APA. References: Avoid Common Mistakes. Dr. Kristen Betts Drexel University

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1 APA : Avoid Common Mistakes Dr. Kristen Betts Drexel University

2 APA: Need to Know APA Manual: 6 th Edition, 2 nd Printing : APA Manual and APA website Musts: In-text Citations and Learn Now: Save TIME and POINTS now and later 21192

3 Rules: Double-spaced with a ½ inch hanging indent Invert name: Last Name, First Initial (middle initial optional), Year Comma after the last name and a period after BOTH the first and middle initials. Two or More Authors: COMMA after first/middle initial also before & - Smith, E. A., & McEvoy, M. (2012). More than one initial,make sure you have space in between author s initials: Jones, K. A. Not Jones, K.A

4 Examples: Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology: Comparative journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2012). Stress levels in doctoral students: Comparative study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 9(2), Retrieved from

5 Rules: Only the first words and proper nouns in an article's title and subtitle are capitalized; all others are lowercase. Note: Following a colon first word will be capitalized Journal titles have the first letter of each word capitalized with the exception of minor words. Minor words: three letters or fewer, namely, for conjunctions (words like and, or nor, and but), articles (the words a, an, and the), and prepositions (words like as, at, by, for, in, of, on, per, and to), as long as they aren t the first word in a title or subtitle. Source:

6 Rules: (cont.) Journal title and Volume number are italicized. Issue number is NOT italicized. No space between Volume and Issue. Note: Italicized Volume number actually touches the parenthesis e.g., 6(2), Page numbers are not italicized. Period after the page numbers. Retrieved from URL NO colon or date or period, NOT blue URL Example: Retrieved from

7 Examples: Towsend, H. (1983). Basics for writing psychology journal articles: A comparative study. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 46, Boyle, K. F., Anderson, A. S., & Peters, B. N. (2002). A study of migratory birds. Journal of Ornithology, 8(3), Retrieved from Comma AFTER journal Comma AFTER Volume/Issue DASH w/ page numbers followed by period No PERIOD after url

8 APA citation format for a published dissertation: Last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Year). Title of dissertation (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or Order Number) Remember: Capital D for Doctoral w/ small case d for dissertation No period after Title of dissertation - only after the parentheses (Doctoral dissertation). No period after (Accession or Order Number) Only use Retrieved from do not use Available through Only use ProQuest Dissertations and Theses do not put ProQuest Digital Dissertations or ProQuest LLC

9 APA citation format for a published dissertation: Use No. after AAT, UMI, ED within the parentheses with Accession or Order Number (AAT No ) (UMI No ) (ED No ) Walker, K. D. (2010). Self-efficacy in middle school mathematics (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (AAT No )

10 APA citation format for a published thesis: Hall, B. (1976). Deprivation theory and occult belief (Master's thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (ED No ) Bonsail, A. (2012). Pain relief: Relaxation techniques and multimodal arts therapy (Master's thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No ) APA Manual pp show No. APA office in Washington, DC says that No. must be included with UMI, AAT, and ED.

11 APA citation format for a unpublished dissertation: Last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Year). Title of dissertation / Title of thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation / Unpublished master's thesis). Name of Institution, Location. Belk, J.K. (2011). Integrative learning within tutoring in high school (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Virginia, Charlottesville. Smith, B. (1991). Deprivation theory and occultism (Unpublished master's thesis). University of New Mexico, Albuquerque

12 Seven Authors or More List the first six authors and then use ellipses after the sixth author's name. After the ellipses, list the last author's name of the work. Jacobson, K. P., Smith, A. J., Burkes, E.., Hampton, Q. S., Staunton, A., Bathgate, S. L.,... Agassi, Z. N. (2014). Technology applications for problem-based learning. Journal for Applied Science, 17,

13 Unknown Author Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1991). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Center, Agency, Organization, Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). CDC recommendations for the amount of time persons with influenza-like illness should be away from others. Retrieved from Magazine or Newspaper Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135,

14 Book Welsh, P., & Valdosta, S. T. (1991). APA guide to writing and submitting manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Article or Chapter in an Edited Book Smith, E. A., & McEvoy, M. (1999). Boy s and girl's gender role journeys: Comparative analysis from K-5. In B.. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp ). New York, NY: Springer

15 Same Author with Several Publications in Same Year Cheever, J. (1995a). The enormous radio. In R. V. Cassill (Ed.), The Norton anthology of short fiction (5th ed., pp ). New York, NY: Norton. (Original work published 1947) Cheever, J. (1995b). The five-forty-eight. In R. V. Cassill (Ed.), The Norton anthology of short fiction (5th ed., pp ). New York, NY: Norton. (Original work published 1954) Resource:

16 Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Resource:

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18 Resource:

19 Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Retrieve when available There is no space between the colon after DOI and the first character in the DOI string doi: / DOI: no period after a DOI string Assigned vs. Unassigned DOI DOI video overview:

20 Assigned DOI TWO Options: Jones, D.A. (2007). Optimizing technology tools: An annotated bibliography. European Journal of Technology, 47, doi: / Period after pages No space No period Goodwin, B.L, & Marks, P. (2010). Gaming addiction: Case study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(5), You can CREATE a doi link

21 Create a DOI web link: doi: / / Resource:

22 DOI Website:

23 Rules: Reference list must be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. Retain the order of authors as listed in the article - even if it's not alphabetical. Published does not mean references have correct APA. Find and save good reference lists!

24 Resources:

25 APA Activities La Trobe University Create a Book Citation Walden University Exercises and Quizzes Massey University Interactive Review

26 Resources APA Manual, 6 th Edition, 2 nd Printing APA Website: Note 1: Great quick links for Referencing, Formatting & Most Popular Note 2: Contact APA (send or call) Sample APA style paper: