of humanity by his coming II-accomplishment of redemption by sacrifice of Jesus, mankind s rejection of God s offer and mankind s utter defeat when trying to oppose the power of God III-expresses faith in the certainty of eternal life thru Christ as redeemer. Messiah- rather than dramatic No plot action and specific characters. Uses both and Testament In Handel s time: small or large orchestra? male singers?- Instruments of:, and also made an arrangement of Messiah Others exist. Yes or No Messiah over movements Messiah-Ev ry Valley Shall Be Exalted For unto Us A child Is Born Hallelujah chorus