References according to Harvard KAU output

Transcription

1 Universitetsbiblioteket References according to Harvard KAU output style Background There are many different ways to use references in an academic text. What we show here is a version of Harvard Outputt Style. Referencing is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have conducted a thorough and appropriate literature search, and reading. Equally, referencing is an acknowledgement that you have used the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your own work. As with all referencing styles, there are two parts: citing, and the reference list. Accurate referencing is a key component of good academic practice and enhances the presentation of your work: it shows that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading. You will ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the sources you have used in the development of your work, and give you credit for your research efforts and quality. If you do not acknowledge another writer s work or ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism. In-text citations References in the text are given in the actual report. You must clearly indicate what parts of the text are based on texts written by others and what you refer to and texts that are based on your own thoughts and conclusions. As a rule a reference in the text consists of the name of the author followed by the year of the publication: (Ekelund 1999). Another possibility is to include the name in the text and only use the year of publication in brackets: Based on the study by Ekelund (1999). Referring to the actual page of the reference is normally used only when you make direct citation of text, use tables diagrams or figures from the referred source. When referring to several publications by the same author you put the author followed by the years separated by commas in brackets. (Grönroos 2001, 2005) If you are referring to more than one work written by the same author in the same year, put a lower case letter after the date to differentiate between the two (Goldacre 2008a; Goldacre 2008b).

2 2(7) Secondary Referencing. Sometimes you may wish to quote a piece of work that has been referred to in something you have read. You should try to get hold of the original source but sometimes that is not possible and you still want to refer to this secondary reference. Secondary references should be avoided as far as possible. They should only be used when the original reference is definitely unobtainable. There are two different ways this information can be formatted: InText Examples: Brown (1987; cited in Jacobsen, 2009, p.99) proposed a new theory OR..new theory (Brown, 1987; cited in Jacobsen, 2009, p.99). When using the Harvard system in terms of secondary referencing your Bibliography only needs to give the details of the source that you have read (Jacobsen 2009) for the assignment, not Brown. In this case: Jacobsen, B (2009). Modern development. London: Routledge. Authors Two authors with the same surname If two authors with similar surnames have written a book each with the same year of publication you have to use the initials of the authors first name/names to differentiate them. Initials are placed differently when you place the surname in brackets or in the text. (Svensson, T. 1999) According to T. Svensson (1999) the results are Two authors Both names should be included in the reference. When names are in brackets you should use & instead of and. When names are given in the text on the other hand you must use and. (Svensson & Andersson 1997) Svensson and Andersson (1997) states that. More than two authors When the book has more than two authors you normally only use the first name and et al. This is a short form for et alii meaning and others. (Johnson et al. 2001) In the list of references you should write all the names of the authors.

3 3(7) Book chapters Edited books contain collections of chapters which are written by different authors and collated by an editor or editors. To reference a chapter in an edited book you need to record the following details: Chapter Author(s). Year. Title of chapter. In Book Editor ed/eds. Book title. Place: Publisher, chapter page numbers. Macauley, P. & McKnight, S. (2001). Library representation. In Bartlett, and Mercer, G. (eds.) Postgraduate research supervision. New York: Peter Lang. pp Legal documents and references Swedish laws and regulations are published in Svensk författningssamling SFS. Each law has a SFS-number consisting of year and reference number. Referring to a law text you indicate both the name of the law and the SFS-number, e g: According to Årsredovisningslagen (SFS 1995:1554) you should Quotations Quotations of no more than two sentences can be incorporated into the main text using double quotation marks and the page number. Example: Kotler and Armstrong (1996, pp. 385) define a profitable customer as a person, household, or company whose revenues over time exceed, by an acceptable amount, company costs of attracting, selling, and servicing that customer. Quotations longer than two lines should be inserted as a separate, indented paragraph. Quotation marks are not used for longer quotations. Use a smaller font for the quotation, that is, change from size 12 to size 10. Example: Bourdieu has centered his influential account of human social behavior on the concept of habitus. Habitus, for Bourdieu, is the set of dispositions inculcated in each of us by the conditioning that follows from our social environment. The conditionings associated with a particular class of conditions of existence produce habitus, systems of durable, transposable dispositions, structured structures predisposed to function as structuring structures, that is, as principles which generate and organize practices and representations that can be objectively adapted to their outcomes without presupposing a conscious aiming at ends or an express mastery of the operations necessary in order to attain them. (Bourdieu 1990, p.53)

4 4(7) List of References If using Harvard Output style you write the titles of books and journals in italics. Titles of articles in journals and in various types of readings it is the name of the main publication that should be given in italics. Publisher location and publisher name should be given for all publications except journals and papers. Searching for the source in the library catalogue will get you the full bibliographical reference. Examples of references to books: One author In-Text Citation: (McKeown 2006) Two authors In-Text Citation: (Fawcett & Reid 2004) McKeown, S. (2006). Supporting adult learners with dyslexia : harnessing the power of technology. Leicester: Niace. Fawcett, A. & Reid, G. (2004). Dyslexia in context : research, policy and practice. London: Whurr. Three authors (editors) or more Mair, J., Robinson, J. & Hockerts, K. (eds.) (2006). Social entrepreneurship. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. In-Text Citation: (Mair et al. 2006) Edited book Gonäs, L. & Karlsson, J.C. (eds.) (2005). Gender segregation: divisions of work in post-industrial welfare states. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. In-Text Citation: (Gonäs & Karlsson 2005) Book chapter In-Text Citation: (Frenckner & Olve 2004) Frenckner, P. & Olve, N. (2004). Controlleruppdraget en framåtsyftande resumé. In Samuelsson, L.A. (ed.) Controllerhandboken. Stockholm: Industrilitteratur. pp

5 5(7) References to electronic books Taylor, B.J. (2006). Reflective practice a guide for nurses and midwives. [Online] (2 ed.). Open University Press: Maidenhead. Available: Ebrary [ ]. In-Text Citation: (Taylor 2006) References to Journals Kapoor, S. (2006). Psychology in India Revisited--Developments in the Discipline. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 52 (1), In-Text Citation: (Kapoor 2006) Elektronic Journals References to electronic journal articles accessed from a journal database in the same format as the original (PDF): In-Text Citation: (Sharpe 2001) Sharpe, P. (2001). Neural crest and tooth morphogenesis. Advances in Dental Research, [Online], 15 (1), 4-7. You should add [Online] in brackets [ ] after the journal title. References to journal articles accessed from a site which provides a electronic-only version of a journal or accessed from a website in a format different from the print version (HTML) - may not give page numbers or page range. Grant, K.A. (2007). Tacit Knowledge Revisited : We Can Still Learn from Polanyi. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, [Online], 5 (2), Available: i2/grant.pdf [ ]. In-Text Citation: (Grant 2007) References to newspaper articles Ahlenius, I. (2004). De farliga jasägarna. Dagens nyheter. 15 januari. In-Text Citation: (Ahlenius 2004)

6 6(7) References to companies, organizations, institutions or other corporate entity When the author is an institution, company or other corporate entity its name should be entered in full in the first in-text citation. Example: According to customer surveys (Scandinavian Airlines [SAS] 2007). Usually the first time an acronym is used in-text it is spelt out in full with the acronym as above. Subsequent referral can just include the acronym. Example second in-text citation: (SAS 2007) In the reference list, both the long title and the acronym should be included. Doctoral dissertation In-Text Citation: (Windell 2006) References from the Internet Windell, K. (2006). Corporate social responsibility under construction : ideas, translations and institutional change. Diss. Uppsala: Företagekonomiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet. To cite an electronic / Internet source you need to include 1. author 2. title 3. date or update 4. URL 5. date accessed KPMG (2008). Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) och dess följder för svenska företag. Available: [ ]. In-Text Citation: (KPMG 2008) Oral sources Among oral sources are interviews, phone calls, s, letters and lectures. According to the Harvard System, oral sources should not be included in the reference list, but should be referred to in a foot note on the page where the reference is used in the text. You should bear in mind that you should have the approval of the person/persons you refer to. In the text you write Björk 1 stated that. In the foot note 1 Hans Björk VD KPMG, interview on the 14 th of June 2006.

7 7(7) Reference list Bergström, S. & Gummesson, E. (1995). Green service quality and it s indicators: lessons from a restaurant application. In Olsen, M.D., Teare, R. and Gummesson, E. (eds.) Service quality in hospitality organizations. London: Cassell, pp Czinkota, M.R. & Ronkainen, I.A. (2007). International marketing. (8th edn.). Mason, Oh: Thomson/South-Western. Day, E.M. (2002). Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 36 : Identity and the Young English Language Learner. [Online] Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Limited. Available: Ebrary [ ]. Goldacre, B. (2008a) Dore - the media s miracle cure for dyslexia. Bad Science. Weblog. [Online] Available: [ ]. Goldacre, B. (2008b) Trivial Disputes. Bad Science. Weblog. [Online] Available: [ ]. Heskett, J.L., Sasser, W.E. & Schlesinger, L.A. (1997). The service profit chain: How leading companies link profit and growth to loyalty, satisfaction, and value. New York, NY: Free Pr. Johnson, M. (2007). Stakeholder dialogue for sustainable service. Diss. Karlstad: Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Business Administration, Karlstads universitet. Odman, P.J. (1985). Hermeneutics. In Husen, T. and Postlethwaite, T. (eds.) The International Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford: Pergamon Olivier, J., Thoenig, M. & Verdier, T. (2008). Globalization and the dynamics of cultural identity. Journal of International Economics, 76 (2), Robra-Bissantz, S. & Zabel, A. (2005). Push concepts to control interactions in e- commerce. In Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on E- Commerce Technology, Munich, Germany, July 2005, IEEE Vargo, S.L. & Lusch, R.F. (2008). Service-dominant logic: continuing the evolution. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36 (1), WHO. (2009). International Classification of Diseases. [Online] Available from: [ ]. Windell, K. (2006). Corporate social responsibility under construction : ideas, translations and institutional change. Diss. Uppsala: Företagekonomiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet