Cause and Effect Read the selection below. Comprehension: Cause and Effect Postcards from Egypt Lionel s grandparents were has been designated as one of the Seven traveling to Egypt for a three-week Wonders of the World! vacation. Before this, Lionel s Lionel received postcards from his grandfather had never even left the grandparents every few days. Each one state of Tennessee. Then last year he contained interesting facts about the had had a small stroke, and now he was places they were visiting, and Lionel living differently. found himself wanting to know more. He explained it to Lionel by He went to the library and checked out saying, There are things in this world several books about Egypt. I want to see. There is no better Lionel was still reading books about time than the present to start seeing Egypt when his grandparents returned them. from their trip. Lionel enjoyed talking So before they had left, his with them about the things they had seen grandparents said they would send Lionel and the information he was learning. postcards. The first postcard said, Today A few weeks later, Lionel s teacher we are at the Great Pyramid of Khufu. assigned a report on a foreign country. It is the largest pyramid ever built and Lionel wrote his report on Egypt. Fill out the Flow Charts to list the causes, or reasons why things happen, and their effects, or results. Cause: Cause: Cause: Effect: Effect: Effect: Introduce Comprehension 217
Cause and Effect Read the selection below. Comprehension: Cause and Effect Pyramids The Egyptians tried several tomb one pyramid. prototypes before perfecting the Each pyramid had a small opening pyramid. In the Old Kingdom, the in the northern wall where people could Egyptians used rectangular structures enter. A passageway led to various with two sloping sides called mastabas chambers, including the main burial to house their dead. Later, they built chamber deep beneath the surface. the step-pyramid. This version quickly Because the tops of pyramids were became the true, straight-sided pyramid. extremely heavy, stone gables were True Egyptian pyramids have a built over the chambers to redirect the square base with triangular sides that weight. directly face north, south, east, and west. Although similar structures can These sides slope upward at a 50 angle be found around the world, the true and meet at the peak of the pyramid. straight-sided pyramid can only be found Since the Egyptians did not have in Egypt. Because the Egyptian pyramid sophisticated machinery, it took many represents such pure geometry, modern years, a lot of building materials, and architects often admire it. countless hours of labor to complete just Complete a Flow Chart with examples of causes and effects from the selection. Then answer the questions. 1. List any words that help signal a cause-and-effect relationship in the above selection. 2. How did Egyptian pyramids balance the weight of the structure? Deepen Comprehension 218
Greek Roots & Affixes The words below are formed from Greek roots or affixes. Choose the word from the box that best completes each sentence. Then use the context in which the word is used and what you know about the word parts to determine the meaning. Vocabulary Strategies: Greek Roots & Affixes synthesis tricycle recycle synchronize biography sympathy cyclist biodiversity 1. The rode for 100 miles and broke a world record. 2. Costa Rica is a country with a lot of, in that there are many different kinds of animals there. 3. We had to our watches so they all told the same time. 4. The toddler rode a, which was safer because it had three wheels. 5. I had for the girl who lost her brand-new kitten. 6. It s better for the environment if you paper instead of throwing it in the trash. 7. I read a about the poet Emily Dickinson. 8. We made a of our ideas by combining them into one summary. Vocabulary Strategies 219
Plurals Basic Read the paragraph. Write the Basic Words that best complete the sentences. The (1) were falling off the trees as we drove toward the farm. Are there (2) in the woods? Jimmy asked. No, my mother said, there s nothing dangerous in the woods. When we arrived, Grandpa gave us a tour. He explained how the (3) of the different crops he grew changed every year. When he showed us the barn, Jimmy and I screamed to see if we could hear (4) of our voices. Boys! Behave (5) around the animals! Grandpa said, pointing to a pair of (6). They re too young for all that noise. Then he took Jimmy and me up to the hayloft. He said we could play there if we were careful. We walked along the edge pretending we were (7) chasing a group of dangerous bandits along high (8). That night we had roast beef with (9) that came from Grandma s garden, and a salad topped with (10) picked right off the vine. It was delicious! 1. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 9. 5. 10. Spelling: Plurals Spelling Words 1. echoes 2. halves 3. solos 4. leaves 5. heroes 6. cliffs 7. scarves 8. potatoes 9. pianos 10. volcanoes 11. sheriffs 12. calves 13. tomatoes 14. cellos 15. wolves 16. ratios 17. stereos 18. yourselves 19. studios 20. bookshelves Challenge vetoes mosquitoes avocados wharves sopranos Challenge Your class just attended an outdoor concert at the beach. Write a journal entry about your experience. Use three of the Challenge Words. Write on a separate sheet of paper. Spelling 220
Spelling Word Sort Write each Basic Word beside the correct heading. Add -s Add -es Change f to v and add -es Challenge Add the Challenge Words to your Word Sort. Spelling: Plurals Spelling Words 1. echoes 2. halves 3. solos 4. leaves 5. heroes 6. cliffs 7. scarves 8. potatoes 9. pianos 10. volcanoes 11. sheriffs 12. calves 13. tomatoes 14. cellos 15. wolves 16. ratios 17. stereos 18. yourselves 19. studios 20. bookshelves Challenge vetoes mosquitoes avocados wharves sopranos Spelling 221
Proofreading for Spelling Find the misspelled words and circle them. Write them correctly on the lines below. It s hard to imagine now, but in the late 1800s archaeologists were treated like movie stars are today. Digging in the sands of Egypt, the clifs of Asia, or beneath tropical volcanos, these popular heros traveled in comfort. Their tents were lined with bookshelfs. Famous scientists did not make their travels alone soloes were not their style. They often took along their better halfs and a small army of assistants. Full studioes of artists and writers recorded their activities. At home, they were almost royalty. Dinner parties where women wore formal dresses and flowing scarfs were common. There were no stereoes at the time, so parties featured live musicians with pianoes, celloes, violins, and other instruments. Can you picture yourselfs being treated so grandly if you were archaeologists today? 1. 7. 2. 8. Spelling: Plurals Spelling Words 1. echoes 2. halves 3. solos 4. leaves 5. heroes 6. cliffs 7. scarves 8. potatoes 9. pianos 10. volcanoes 11. sheriffs 12. calves 13. tomatoes 14. cellos 15. wolves 16. ratios 17. stereos 18. yourselves 19. studios 20. bookshelves 3. 9. 4. 10. 5. 11. 6. 12. Spelling 222
Prepositions Grammar: Prepositions; Prepositional Phrases A preposition links nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase a preposition introduces is its object. Some prepositions are on, about, beneath, beside, during, and across. preposition We had fun during the game. Thinking Question Which word links a noun, pronoun, or phrase to the other words in the sentence? Activity Circle the preposition in the sentence. 1. The princess reigned during the eighteenth dynasty. 2. She was successful in warfare. 3. The princess ruled over many people. 4. She reigned for 22 years. 5. Before her reign, there were only male rulers. 6. She brought wealth and trade into her country. 7. Many great building projects were initiated by her. 8. She is a good model for modern female leaders. Grammar 223
Prepositional Phrases Grammar: Prepositions; Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, its object, and any related adjectives or adverbs. prepositional phrase The book is on the table. Thinking Question Does this phrase include a preposition, its object, and any related adjectives or adverbs? Activity Underline the prepositional phrase or phrases in each sentence. Circle the object of the preposition. Write the preposition on the line provided. 1. Royal women played an important role within Egyptian religion. 2. Upon her death, she was mummified. 3. She was famous throughout the land. 4. I read a book on the topic. 5. I found sources in the bibliography. 6. From the introduction, students learned she was a great ruler. 7. Neither of these books is historically accurate. 8. Scholars debate about the date of her death. Grammar 224
Prepositional Phrases: Punctuation Grammar: Prepositions; Prepositional Phrases If a prepositional phrase begins a sentence and is made up of four or more words, it must be followed by a comma. If a prepositional phrase is part of the main clause, no comma is needed. prepositional phrase with comma Before his oral report, Josh was nervous. Thinking Question Does this prepositional phrase begin the sentence? Is it made up of four words or more? prepositional phrase without comma The paper in his hands was shaking. Activity Place a comma after the prepositional phrase in the sentence when needed. Write no comma on the line if none is needed. 1. Do you want to go there after school? 2. Before my last class I started feeling sick. 3. At the end of the year we had a party. 4. We gathered around the storyteller. 5. From the teacher s edits we learned punctuation. 6. That was the best book of the year. 7. Under the desk and chair we looked for the pencil. 8. I try not to read in the dark. Grammar 225
Subject-Verb Agreement Grammar: Spiral Review Mattie has a book about the pharaohs. We were searching the shelves in the nonfiction section of the library. Lucy and Eric chose books about mummies. Either my sister or Eric is taking the photographs. There are beautiful photographs of the pyramids in Eric s book. Neither my friends nor I have found any books about King Tut. 1 5. Underline the correct verb in parentheses to complete each sentence. 1. My classmates and I (is, are) studying ancient Egypt. 2. One of the ancient Egyptian obelisks still (stand, stands) today. 3. Their design and construction (remain, remains) a marvel to historians. 4. Either Karen or Pedro (has, have) registered for the course. 5. Neither the students nor the teacher (know, knows) the answer. 6 10. This note has five errors in subject-verb agreement. Use proofreading marks to correct the note. To: My party advisor I am celebrating my thirtieth birthday. My husband, the prince, and I has high expectations. People from all over the kingdom is coming for the party. There are a lot to do before then. First, either you or your assistants has the job of decorating the palace. The prince and I wants our palace to look exceptionally beautiful. Grammar 226
Sentence Fluency Grammar: Connect to Writing Two sentences can be combined by using a prepositional phrase. separate sentences I checked out three books today. They were about ancient Egypt. combined sentence I checked out three books about ancient Egypt today. Read each of the sentence pairs and combine them into one sentence. Write the new sentence on the line. 1. We approached the mummy. We approached it with care. 2. The lecturer was talking about Egypt. She was talking in a loud voice. 3. The archaeologists studied the mummy. The archaeologists were in the Valley of the Kings. 4. They tested how old it was. They used special tools. 5. The mummy was brown. It was on the examination table. 6. We saw the pyramids. We went in the morning. 7. We boarded the plane. We boarded with other tourists. 8. I studied the diagrams in the book. They were of the pyramids. Grammar 227
Focus Trait: Organization Introductions Writing: Write to Inform An introduction lets the reader know what your topic is and why it is important. It gives readers a glimpse of what they will be reading about in your essay. A wellwritten introduction will have the reader wanting to read more. The following sentences of an introductory paragraph are out of order. On the lines below, write out the paragraph so the sentences follow logical order. One of the areas in which she succeeded was warfare. In addition to establishing peace, she also gained much wealth for Egypt. Hatshepsut was different from other female rulers of Egypt. With that prosperity, she was able to initiate many building projects, which are examples of some of the greatest architecture in Egyptian history. Even though she triumphed in war, Hatshepsut brought about a peaceful era. Unlike her predecessors, she reigned for a very long time and enjoyed great success. Writing 228