April 10, 2001 GRAMMAR CURRICULUM LEVEL I I. ADJECTIVES A. DETERMINERS 1. ARTICLES a. Forms Generic Indefinite Definite Singular Nouns a/an a/an the Plural Nouns Ø some the Noncount Nouns Ø some the b. Examples i. Generic An apple is red. A banana is yellow. Apples are red. Bananas are yellow. Apples and bananas are fruit. ii. Indefinite I bought an apple and a banana. I bought some apples and some bananas. I bought some fruit. iii. Definite I bought a banana. I ate the banana. I bought some apples. I ate the apples. I bought some fruit. I ate the fruit. Also see Indefinite Quantifiers for more about some.
2. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES a. Forms Singular Plural Near this these Far that those b. Examples You can wear this jacket with these ties. (The jacket and the ties are close to the speaker.) You can wear that jacket with those ties. (The jacket and the ties are farther away from the speaker.) Also see Demonstrative Pronouns. 3. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS a. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES i. Forms Singular Plural First Person my our Second Person your your Third Person his/her/its their ii. Usage notes and examples (a) A possessive adjective agrees with a preceding noun phrase or pronoun in number, person, and gender John bought a new pencil. It is in his hand. Jill gave him her books. Mary and Beth gave him their homework. Also see Possessive Pronouns. b. POSSESSIVE NOUNS i. Forms Singular Irregular Plural Regular Plural Noun + 'S Beth's women's Noun + ' girls' 2
ii. Examples Beth's jacket is on the bed. The women's coats are in the closet. The girls' gloves are on the shelf. Also see Possessive Pronouns. 4. INDEFINITE QUANTIFIERS a. ANY AND SOME i. Forms Plural Noncount Questions any any Affirmative Statements some some Negative Statements any any ii. Examples (a) Any in yes/no questions and negative statements Do you have any money? Do you have any quarters? No, I don't have any money. No, I don't have any quarters. (b) Some in affirmative statements Yes, I have some money. Yes, I have some quarters. Also see Articles for more about some. b. MANY, MUCH, A LOT OF, A FEW, AND A LITTLE i. Forms Plural Noncount Questions many much Affirmative Statements a few a lot of a little a lot of Negative Statements many much 3
ii. Examples (a) Many and much in information questions and negative statements How much money do you have? How many quarters do you have? I do not have much money. I do not have many quarters. (b) A lot of, a few, and a little in affirmative statements 5. NUMERICAL ADJECTIVES I have a lot of money. I have a little money. I have a lot of quarters. I have a few quarters. a. CARDINAL NUMBERS i. Forms one, two, three, etc. ii. Examples One bird flew over our heads. Three birds sat on a fence. b. ORDINAL NUMBERS i. Forms the first, the second, the third, etc. ii. Examples Three birds sat on a fence. The first bird was a sparrow. The second bird and the third bird were robins. 6. EXPRESSIONS OF MEASUREMENT a. Forms i. Portions a piece of ii. Containers a bag of a bowl of a can of a cup of a jar of iii. Units or Shapes a bar of an ear of a loaf of a stick of a slice of a bottle of a box of a carton of a glass of a tube of a bunch of a head of a roll of 4
b. Usage notes and examples i. Preceding a noncount noun, making it quantifiable I bought some lettuce. I bought a head of lettuce. I bought two heads of lettuce. ii. Preceding a plural noun which represents a group of things which are impractical to count individually, making it quantifiable I bought some grapes. I bought a bunch of grapes. I bought two bunches of grapes. Also see Count and Noncount Nouns. B. DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES a. Forms i. Emotion happy, sad, nervous, etc. ii. Inherent quality beautiful, delicious, kind, etc. iii. Size large, tall, little, etc. iv. Shape round, square, oval, etc. v. Age young, old, middle-aged, etc. vi. Temperature hot, cold, warm, etc. vii. Color red, blue, black, etc. viii. Material metal, glass, plastic, etc. ix. Nationality Greek, Chinese, Korean, etc. x. Religion Catholic, Moslem, Jewish, etc. b. Examples i. Preceding a noun There is a wonderful cafe on Main Street. ii. Following the verb be The cafe is wonderful. 5
II. ADVERBS A. ADVERBS OF LOCATION here, there, downstairs, upstairs, inside, outside, downtown, and home 2. Examples Where is Susan? Susan is here. She's upstairs. B. ADVERBS OF SPECIFIC FREQUENCY every morning every afternoon every evening every night every day every Monday, etc. every weekend every week every month every summer, etc. every year 2. Examples When does Susan walk home? She walks home every day. C. ADVERBS OF GENERAL FREQUENCY Most Frequent 100% always usually often sometimes seldom, rarely 0% never, not ever Least Frequent 2. Examples a. Following the verb be Charles is always in class at eight thirty. b. Preceding other verbs John rarely comes to class on time. 6
D. ADVERBS OF DEFINITE TIME a. Present now right now b. Past yesterday morning yesterday... minutes ago yesterday afternoon last Monday, etc.... hours ago yesterday evening last weekend... days ago last night last week... weeks ago last month... months ago last summer, etc.... years ago last year c. Future tomorrow morning tomorrow in... minutes tomorrow afternoon next Monday, etc. in... hours tomorrow evening next weekend in... days tomorrow night next week in... weeks next month in... months next summer, etc. in... years next year d. Present, Past, and Future this morning this afternoon this evening tonight today this Monday, etc. this weekend this week this month this summer, etc. this year 2. Examples John is home right now. He was home yesterday. He will be home tomorrow. He is home today. He was home today. He will be home today. 7
III. NOUNS A. ATTRIBUTES OF NOUNS 1. PROPER AND COMMON a. Forms i. Proper (a) Names and titles of people Elizabeth, Michael Jones, Miss Smith, etc. (b) Days of the week, months, and holidays Monday, June, Christmas, etc. (c) Names of cities, countries, and places Paris, Mexico, Main Street, etc. (d) Languages Chinese, French, Japanese, etc. ii. Common girl, day, city, language etc. b. Usage notes and examples i. A proper noun is always capitalized, but a common noun is not capitalized unless it is the first word of a sentence I went to Paris. I visited many cities. Cities are exciting. ii. A proper noun cannot usually be preceded by a determiner, but a common noun can be Michael Jones is in the classroom. 2. SINGULAR AND PLURAL a. Forms i. Singular (Noun) a book, a pen, an eraser, etc. ii. Plural (Noun + S) books, pens, erasers, etc. b. Usage notes and examples i. Spelling changes when -S is added (a) -ES is added after final -S, -Z, -SH, -CH, or -X class buzz dish match box classes buzzes dishes matches boxes (b) Final -Y is changed to -I when preceded by a 8
consonant and -ES is added baby babies (c) Final -F or -FE is changed to -V, and -ES is added thief wife thieves wives (d) Final -ES is added to a noun with a final -O preceded by a consonant tomato tomatoes ii. Irregular forms Singular child foot man mouse tooth woman fish person Plural children feet men mice teeth women fish people 3. COUNT AND NONCOUNT a. Forms i. Count an apple, a chair, a letter, etc. apples, chairs, letters, etc. ii. Noncount fruit, furniture, mail, etc. b. Usage notes and examples i. A count noun can be singular or plural, but a noncount noun is always singular an apple, apples fruit ii. A count noun can be preceded by an indefinite article or a cardinal number, but a noncount noun can only be quantified by using an expression of measurement an apple, two apples a piece of fruit, two pieces of fruit iii. A count noun can be preceded by many or a few, but a noncount noun can be preceded by much or a little many apples, a few apples much fruit, a little fruit B. POSITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS 1. Preceding a verb acting as the subject of the sentence Caroline is teaching. 9
2. Following the verb be acting as a complement She is a teacher. 10
3. Following a verb acting as its object She is teaching English. 4. Following a preposition acting as its object She is teaching at the university. C. AGREEMENT OF NOUNS 1. A noun subject agrees in number with the verb be or any verb in the simple present tense The teacher is at the university. The teachers are at the university. Caroline teaches English. Caroline and John teach English. 2. A noun complement agrees in number with the subject I am a student. You are a student. He is a student. We are students. You are students. They are students. IV. PLACE MARKERS A. INTRODUCTORY THERE 1. Usage notes and examples a. Introductory there is used with the verb be and a prepositional phrase to express the existence of a subject. The verb be agrees with the subject, which follows the verb, not with the word there There is a cup on the table. There are two cups on the table. 2. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements There + Be + Subject + Prepositional Phrase There is a cup on the table. b. Negative statements There + Be + Not + Subject + Prepositional Phrase There is not a glass on the table. c. Yes/no questions Be + There + Subject + Prepositional Phrase Is there a cup on the table? d. Affirmative short answers Yes + Comma + There + Be Yes, there is. e. Negative short answers No + Comma + There + Be + Not No, there is not. 11
f. Information questions and responses How Many/Much + Subject + Be + There + Prepositional Phrase How many cups are there on the table? There is one cup on the table. One. How much coffee is there in the cup? There is a lot of coffee in the cup. A lot. B. INTRODUCTORY IT 1. Usage notes and examples a. Introductory it is used with the verb be to express a clock time, a day of the week, a date, or a year What time is it? It's nine o'clock. What day is it? It's Monday. What date is it? It's September 15th. What year is it? It's 1998. b. Introductory it is used with the verb be to express a temperature or a weather condition or with a verb signifying a weather condition What's the temperature? It's hot. It's ninety degrees. What's the weather like? It's a nice day. It's sunny. How's the weather? It's raining. V. PREPOSITIONS A. PREPOSITIONS OF POINTS OF TIME at, in, and on 2. Usage notes and examples a. At is used with a clock time or the word night I have class at one o'clock. I don't have class at night. b. In is used with a month, a year, or the phrases the morning, the afternoon, and the evening My birthday is in October. I was born in 1960. I was born in the morning. c. On is used with a day of the week or a date I have class on Monday. I don't have class on December 25. 12
B. PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION at, on, and in 2. Usage notes and examples a. At is used with a general location, an address, or the words home, school, and work John is at his office. He works at 4472 Hill Street. John is at work. b. On is used with a street He works on Hill Street. c. In is used with a city, a state, or a country He works in New York City. John lives in New Jersey. He lives in the United States. C. PREPOSITIONS OF POSITION above between in front of on behind far (away from) inside on top of below in near outside beside in back of next to over under 2. Examples Where was John? John was in front of his computer. D. PREPOSITIONS OF SEQUENCE after and before 2. Examples First, we watched a movie. Second, we had dinner. Third, we went to bed. We watched a movie before dinner. We went to bed after dinner. 13
VI. PRONOUNS A. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1. SUBJECT PRONOUNS a. Forms Singular Plural First Person I we Second Person you you Third Person he/she/it they b. Usage notes and examples i. A subject pronoun agrees with a preceding noun phrase in person, number, and gender Jim is an excellent student. He studies every night. Jill is a bad student. She never studies. John and Mary are good students. They often study. 2. OBJECT PRONOUNS a. Forms Singular Plural First Person me us Second Person you you Third Person him/her/it them b. Usage notes and examples i. An object pronoun agrees with a preceding noun phrase in person, number, and gender Jim was at the library last night. I saw him. I talked to him. Jill was at the library last night too. I saw her. I talked to her. Jim and Jill were at the library. I saw them. I talked to them. B. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Singular Plural First Person mine ours Second Person yours yours Third Person his/hers theirs 14
2. Usage notes and examples a. A possessive pronoun agrees with a preceding noun phrase in person, number, and gender John's book isn't on the shelf. His is on the table. Jill's book isn't on the table. Hers is on the shelf. Tom and Mary's books aren't on the table. Theirs are on the shelf. Also see Possessive Adjectives and Nouns. C. INDEFINITE REFERENT PRONOUNS -body -one -thing some- somebody someone something any- anybody anyone anything no- nobody no one nothing 2. Usage notes and examples a. All forms are singular and are used with singular third person verb forms Someone is at the door. Someone knocks on the door every night. b. Any- forms are used in questions and negative statements Did you see anyone at the door? I didn't see anyone at the door. c. Some- and no- forms are used in affirmative statements Someone was knocking on the door. No one was knocking on the window. D. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS Singular Plural Near this these Far that those 2. Examples This is my book. I am putting this on the table. Don't spill your coffee on this, please. Also see Demonstrative Adjectives. 15
E. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (Question Words) Pronouns Adjectives/Pronouns Adverbs who whose where *what how many when how much what time why *(What is also an adjective, but not at Level I.) 2. Examples a. Forms which act as pronouns Who gave Greta some tickets to the zoo? (Subject) Who did Greta take to the zoo? (Object) (Note: Whom is not taught at Level I.) b. Forms which act as adjectives or pronouns How many tickets are on the desk? How many are on the desk? (Subject) How many tickets does Greta have? How many does she have? (Object) c. Forms which act as adverbs Where did Greta and the children go? Also see Verbs for information questions and responses for each tense and aspect. VII. VERBS: MODALS AND PHRASAL MODALS A. ABILITY (Listening/Speaking) Singular Plural First Person Can + Verb Can + Verb Second Person Can + Verb Can + Verb Third Person Can + Verb Can + Verb 2. Contractions with not Full Form Contraction Can cannot can't 3. Functions a. Expressing a present or future ability Sue can speak English well because she practices every day. 16
4. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements Subject + Can + Verb + (Predicate) Sue can speak English. b. Negative statements Subject + Cannot + Verb + (Predicate) Sue cannot speak Chinese. c. Yes/no questions Can + Subject + Verb + (Predicate) Can Sue speak English? d. Affirmative short answers Yes + Comma + Subject + Can Yes, she can. e. Negative short answers No + Comma + Subject + Cannot No, she cannot. f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject Question Word + Can + Verb + (Predicate) Who can speak English well? Sue can speak English well. Sue can. Sue. g. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as an object or with an interrogative adverb Question Word + Can + Subject + Verb + (Predicate) What can Sue speak well? Sue can speak English well. English. Why can she speak well? She can speak well because she practices. Because she practices. B. FUTURE CERTAINTY (Listening/Speaking) See Verbs: Tenses and Aspects for will and be going to. C. INSTRUCTIONS (IMPERATIVES) (Listening/Speaking) Affirmative Verb + (Predicate) Negative Do + Not + Verb + (Predicate) 2. Functions a. Expressing present or future instructions Open your books, please. Don't look at your partner's paper. 17
D. NECESSITY (Listening/Speaking) Singular First Person Have to + Verb Second Person Have to + Verb Third Person Has to + Verb Plural Have to + Verb Have to + Verb Have to + Verb 2. Functions a. Expressing a present or future necessity Sue doesn't have a kitchen. She has to eat in the cafeteria every day. 3. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements Subject + Have to + Verb + (Predicate) Sue has to eat in the cafeteria. b. Negative statements Subject + Do + Not + Have to + Verb + (Predicate) Sue does not have to eat at a restaurant. c. Yes/no questions Do + Subject + Have to + Verb + (Predicate) Does Sue have to eat in the cafeteria? d. Affirmative short answers Yes + Comma + Subject + Do Yes, she does. e. Negative short answers No + Comma + Subject + Do + Not No, she does not. f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject Question Word + Have to + Verb + (Predicate) Who has to eat in the cafeteria? Sue has to eat in the cafeteria. Sue does. Sue. g. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as an object Question Word + Do + Subject + Have to + Verb + (Predicate) Where does Sue have to eat? Sue has to eat in the cafeteria. In the cafeteria. 18
VIII. VERBS: TENSES AND ASPECTS A. SIMPLE PRESENT OF BE Singular Plural First Person I am John and I are we are Second Person you are John and you are you are Third Person John is the boy is he is John and Tom are the boys are they are Mary is the girl is she is the dog is the book is it is Mary and Sue are the girls are they are the dogs are the books are they are 2. Contractions a. With subject pronouns Singular Plural First Person I'm we're Second Person you're you're Third Person he's she's it's they're b. With not Full Form Contraction 1 Contraction 2 First Person I am not I'm not Ø Second Person Third Person he is not she is not it is not you are not we are not they are not he's not she's not it's not you're not we're not they're not he isn't she isn't it isn't you aren't we aren't they aren't 3. Elements following be (Predicates) a. Noun complements Sue is a student. b. Adjective complements She is intelligent. 19
c. Prepositional phrases She is from the United States. d. Adverbs of location She is home. 4. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements Subject + Be + Predicate Sue is a student. b. Negative statements Subject + Be + Not + Predicate Sue is not a nurse. c. Yes/no questions Be + Subject + Predicate Is Sue a student? d. Affirmative short answers Yes + Comma + Subject + Be Yes, she is. e. Negative short answers No + Comma + Subject + Be + Not No, she is not. f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject Question Word + Be + Predicate Who is in class? Sue is in class. Sue is. Sue. g. Information questions with an interrogative pronoun as a noun complement or with an interrogative adverb Question Word + Be + Predicate Who is that girl? That girl is Sue. Sue. What time is her class? Her class is at eight o'clock. At eight o'clock. B. SIMPLE PRESENT OF HAVE Singular Plural First Person I have we have Second Person you have you have Third Person he has she has it has they have 20
2. Contractions of the interrogative auxiliary verbs with not Full Form Contraction Do do not don't Does does not doesn't 3. Elements following have (Predicates) a. Objects Sue has a big house. 4. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements Subject + Have + Object Sue has a big house. b. Negative statements Subject + Do + Not + Have + Object Sue does not have an apartment. c. Yes/no questions Do + Subject + Have + Object Does Sue have a big house? d. Affirmative short answers Yes + Comma + Subject + Do Yes, she does. e. Negative short answers No + Comma + Subject + Do + Not No, she does not. f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject Question Word + Have + Object Who has a big house? Sue has a big house. Sue does. Sue. g. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as an object Question Word + Do + Subject + Have + Object What does Sue have? Sue has a big house. A big house. C. SIMPLE PRESENT OF OTHER VERBS Singular Plural First Person Verb Verb Second Person Verb Verb Third Person Verb + -S Verb 2. Elements following other verbs (Predicates) a. Nothing 21
Sue eats. 22
b. Objects Sue eats a sandwich. c. Infinitives (with want and need) Sue wants to eat. d. Prepositional phrases Sue eats in the cafeteria. e. Adverbs Sue eats every day. 3. Functions a. Indicating a habitual action Sue eats a sandwich in the cafeteria every day. b. Indicating an action in progress at the moment of speaking with a verb which cannot be used in the present progressive Sue wants to eat a sandwich right now. 4. Irregularities a. Spelling changes when -S is added i. -ES is added after final -S, -Z, -SH, -CH, or -X kiss buzz push teach fix kisses buzzes pushes teaches fixes ii. Final -Y is changed to -I when preceded by a consonant, and -ES is added cry cries iii. -ES is added to do and go do go does goes 5. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements Subject + Verb + (Predicate) Sue eats a sandwich. b. Negative statements Subject + Do + Not + Verb + (Predicate) Sue does not eat a salad. c. Yes/no questions Do + Subject + Verb + (Predicate) Does Sue eat a sandwich? d. Affirmative short answers Yes + Comma + Subject + Do Yes, she does. e. Negative short answers No + Comma + Subject + Do + Not No, she does not. f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject Question Word + Verb + (Predicate) Who eats a sandwich? Sue eats a sandwich. 23
24 Sue does. Sue.
g. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as an object or with an interrogative adverb Question Word + Do + Subject + Verb + (Predicate) What does Sue eat? Sue eats a sandwich. A sandwich. Where does she eat? She eats in the cafeteria. In the cafeteria. D. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Singular Plural First Person Am + Verb + -ING Are + Verb + -ING Second Person Are + Verb + -ING Are + Verb + -ING Third Person Is + Verb + -ING Are + Verb + -ING 2. Functions a. Indicating an action in progress at the moment of speaking Sue is eating a sandwich in the cafeteria right now. 3. Irregularities a. Spelling changes when -ING is added i. Final -E is dropped smile smiling ii. A final consonant, other than -W, -X, and -Y, is doubled when preceded by a single stressed vowel sit sitting iii. Final -IE is changed to -Y tie tying b. Verbs not used in the present progressive like hear want understand love see need know hate smell have ("own") believe taste think ("believe") 4. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements Subject + Be + Present Participle + (Predicate) Sue is eating a sandwich. b. Negative statements Subject + Be + Not + Present Participle + (Predicate) Sue is not eating a sandwich. c. Yes/no questions Be + Subject + Present Participle + (Predicate) Is Sue eating a sandwich? d. Affirmative short answers Yes + Comma + Subject + Be Yes, she is. 25
e. Negative short answers No + Comma + Subject + Be + Not No, she is not. f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject Question Word + Be + Present Participle + (Predicate) Who is eating? Sue is eating. Sue is. Sue. g. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as an object or with an interrogative adverb Question Word + Be + Subject + Present Participle + (Predicate) What is Sue eating? Sue is eating a sandwich. A sandwich. Where is she eating? She is eating in the cafeteria. In the cafeteria. E. SIMPLE PAST OF BE Singular Plural First Person I was we were Second Person you were you were Third Person he was she was it was they were 2. Contractions with not Full Form Contraction Was was not wasn't Were were not weren't 3. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements Subject + Be + Predicate Sue was a student. b. Negative statements Subject + Be + Not + Predicate Sue was not a nurse. c. Yes/no questions Be + Subject + Predicate Was Sue a student? d. Affirmative short answers Yes + Comma + Subject + Be Yes, she was. 26
e. Negative short answers No + Comma + Subject + Be + Not No, she was not. f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject Question Word + Be + Predicate Who was in class? Sue was in class. Sue was. Sue. g. Information questions with an interrogative pronoun as a noun complement or with an interrogative adverb Question Word + Be + Predicate Who was that girl? That girl was Sue. Sue. What time was her class? Her class was at eight o'clock. At eight o'clock. F. SIMPLE PAST OF OTHER VERBS Singular Plural First Person Verb + -ED Verb + -ED Second Person Verb + -ED Verb + -ED Third Person Verb + -ED Verb + -ED 2. Contractions of the interrogative auxiliary verb with not Full Form Contraction Did did not didn't 3. Functions a. Indicating an action which began and ended at a specific time in the past Sue walked to the cafeteria yesterday. 4. Irregularities a. Spelling changes when -ED is added i. Final -E is dropped smile smiled ii. A final consonant, other than -W, -X, and -Y, is doubled when preceded by a single stressed vowel stop stopped iii. Final -Y is changed to -I when preceded by a consonant cry cried b. Irregular forms See the Appendix for a list of irregular past tense forms. 27
5. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements Subject + Verb + (Predicate) Sue walked to the cafeteria. b. Negative statements Subject + Did + Not + Verb + (Predicate) Sue did not walk to the cafeteria. c. Yes/no questions Did + Subject + Verb + (Predicate) Did she walk to the library? d. Affirmative short answers Yes + Comma + Subject + Did Yes, she did. e. Negative short answers No + Comma + Subject + Did + Not No, she did not. f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject Question Word + Verb + (Predicate) Who walked? Sue walked. Sue did. Sue. g. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as an object or with an interrogative adverb Question Word + Did + Subject + Verb + (Predicate) What did Sue eat? Sue ate a sandwich. A sandwich. Where did she eat? She ate in the cafeteria. In the cafeteria. G. FUTURE WITH WILL (Listening/Speaking) Singular Plural First Person Will + Verb Will + Verb Second Person Will + Verb Will + Verb Third Person Will + Verb Will + Verb 2. Contractions a. With subject pronouns Singular Plural First Person I'll we'll Second Person you'll you'll Third Person he'll she'll it'll they'll 28
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b. With not Full Form Contraction Will will not won't 3. Functions a. Indicating an action which takes place in the future Our team will win the baseball game tomorrow. 4. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements Subject + Will + Verb + (Predicate) Sue will buy tickets for the baseball game. b. Negative statements Subject + Will + Not + Verb + (Predicate) The boys will not buy any tickets. c. Yes/no questions Will + Subject + Verb + (Predicate) Will Sue buy the tickets? d. Affirmative short answers Yes + Comma + Subject + Will Yes, she will. e. Negative short answers No + Comma + Subject + Will + Not No, she will not. f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject Question Word + Will + Verb + (Predicate) Who will buy the tickets? Sue will buy the tickets. Sue will. Sue. g. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as an object or with an interrogative adverb Question Word + Will + Subject + Verb + (Predicate) What will Sue buy? Sue will buy the tickets. The tickets. When will she buy them? She will buy them tomorrow. Tomorrow. H. FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO (Listening/Speaking) Singular Plural First Person Am + Going To + Verb Are + Going To + Verb Second Person Are + Going To + Verb Are + Going To + Verb Third Person Is + Going To + Ve rb Are + Going To + Verb 30
2. Functions a. Indicating an action which takes place in the future Our team is going to win the baseball game tomorrow. 3. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements Subject + Be + Going To + Verb + (Predicate) The boys are going to go to the baseball game. b. Negative statements Subject + Be + Not + Going To + Verb + (Predicate) The boys are not going to go to a football game. c. Yes/no questions Be + Subject + Going To + Verb + (Predicate) Are the boys going to go to the baseball game? d. Affirmative short answers Yes + Comma + Subject + Be Yes, they are. e. Negative short answers No + Comma + Subject + Be + Not No, they are not. f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject Question Word + Be + Going To + Verb + (Predicate) Who is going to go? The boys are going to go. The boys are. The boys. g. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as an object or with an interrogative adverb Question Word + Be + Subject + Going To + Verb + (Predicate) What are they going to see? They are going to see the game. The game. Where are they going to go? They are going to go to the game. To the game. 31
APPENDIX IRREGULAR VERB FORMS AT LEVEL I Simple Form Simple Past Simple Form Simple Past be was/were leave left begin began lose lost bite bit make made break broke meet met bring brought pay paid buy bought put put catch caught read read come came ride rode cost cost ring rang cut cut run ran do did say said draw drew see saw drink drank sell sold drive drove send sent eat ate shut shut fall fell sing sang feel felt sit sat fight fought sleep slept find found speak spoke fly flew spend spent forget forgot stand stood get got swim swam give gave take took go went teach taught have had tell told hear heard think thought hit hit understand understood hold held wake up woke up hurt hurt wear wore keep kept win won know knew write wrote 32