What is referencing and why should it be used?

Transcription

1 Library and Information Services Citing and Referencing based on the APA 6 th Style Contents What is referencing and why should it be used?... 1 Citing... 1 Paraphrasing... 2 Quotes... 2 Secondary referencing... 3 Referencing... 4 Formatting... 4 Formatting Examples... 5 Further help and advice on avoiding plagiarism... 5 Referencing Examples... 6 What is referencing and why should it be used? Academic work demands that you read widely and consider the work of other writers and researchers when you are preparing your essays and other assignments. Using this work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism. It is, therefore, very important that you acknowledge these ideas and opinions as belonging to a particular author, as they are considered to be that author s intellectual property. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. By doing this you are making it possible for readers to locate the source material that you have used. The system used at the University of Gloucestershire is based on the APA 6 th (American Psychological Association) style, and most closely follows the sentence case rule option given in commercial referencing software. Citing Citing means referring to sources in your text, which you have used in the course of your research. They may also be referred to as in text citations. In the APA 6 th style, this means giving the author s surname and year of publication in brackets at the appropriate point in your text. Also include a page number or page range if you are referring to a specific section of the publication. 08/02/2016 AKD 1

2 The broad guidelines are: You must include author (surname only) and year details, for the purposes of compiling the references list. Page ranges can be omitted if referring to broad ideas. If there are two authors, cite both every time for in-text citations. If there are three to five authors, cite all authors the first time you cite a document: (Stam, Burgoyne & Lewis, 1993, p. 43). In subsequent citations, include just the first author and use et al.: (Stam et al., 1991). If there are six or more authors, use the first author and et al., in first and subsequent citations. Use and outside of parentheses, and & inside of parentheses. If you are discussing a point about which several authors have expressed similar views, include them all in one set of brackets and separated by a semi-colon: (Bordwell, 1985; Branigan, 1992; Buckland, 2008). If there is no author, use the title (or a short form of the title, if it is lengthy) and the year. If there is no date, use n.d.. If you can find evidence to estimate a date use [ca.0000 ]. If there is no pagination for a webpage or an ebook, note the section title if there is one, count the paragraphs and use (section title, para. 0), or (para. 0), in text. Paraphrasing You should aim to paraphrase information provided by an author in your own words rather than quote large amounts of their work verbatim, as this helps to demonstrate to the reader your understanding of the information. You can refer to your source author(s) either in the phrasing of the sentence (a), or include the author(s), date and pagination details in brackets at the end of the paraphrased idea (b). You do not have to give a page number if you are referring generally to the whole document or book (c). a) Deleuze argues that the main considerations are (1986, p. 7). b) It has been argued (Deleuze, 1986, p. 7) that the main considerations are c) Deleuze (1986) has taken a broader approach in his work on the subject To give your writing some variety, and to save yourself some time, consider building up a bank of phrases to use when referring to the work of others. You will see a few ideas in the examples contained in this guide; argues that, taken a broader approach, contends, also discusses, states and so on. Quotes It may be necessary to directly quote from the text when: You cannot present the information more succinctly or in any other way. You need to present a particular portion of an author s text in your work to analyse it. Short quotes A short quote is forty or fewer words. Short quotes are included in the body of text. For a short quote, cite the author, date and page, and enclose the writer s words in double quotation marks: Some poststructuralists contend that film narratologists and philosophers have tended to treat literary narrative as an instructive paradigm (Thompson, 2007, p. 296). 08/02/2016 AKD 2

3 Long quotes A long quote is forty or more words. Long quotations should be separated from the body of your text, double spaced, and indented 1.3 cm from the left-hand margin. Do not include quotation marks. For any new paragraphs within the quote use a first line indent: Bordwell calls such knowledge schemata: In watching a representational film, we draw on schemata derived from our transactions with the everyday world, with other artworks, and with other films. On the basis of these schemata, we make assumptions, erect explanations, and confirm or disconfirm hypotheses. Everything from recognizing objects and understanding dialogue to comprehending overall story utilizes previous knowledge. (1995, pp ) With chronologically and temporary fractured films, Bordwell s theory suggests that we rearrange such films only by applying schemata, to organise the film s narrative in a determinate and intelligible order. Modifying a quote If you omit some words from the quote, you need to indicate this by typing in three ellipsis points (highlighted): Chatman contends that films seem to have been created by a single author they are governed by the unified invention and intent of the text: that is, their implied authors (1990, p. 82). If you add some of your own words within the quote to clarify meaning, ensure that you place your words in square brackets to make it clear which are the author s words and which are yours. The same can be done if for example you have italicized text to draw attention to it, but use [emphasis added]. Secondary referencing If you want to cite an author whose work you have not personally read, but whose work is presented or summarised by the author of a publication you have consulted, it can be shown as follows: Deleuze s assertion (as cited in Buckland, 2008) that the reason for the dramatic... Style informs cinematographic technique, such as mise-en-scene, editing and sound (Bordwell, 1985, as cited in Branigan, 2007). In your references list you should only include the sources you have actually seen, ie. Branigan and Buckland from the examples above. 08/02/2016 AKD 3

4 Referencing Referencing means giving a full description of each source you have consulted, in a references list at the end of your work. A reference list should include all sources which have been cited in the body of the text, and no more. The rules governing the compilation of a references list are very detailed, with the information below, some of the most likely referencing occurrences explained. Formatting Order Alphabetical order by the first author s last name and include the initials of each author s first name(s). For more than one work by the same author, arrange these by the year of publication, with earliest first. For more than one work by the same author in the same year, arrange alphabetically by title adding suffix a, b etc. to the year: Smith, A. (2001a) Authors and editors Invert all authors names. Capitalise the first letter of each author s last name and each initial. For eight or more authors type in the first six, put in three ellipsis points, then enter the last name. Spell out the name of a group author: National Health Service.. For multiple corporate authors, list them in order as credited. Where no author is identifiable, move the title to the author position. For an edited work, place the editor name(s) in the author position, with the abbreviation (Ed.) or (Eds.) after the last editors name. With a reference to a chapter in an edited work, do not invert the editor names, precede the names with In. Publication dates and editions Publication dates are listed on the back of the title page. Use the latest publication date, not reprint date. Place any edition details after the title of the book. If the book is not the first edition, include details in the references list only, in the format (2 nd ed.), (Rev. ed.). See the APA Manual for other acceptable formats. If no publication date is given use (n.d.). Titles Italicise titles of books, reports and conference proceedings. For journal articles, italicise the journal title. Capitalise the first letter of the title and subtitle for books, each first letter in a journal title, plus all proper nouns in a title. Publication information Capitalise first letters of place name and publisher. Use the location listed first, or if specified the home office. Use the format: City, State/Province/Country Abbreviation: Publisher. When the author is also the publisher don t repeat their name use: Author 08/02/2016 AKD 4

5 Formatting Examples Web sources Referencing a web source can be difficult. If no author is given, web pages can be referenced by the organisation responsible or by the title instead. A good web site should however have sufficient ownership information to enable you to cite it. If no ownership is detectable, you should question whether the source is of sufficient quality. Ideally you should aim to include the following information: Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from Bradshaw, P. (2007). Atonement. Guardian. Retrieved from Foreign language sources For translated works, you should include details of the translators after the title: Deleuze, G. (1986). Cinema 1: The movement-image (H. Tomlinson & B. Habberjam, Trans.). London, UK: Athlone Press. Personal communications Informal sources, such as notes from a lecture or a personal you have received, are not in the public domain and therefore cannot be traced by your reader from a reference. It is usually more appropriate to simply give the source in your text, and exclude it from your list of references: K. Smith ( , March 28, 1997) Smith claimed that distinction between story and discourse is imperative (lecture, July 22, 2009) Additional Examples Further examples of formatting for reference lists are on the last page of this guide and in the online tutorial Further help and advice on avoiding plagiarism More information on plagiarism is available at For further help with citing references, please go to the online tutorial and guide at or contact your Subject Librarian In addition, search OPAC for a copy of The APA Manual 6 th edition ( AME), or refer to their online help at & //blog.apastyle.org 08/02/2016 AKD 5

6 Referencing Examples Ashton, D. (2006). Using Deleuze: The cinema books, film studies and effect. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Bowling Green State University, Ohio. Bal, M. (1997). Narratology: Introduction to the theory of narrative (2nd ed.). Toronto, CA: University of Toronto Press. Bradshaw, P. (2007). Atonement. Guardian. Retrieved from Brown, S. L., & Bedi, G. (2001). The relationship between coping style and affect in recovering cardiac patients. Current Research in Psychology, 6, Retrieved from Buckland, W. (2002). Cognitive theories of narration. In T. Elsaesser & W. Buckland (Eds.), Studying contemporary American film: A guide to movie analysis (pp ). London, UK: Arnold. Buckmaster, L. (2013, May 10). The Place Beyond the Pines movie review: narrative masterclass [Web log post]. Retrieved from Chatman, S. (1999a). New directions in voice-narrated cinema. In D. Herman (Ed.), Narratologies: New perspectives on narrative analysis (pp ). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. Chatman, S. (1999b). What novels can't do that films can. In L. Braudy & M. Cohen (Eds.), Film theory and criticism: Introductory readings. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Currie, G. (1995). Unreliability refigured: Narrative in literature and film. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 53(1), Daniels, T. (1986). That obscure object of desire. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference of Psychoanalysis and Cinema, USA, 12, Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1986). Kafka: Toward a minor literature. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Matthews, R. (2009). Doing time: An introduction to the sociology of imprisonment [MyiLibrary version]. Retrieved from Ponti, C. (Producer), & Antonioni, M. (Writer/Director). (1966). Blow- up [Motion picture]. UK; Italy; United States: Bridge Films. Silva, L. (2007). Epistemological and theoretical challenges for studying power and politics in information systems. Information Systems Journal, 17(2), doi: /j.trf Stevenson, W., Maton, K. I., & Teti, D. M. (1999). Social support, relationship quality, and well-being among pregnant adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 22(1), Retrieved from Elsevier Science Direct database. Simon. D. (Producer). (2008) The Wire [Television series]. Los Angeles, CA: HBO. PhD thesis For Masters level work, write MSc dissertation instead. Book: Edition variation Webpages An internet-based work by an individual. Journal article: Electronic Where there is no DOI and the journal is accessed from a publisher s website. Chapter from an edited book Include page numbers where possible. Blog post Description variants for mail lists and other online for a. Identical author and year Journal article: Print Conference paper/proceedings Book Ebook Film / Motion picture Journal article: Electronic Where a digital object identifier (DOI number) is available. Journal article: Electronic Where there is no DOI and the ejournal is accessed through a database Television programme. Include the Producer as the author where possible. 08/02/2016 AKD 6