Documentation: In-text Citations: References Page: Maxwell Heights Secondary School Research Guide P a g e 1

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1 Documentation: Maxwell Heights Secondary School Research Guide P a g e 1 It is essential that the reader of your work can discern which ideas are yours and which have come from someone else. It is also important to acknowledge the source of the ideas that you use in your work. Failing to do so is considered plagiarism. Plagiarism is a type of academic dishonesty that has serious repercussions. Every time you use a direct quote, paraphrase information or include facts or ideas from another author, you must credit the source. Any information that is not common knowledge must be acknowledged. The source of the information must be included in two places: 1) In-text citations a brief reference placed in parentheses within the text that indicates the source of each idea or quote. It directs the reader to the correct source in the References list. 2) References list a complete list of all the sources you have quoted, paraphrased or summarized. It provides all the information necessary for a reader to locate any source you cite. In-text Citations: HOMELESSNESS IN CANADA 2 Include the first two entries of the reference (usually the author s last name and year) Only include the page number if using a direct quote Homelessness in Canada According to the Goering and Hwang (2013), Canada is one of the wealthiest countries in the world. How can homelessness afflict our nation? Three factors that contribute to homelessness in Canada are lack of affordable housing, social inequality, and mental health issues. Housing prices have risen an average of 10% over the past year (CBC/Radio- Canada, 2017), despite an average wage increase of less than 3% (McFarland, 2016). This means that fewer Canadians can afford a home. References Page: Include as a separate page at the end of the assignment Centre the title References Arrange the entries alphabetically by the first letter Double-space within and between entries HOMELESSNESS IN CANADA 9 References CBC/Radio-Canada. (2017). Average Canadian house up 10% in past year. CBC News. Retrieved from Goering, P. & Hwang, S. (2013, February 4). Canada can end chronic homelessness. Hamilton Spectator, A13. Retrieved from Using a hanging indent of onehalf inch for the second and subsequent lines of an entry McFarland, J. (2016, September 7). Companies project record-low salary increases in 2017: survey. The Globe and Mail, D7.

2 In-Text Citations Maxwell Heights Secondary School Research Guide P a g e 2 Within the body of your assignment, you must cite a source for any quotations, facts or paraphrased ideas. The only exception is common knowledge. The in-text citation should direct the reader unambiguously to the source in your References list. Typically, the in-text citation is made up of the first two entries in the reference (usually the author's name and year). Only include the page number if it is a direct quote. Examples: Saturn s rings were first observed by Galileo (Husson, 2016). Include the author s last name and the year. The period is placed after the in-text citation. Approximately half of all cancers are preventable (Canadian Cancer Society, 2019). The author may be an organization rather than a person. Genetically modified organisms have their DNA altered in a way that does not occur naturally (Smith & Wilson, 2017). If there are two authors, include both last names and the year. The order of the names should be the same as given in the original source. Jones (2016) claims that couples in Canada are delaying marriage There was a significant change in the acceptance of same-sex marriage during the 21 st century (Jones, 2016, p.112). The author s name may be included within the sentence instead of in the parentheses. The year is included in parentheses after the name. Include the page number if using a direct quote. According to Jones (2016), There was a significant change in the acceptance of samesex marriage during the 21 st century (p.112). If embedding the author s name in the sentence, the year is included after the name and the page number for the quote is included at the end. Offshore wind turbines are those located out at sea ( Green Energy, 2017). If the reference does not have an author, include the first entry of the reference and the year. Ontario experiences most of its windy days during the winter ( Green Energy, 2017, Risks section). If the reference does not have a page number, give the reader information to find the direct quote by including the paragraph number or section title.

3 Maxwell Heights Secondary School Research Guide P a g e 3 Citing a Source with No Author? Remember: * The author does not have to be a person, but may be an organization * If no author is provided, move the next entry in the reference to the front of the citation APA Style: Citing PRINT SOURCES -- BOOKS/ENCYCLOPEDIAS/MAGAZINES A book by a single author, multiple author(s) or editor(s) Author(s) or Editor(s). (Year of publication). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Csiszar, J. (2017). Information Technology. Broomall, PA: Mason Crest. In-text citation: (Csiszar, 2017) Raman-Wilms, L. (Ed). (2014). Guide to drugs in Canada. Toronto, ON: Dorling Kindersley Ltd. In-text citation: (Raman-Wilms, 2014) Ipson, C., Nawes, W. & Cavill, A.T. (2016). Teen Addiction. Toronto, ON: Grolier Publishing. In-text citation: (Ipson, Nawes & Cavill, 2016) * The author does not have to be a person, but may be an organization (see next example of a government publication): Ontario Ministry of Education. (2010). The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 11 and 12: Science. Toronto: Queen s Printer for Ontario. In-text citation: (Ontario Ministry of Education, 2010) An encyclopedia Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. In Title of Encyclopedia. (Volume, page range). Place of publication: Publisher. MacDowell, J. (2008). Allergy and sensitivity. In Diseases and Disorders. (Vol. 1, pp ). New York, NY: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. In-text citation: (MacDowell, 2008)

4 Maxwell Heights Secondary School Research Guide P a g e 4 * If no author is provided, move the Title of article to the front of the citation: Green Power. (2017). In Encyclopedia of Alternate Energy. (Vol. 2, pp ). Ipswich, MA: Salem Press. In-text citation: ( Green Power, 2017) A newspaper or magazine article Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper/Magazine, volume(issue), page(s) or section. Javed, N. (2009, April 30). Science sees your noisy ear as key to saving your ipod. Toronto Star, A1. In-text citation: (Javed, 2009) Likmeta, B. & Erebara, G. (2009, April). Bulldozed lives. New Internationalist. p. 11. In-text citation: (Likmeta & Erebara, 2009) * If no author is provided, move the Title of article to the front of the citation: Sinkholes. (2016, June). Scientific American. 5(2), In-text citation: ( Sinkholes, 2016) APA Style: Citing DATABASES AND ONLINE ENCYCLOPEDIAS/MAGAZINES/NEWSPAPERS An online database used to access a periodical (news article, magazine, journal) Author. (Date of article). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), page(s). Retrieved from URL Levi, M. (2015). Go east, young oilman. Foreign Affairs, 94(4), Retrieved from In-text citation: (Levi, 2015)

5 Maxwell Heights Secondary School Research Guide P a g e 5 Gerber, M. (2015, March 25). Rethinking juvenile justice: with parole, a new start. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from In-text citation: (Gerber, 2015) * If no author is provided, move the Title of article to the front of the citation: Holography. (2016). Discovering Science. 6, Retrieved from In-text citation: ( Holography, 2016) An online encyclopedia Author. (Year or publication). Title of article. In Title of Encyclopedia. Retrieved from URL Emanuel, K. (2009). Hurricane. In World Book. Retrieved from In-text citation: (Emanuel, 2009) An online magazine or newspaper article Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper/Magazine, volume(issue). Retrieved Formatting from an Essay URL in APA Style Welch, C. (2017, June 27). New Island Appears Off U.S. Coast. National Geographic, 24(2). Retrieved from In-text citation: (Welch, 2017)

6 Maxwell Heights Secondary School Research Guide P a g e 6 APA Style: Citing WEBSITES AND WEBPAGES A webpage or website Author. (Date of posting or latest update). Title of Webpage or Website. Retrieved from URL Herridge, L. (2018, May 5). NASA s InSight Spacecraft Now on its Way to Mars. Retrieved from In-text citation: (Herridge, 2018) * The author does not have to be a person, but may be a sponsoring organization: Canadian Mental Health Association. (2018). Schizophrenia. Retrieved from In-text citation: (Canadian Mental Health Association, 2018) When using multiple webpages from a website, refer to the home page used to access the webpages: Canadian Cancer Society. (2018). What is Cancer? Retrieved from In-text citation: (Canadian Cancer Society, 2018)

7 APA Essay Format: Maxwell Heights Secondary School Research Guide P a g e 7 Title Page: Create a separate title page 1/2 Include a running header onehalf inch from the top of the page that includes the title of the essay in ALL CAPS (left justified) and the page number (right justified) One-third of the way down the page, include the following information (centre justified): o Title o Name o School name o (double-spaced) Times New Roman 12 pt. font HOMELESSNESS IN CANADA Homelessness in Canada Jane Doe Maxwell Heights Secondary School Essay Page: Use one-inch margins all around ½ 1 HOMELESSNESS IN CANADA 2 Include a running header onehalf inch from the top of the page that includes the title of the essay in ALL CAPS (left justified) and the page number (right justified) 1 Homelessness in Canada According to the World Economic Forum (2017), Canada is one of the wealthiest countries in the world. How can homelessness afflict our nation? Three factors that contribute to homelessness in Canada are lack of affordable housing, social inequality, and mental health issues. Double-spaced Housing prices have risen an average of 10% over the past year (CBC/Radio-Canada, 2017), despite an average wage increase of less than Times New Roman 12 pt. font 3% (McFarland, 2016). This means that fewer Canadians can afford a Indent one-half inch for each paragraph home. Goering and Hwang (2013) claim that a chronic lack of affordable housing and stable employment opportunities that pay a living wage for Centre the title (first page only) low-skilled workers are often the reason people end up homeless (p. A13). If a quotation is over 40 words, indent the entire quotation one-half inch and omit the quotation marks

8 Maxwell Heights Secondary School Research Guide P a g e 8 Headings and Subheadings: If the document includes headings, they should be centered and bolded Subheadings should be leftjustified and bolded These guidelines only apply to headings and subheadings within the document, not to the Title of the Document nor the References page, neither of which is bolded 1 ½ 1 HOMELESSNESS IN CANADA 6 without understanding the repercussions. In other words, homelessness can best be addressed by examining its root causes. Discussion The lack of affordable housing, social inequality, and mental health issues that contribute to homelessness have been examined within the context of this study. Limitation of the Study There were several limitations to the efficacy of this study. For one, the characteristics of homeless people make them difficult to follow for long periods of time. Another limitation was the change in legislation References Page: Use one-inch margins all around ½ HOMELESSNESS IN CANADA 9 References 1 Include a running header onehalf inch from the top of the page that includes the title of the essay in ALL CAPS (left justified) and the page number (right justified) Centre the word References Arrange the entries alphabetically by the first letter 1 CBC/Radio-Canada (2017). Average Canadian house up 10% in past year. CBC News. Retrieved from Goering, P. & Hwang, S. (2013, February 4). Canada can end chronic homelessness. Hamilton Spectator, A13. Retrieved from McFarland, J. (2016, September 7). Companies project record-low salary increases in 2017: survey. The Globe and Mail, D7. World Economic Forum (2017). These are the wealthiest countries in the Double-space within and between entries world. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from /03/these-are-the- Times New Roman 12 pt. font wealthiest-countries-in-the-world Indent one-half inch for each second or subsequent line of an entry