Using APA Style. 5th edition of APA's Publication Manual. Mr Chang Tiam Chau Senior Librarian

Transcription

1 Using APA Style 5th edition of APA's Publication Manual Mr Chang Tiam Chau Senior Librarian

2 Using APA Style The material in this guide is not a comprehensive list of all the types of materials that can be cited. For complete and thorough information about using APA style, go straight to the source. Copies of the Publication Manual of the APA are available in Red-Spot collections in all libraries. The call number is BF76.7.P

3 Contents Why should you acknowledge your sources? Why use APA style? Citation reference in the text Reference list

4 Why should you acknowledge your sources? Citations reflect the careful and thorough work you have put into locating and exploring your sources Citations are a courtesy to the reader, who may share your interest in a particular area of scholarship By citing sources, then, you demonstrate your integrity and skill as a responsible participant in the conversation of scholarship Failure to provide adequate citations constitutes plagiarism

5 Why Use APA Style? This is the most common format for documenting sources This format is widely used for course papers and journal articles in psychology and also in the social sciences, education, engineering, and business

6 APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS The APA style specifies the use of a parenthetical reference system (abbreviated source information in parentheses) in the text of the paper tied to an alphabetical References list (located at the end of your paper) which contains full source and publication information for your cited sources. Remember that all in-text parenthetical references must correspond to a source cited in the References list.

7 APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS One Work by One Author When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation: Reference in the text: Walker (2000) compared reaction times In a study of reaction times (Walker, 2000) References (at( the end of your paper) Walker, M. M. (2001). Transfer of lexical information in adults with reading disorders. Perceptual and Motor Skills,, 93 (1),

8 APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS One Work by One Author (Cont.) Cite by author and year only even when reference includes month or date: Reference in the text: Mak (2006) found workers are happier References (at( the end of your paper) Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers. The Star, p. N6.

9 APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS One Work by Two authors Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use "&" in the parentheses: Reference in the text: Serlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problems A survey on the problems in (Serlin and Lapsley, 1985) References (at( the end of your paper) Serlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality in psychological research: The good-enough principle. American Psychologist, 40,

10 APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS One Work by Multiple authors (3-5 5 authors) Cite all authors the 1 st time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the 1 st author followed by et al. and the year if it is the 1 st citation of the reference within a paragraph. and others) a paragraph. (et al. means and others) Reference in the text: Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993 did a survey on (Use as 1 st citation in text) Skinner et al. (1993) found (Use as subsequent 1 st citation per paragraph thereafter) Skinner et al. also found (Omit year from subsequent citations after 1 st citation within a paragraph) References (at( the end of your paper) Skinner, M. E., Cornell, R. C., Sun, K. F., & Harlow, R. P. (1993). Small group learning, Psychological Bulletin, 26,

11 APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS Work Has Six or More Authors For works with 6 or more authors, cite only the surname of the 1 st author followed by et al. and the year for the 1 st and subsequent citations. (In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the 1 st six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al. ) Reference in the text: Martin et al. (2001) studied the use of References (at( the end of your paper) Martin, S., Smith, L., Forehand, M. R., Mobbs, R., Lynch, T. F., Renfrew, E. J., et al. (2001). Use of collaborative technology in business, The Academy of Management Executive,, 19,

12 Groups as Authors APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS If group author is readily identified by its abbreviation, you may abbreviate the name in the second and subsequent citations: Reference in the text: 1 st st citation: American Psychological Association [APA], (2003) Subsequent text citation: (APA, 2003) References (at( the end of your paper) American Psychological Association. (2003). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: Author.

13 APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS Works With No Author For periodical, book, brochure or report with no author, cite the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title of the article or book) and the year. Reference in the text: (Studies of Alcohol, 1999). References (at( the end of your paper) Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10). The Straits Times,, p. 32.

14 APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS Authors With the Same Surname To avoid confusion, use initials with the last names if your reference list includes two or more authors with the same last name. Reference in the text: Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that... Survey by E. Young (1990) proved that References (at( the end of your paper) Young, J. (1989). The Purification Plan. New York: Rodale Books. Young, E. (1990). Caring for the Vulnerable. London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

15 APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS Personal Communication Interviews, memos, letters, , e and similar unpublished person-to to-person communications should be cited as follows: Reference in the text: One of Atkinson s colleagues, who has studied the effect of the media on children s eating habits, has contended that advertisers or snack foods will need to design ads responsibly for their younger viewers (F. Johnson, personal communication, October 20, 2004). References (at( the end of your paper) Do not include personal communications in your reference list.

16 Reference in the text: APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS Secondary Sources Name original work and (as cited in secondary source) Berger was attributed to have first used the term electroencephalogram (EEG) (as cited in Masterpasqua & Healey, 2003). Original: Berger, H. (1929). Uber das electrenenkephalogramm des menschen [On the electroencephalogram of humans]. Archives von Pscyhiatrica Nervkrankh, 87,, In references, list secondary source. References (at( the end of your paper) Masterpasqua, F. & Healey, K. N. (2003). Neurofeedback in psychological practice. Professional Psychology: Research and practice, 34,,

17 Quotations APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. According to Jones (2004), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). References (at( the end of your paper) Jones, L. (2004). How to research. London: Open University Press.

18 Quotations APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS For longer quotations (indent without ), and Use to indicate omitted words. We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded: Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an alternative to conventional psychopharmacological agents but rather (p. 8). References (at( the end of your paper) Obrue, K. (2002). Neurofeedback practice. New York: McGraw- Hill.

19 Formatting Your Reference List The Basics APA requires a hanging indent for its citations PLEASE BE SURE TO USE DOUBLE SPACE CITATIONS Documents only sources used in research and preparation Alphabetize the works

20 Reference List Order Alphabetical by author s name Chronological by same author Alphabetical by title Alleyne, R. L. (2004a). Managing information Alleyne, R. L. (2004b). Multimedia management Hewlett, L. S. (2005( 2005). Critical thinking about Hewlett, L. S. (2006( 2006). Doing quantitative research Hewlett, L. S., Baheti, J. M., Marthur, A. L., Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative

21 General Format Book Reference Single Author Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (Edition). Location: Publisher. Example: Zautra, A. J. (2006). Emotions, stress, and health, New York: Oxford University Press.

22 Book Reference Single Author (Cont.) When the author and publisher are identical, use the word "Author" as the name of the publisher. Example: American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

23 Book Reference Multiple Authors When a work has up to (and including) six authors, cite all authors. When a work has more than six authors cite the first six followed by "et al." Examples: 3 authors Playfair, J. H.,, & Bancroft, G. J. (2004). Infection and immunity. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. More than 6 authors Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M., Craig, K., Peterson, R., et. al. (1967). Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

24 General Format Book Reference Corporate Author Corporate Author. (Year). Title of book.. Location: Publisher. Example: Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006). Managing personal fund. Toronto: Midwestern.

25 General Format Book Reference Unknown or No Author Begin the entry with the work s s title. Titles of books are italicized. Title of book. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher. Example: Education Handbook. (2005). London: Longman.

26 General Format Edited Book Reference Editor, A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year). Title of book.. Location: Publisher. Examples: One editor: Michael, G. (Ed.). (1988). Psycholinguistics.. Beijing: Peking University Press. More than one editor Grice, H. P., & Gregory, R. L. (Eds.). (1968). Early language development.. New York: McGraw-Hill Hill.

27 Publisher Information Give city and state only when city is not well known or ambiguous e.g. Hillsdale, NJ or Cambridge, MA For state, use US postal code 2-letter abbreviation and spell out other states/countries e.g. Oxford, England: Blackwell Give publisher in brief but must still be clear e.g. New York: McGraw-Hill Spell out name of publisher especially associations, corporations, university presses Leave out terms like Publisher, Co, Inc Retain terms like Books, Press

28 More Than One Publisher Location If the book lists more than one publisher location, use the first one or the home office if specified. Example: New York, London: MacMillan Cite as New York: MacMillan

29 Book Chapter Reference General Format Author, A. A. (2004). Title of chapter. In Title of book (p.). Location: Publisher. Example: Blaxter, L. (1996). Thinking about research. In How to research (p. 19). Buckingham: Open University Press.

30 Journal Article Reference General Format One Author Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Vol (no), pages. Examples: Wheelan, S. A. (2003). An Initial exploration of the internal dynamics of leadership teams. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55,, McGill, K. (2006). Reading the valley: performance as a rhetoric of dimension, Text and Performance Quarterly, 26(4) (4),,

31 Journal Article Reference Two Authors List all authors with & preceding last author. Example: Racette, A., & Bard, C. (2006). Making non- fluent aphasics speak. Journal of Logic and Computation, 18,, 27-45

32 Journal Article Reference More Than Six Authors After 6 th author name, use et al. Example: Bjokr, R. N. Auerbach, J. S., Piaget, J., Tein, J. Y., Kwok, O. M., Haine, R. A., et al. (2003). Classroom Interaction in Science: Teacher questioning and feedback to students' responses. International Journal of Science Education, 63,

33 Magazine Article Reference General Format Author, A. A. (Year, Month day). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume if given, page-numbers. Example: Reppel, F. G. (2003, February 13). Conflict and cognitive control. Natural Science, 33,

34 Newspaper Article Reference General Format Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper,, pages. Example: Lee, S. (2006, October 3). Malaysia off the priority watch list for pirated movies, music. New Straits Times,, p. 6.

35 UMI Thesis Reference General Format Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis.. (Level of thesis, University). Dissertation Abstracts International, vol (no), page. (UMI No. xxxxx) Example: Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54(01), 534. (UMI No )

36 Unpublished Thesis Reference General Format Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis.. Unpublished level thesis. University, Place. Example: Kondo, T. (1991). The making of a corporate elite adult targeted comic magazines of Japan. Unpublished master s thesis. McGill University, Canada.

37 General Format Web Page Reference Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from source. Example: American Psychological Association. (2003). Electronic references.. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from

38 Article in an Internet-only Journal General Format Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, vol (no), pages. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from source. Example: Christopher, P. (2006). Unleashing Change: A Study of Organizational Renewal in Government. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(2), Retrieved October 8, 2006, from &SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD& VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS= &clientId=63520

39 Pay Specific Attention to Consistency in how you apply APA Punctuation (period, comma, semi-colon) Location and publisher for books Volume, issue and page numbers for articles Complete and correct information Spelling

40 Free APA Style Converter The APA Style Converter is a web-based tool with which authors may prepare their references in APA style according to the APA Publication Manual(5th ed.). In order to generate a citation in APA format, the user just needs to enter the bibliographic information in the columns such as author, title, publisher, etc. Then, the concerning APA citation will be generated. The website is Look for Free Tools, and click NoodleBib Express, then click APA.

41 The End