HAVERING COLLEGE OF FURTHER & HIGHER EDUCATION. Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing

Transcription

1 HAVERING COLLEGE OF FURTHER & HIGHER EDUCATION Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing 2 nd edition, 2011

2 Page 2 of 27

3 CONTENTS PAGE 1.1 Introduction Definitions Citation Direct citation Indirect citation Reference Bibliography Plagiarism Anti-plagiarism software Referencing Systems Just before you start Citing references in the body of written text using the Harvard System Direct citation of an author s name Indirect citation of an author s name Direct citations of several authors of different works Indirect citation of several authors of different works Direct and indirect citation of two authors of the same work Direct and indirect citation of more than three authors of the same work Citation where there is no author Citation where there is no date Citation where there are several works by one author Edited works Citations from edited works Citations from poems, stories and lyrics Citations from works by corporate authors Citations from secondary references Citations from tables, diagrams, charts, illustrations, photographs etc Citations from websites and social networks Citations from journals hard copy and online Citations from newspapers Citations from ebooks 12 Page 3 of 27

4 Citations from music, musical annotation and lyrics Citations from DVDs and videos Citations from dissertations and theses Citations from unpublished works Citations from sacred texts Citations from Acts of Parliament Citations from statutory instruments Citations from command papers and other official publications Citations from law reports Citations from annual reports Citations from British Standards Compiling a Reference List and Bibliography Books Books without an author Books without a date Several works by one author Books with multiple authors Books with two or three authors Books with four or more authors Books by corporate authors Books which are edited Full reference for chapters of edited books Journal articles Newspaper articles 17 Miscellaneous other types of documents Acts of Parliament Statutory instruments Command papers and other official publications Law reports Annual reports British Standards Sheet music or scores Lyrics 19 Page 4 of 27

5 -3.15 Dissertations and other unpublished works Sacred texts Cartographic materials Maps Atlases Tables, Diagrams and Charts Works of art e.g. illustrations, drawings, paintings, photographs, sculptures ebooks Journal articles taken from an electronic source Journal abstracts found on a database Referencing from the Internet E-version of a company report document Online newspaper article Website information Publications available from a website Picture, painting or illustration accessed from a website correspondence, discussion lists, blogs etc Podcasts DVDs and videos Music Live performances Theatre and ballet Audio recordings Broadcasts Further points to note Layout General comments Additional reading 27 Page 5 of 27

6 1.1 INTRODUCTION Referencing is a skill that needs to be developed by all students as part of their academic growth. Referencing demonstrates the student s depth of reading and the ability to critically evaluate and appraise existing knowledge. When you are writing your assignment, it is good academic practice to include references to other people s ideas and writings, in order to support your own arguments and theories. These references can come from a number of sources e.g. books, journals, the Internet etc. and it important that you acknowledge your sources. There are several reasons for citing accurate references: To acknowledge ideas and works of others e.g. text, music, performances etc.; To show the breadth and depth of your reading and research; To allow the cited references to be easily found by the reader; To meet the academic standards required of your course of study; To avoid accusations of plagiarism. 1.2 Definitions Citation A citation is a quotation from another person s work and can be direct or indirect Direct citation A direct citation is a verbatim quote from the text and should be reproduced using quotation marks around the relevant text. Bhagwati (2007, p.279) states that meticulous attention to consumer satisfaction, belying the previous notion that Japan could only produce shoddy product. If the quotation is longer (in the order of 3 lines of text, or thereabouts), it is unnecessary to use quotation marks, however, the text should be indented from both margins of the main body of your work. Yet another source of recent worries about the risk to the rich countries from the rise of India and China has come from Tom Friedman s latest book, The world is flat, which, despite some critical reviews, has been a bestseller for months. (Bhagwati, 2007, p.278) Indirect citation Indirect citations occur when you do not actually quote from the text, but rather paraphrase or summarize the author s ideas, arguments or intentions Reference A reference tells the reader the source of the citation. Page 6 of 27

7 1.2.3 Bibliography A bibliography is a list of all the works consulted during the writing of an assignment. It must include the titles of the sources referenced, but can also include wider reading and research. It is always arranged in alphabetical order of the author s surname. 1.3 Plagiarism Plagiarism occurs when you fail to acknowledge that work is not your own, whether this is by repeating individual sentences or copying and pasting whole paragraphs, pictures, figures or tables etc. Plagiarism is seen as an academic offence and carries penalties under the College s Regulations for Academic Offences (CD001) Anti-plagiarism software Students are advised that the College VLE, BlackBoard, gives them access to antiplagiarism detection software. This is called SafeAssign. You can submit your work in draft form to check it meets the relevant requirements. You may also need to submit a final version. You tutor can give further details regarding the use of SafeAssign. 1.4 Referencing Systems Havering College of Further and Higher Education and its partner awarding bodies expects students to use the HARVARD system. This will be explained in detail later on in this booklet. 1.5 Just before you start Do not leave the task of compiling your reference list as the very last thing to do. Start to produce your reference list as your work develops. Build your reference list and bibliography as you go. You can do this by using index cards, a spreadsheet or any other method, whichever you prefer. Remember to record all the documents you read. Note down:- Who is responsible for the document, is it a personal author or organisation? When was the document published or for electronic documents, made available? Title - What is the title of the book? If it s an article, note the article title and journal title; If it s a chapter, note the chapter title and book title; Locational information, publisher s details for books, volume and pages for journals; If it s a website, identify which part of the site you are viewing, URL and date; For electronic sources, note the date accessed and take a printed copy of the front page. However you cite and reference, remember to be consistent throughout your work. If you require any assistance with citing, please ask in the LRC for further guidance. Page 7 of 27

8 2.1 CITING REFERENCES IN THE BODY OF WRITTEN TEXT USING THE HARVARD SYSTEM The style of your assignment may influence the way in which you present your citations. 2.2 Direct citation of an author s name If you use the citation as part of the sentence, put the author s name, followed by the year of publication and page number, in brackets: Fitzpatrick (2011, p. 167) states that The benefit system...hardly meets the additional costs of disability. These costs relate to nutrition and diet, heating and transport, special equipment and furniture, and home services. Note page numbers from books are a single p, or pp if the citation extends over more than one page. 2.3 Indirect citation of an author s name An indirect citation occurs when you paraphrase the author s words, but still need to acknowledge his/her ideas. Both the author s name, year and page number are usually placed at the end of the sentence, in brackets: The benefits system does not cover all the costs of a disabled person s needs. (Fitzpatrick, 2011, p.167) Note if the work you are paraphrasing extends over several pages include the whole range of pages at the end of your summary e.g. pp Direct citations of several authors of different works Use this form of citation when you are referring to more than one author in a sentence in order to illustrate the breadth of your argument: Mullins (2007) and Cole (2003) have both shown 2.5 Indirect citation of several authors of different works These can be listed at the end of the sentence, putting the author s name, followed by the date of publication, separated by semi-colons and within brackets: (Mullins, 2007; Cole, 2003) 2.6 Direct and indirect citations of two authors of the same work When there are two authors for the same work, these should both be noted in your text: Haralambos and Holborn (2008, p.508) in their recent publication found a bias towards conventional families or with regard to the family, Haralambos and Holborn (2008, p.508) suggest there is a bias towards conventional families Page 8 of 27

9 or indirectly: (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008, p.508) suggest that the traditional family unit is treated more favourably than others. 2.7 Direct and indirect citations of more than three authors of the same work Where there are several authors (more than three), only the first author should be used, followed by and others or et al : or indirectly: Charman et al. (2003, p.186) said that Lord Woolf Judges decisions as to the relevance of legislation (Charman et al. 2003, p.186) 2.8 Citation where there is no author You should try to establish who the author of a work is, but in the event of being unable to do so use the title of the work, date of publication and page number (or you may use Anonymous or Anon): The world of cars (2009, p.35) 2.9 Citation where there is no date When you cannot find a publication date on the work, use n.d. to denote this: or indirectly: Habraken and Hayden (n.d., p.23) have written and demonstrated (Robinson, n.d. p.123) 2.10 Citation where there are several works by one author Sometimes you may wish to refer to more than one publication by the same author in order to bolster your argument. These works may have been published in different years, so in citing these references, the earliest publication should come first: or indirectly: as suggested by Thompson (2000, 2002). (Thompson, 2000, 2002) If the same author has written several works in the same year, which you wish to cite, these can be distinguished by adding a lower case letter after the year for each item: Page 9 of 27

10 Initial research by Jones (2003a) found that but subsequent work again by Jones (2003b) showed that If several works published in the same year are referred to on a single occasion or an author has made the same point in several publications, they can all be referred to by using lower case letters (as above): Jones (2003a, b) showed on more than one occasion that 2.11 Edited works Citations from edited works A book which has one overall editor and no other obvious authors Within the text of your essay, you should cite the name of the editor as follows: In the work on self-esteem, Donnellan (Ed.) (2003, p.23) states A book with separate authors for each chapter, but one overall editor Morris (2006, p.34) mentions that those working in education The example cited above would be the preferred layout if the quotation came from: Morris, A (2006) Rethinking research and development In P. Beaney (Ed.) Researching foundation degrees, Worcester: Foundation Degrees Forward Citations from poems, short stories and lyrics In the text of your essay refer to the poem and poet followed by the details of the collection of poems from which you are studying The atmosphere created by Keats in The Eve of St Agnes (West) (2006) Citations from works by corporate authors When a work has been produced by an organisation, government department, association etc., rather than by an identifiable personal author. In such cases, cite the name of the body, then the date: Social Care Institute for Excellence (2007) or Royal College of Psychiatrists (2007) It is acceptable to use standard abbreviations for these bodies, i.e. SCIE or RCP, provided the full name is given when you first cite within your text, with the abbreviation in brackets. The full name is the required format in your reference list and bibliography, noting any capitalisation of proper nouns. Page 10 of 27

11 This form of citation should also be used when referring to work written by groups or committees Citations from secondary references Where an author mentions another s work and you wish to refer to this other work, this is a secondary reference. Such work may be cited indirectly: or directly: (Hall, 1992 cited in Haralambos, 2004) Hall (1992 cited in Haralambos, 2004, p.208) pointed out that Hall, as cited by Haralambos (2004, p.208), says that In this citation, Hall is the primary source, and therefore the original; Haralambos (the secondary) has taken Hall's ideas, précied them and expanded on them in his own work. When citing the reference in your bibliography, cite only the work that you have read; i.e. for this the secondary source, Haralambos (2004). This method of citation is not dissimilar from the second example in 2.11 above Citations from Tables, Diagrams, Charts, Illustrations, Photographs etc. Where you are reproducing data from a table, diagram, chart or other illustration, a reference must be made to the source. A citation within the body of your assignment to data in a table taken from a book should include the author and page (Sharp (Ed.) 2006, p.33) to enable the reader to verify the data. Where the source of the data is not the author s own, but obtained from another source, this is a second hand reference and needs to be cited thus: (Labour Market Trends, 2003 cited in Haralambos, 2004, p.501) Where the table is reproduced in its entirety, place the citation as a footnote to the table. Be particularly careful to note the original source of data, as well as the authorship of document you have found it in. Fuller details should be included in the reference list at the end of your assignment Citations from websites and social networks Direct citations should mention the author or if none is apparent, the organisation, the year and the medium. The URL e.g. www should not be cited in the body of the assignment, but should be listed in the bibliography. Page 11 of 27

12 The recent deaths of people with H1N1 swine flu especially that of a sixyear-old girl in London, has led many to perceive that the virus may be getting more deadly. Walsh (2009) [Online] Everyone in England will have access to a National Care Service that is fair, simple and affordable under plans set out by Health Secretary Andy Burnham in the Green Paper Shaping the Future of Care Together. Department of Health (2009) [Online] 2.16 Citations from journals - hard copy and online Direct citations should include the author, year and page number along with the quotation, without reference to the journal title at this point: As Music (2009, p.123) states: A particularly successful model is Jackson s use of work discussion groups Shepherd and Crocker (1999) [Online] state that This approach places a high premium on measurement 2.17 Citations from newspapers Treat newspaper citations as journal citations, see 2.16 above Citations from ebooks Treat as book citations, see 2.1 to 2.14 above with the addition of the medium: Neville (2007) [Online] points out that one should ensure you show website addresses that work! 2.19 Citations from Music, Musical annotation and Lyrics Treat as book citations, see 2.1 to 2.14 above Citations from DVDs and videos Cite director and year, in brackets Citations from dissertations and theses Cite author and year, in brackets Citations from unpublished works Cite author and year, in brackets. Page 12 of 27

13 2.23 Citations from Sacred Texts Direct citations should refer to the book, chapter and verse, for biblical quotations: Let us come before him with thanksgiving Psalms 95: Citations from Acts of Parliament Citations within the body of an assignment should include the name of the Act (in italics), the year, the part and section number: The Children Act 1989 pt.xi, s7 states that anyone shall be entitled 2.25 Citations from Statutory Instruments Cite title, in italics and date: The electricity supply regulations 1988 state that 2.26 Citations from Command Papers and other official publications Citations should include the corporate author/government department and the year in brackets: Social Exclusion Unit (1998) states that rough sleepers 2.27 Citations from Law Reports When citing from cases, refer to the parties involved, in italics and the year, in square brackets: R. v Ashes [2007] stipulated that NB. If you are quoting the judge directly or indirectly, you should include his/her name in the reference. As Mr Justice Silber indicated in R. v Ashes [2007] 2.28 Citations from Annual Reports Refer to the corporate author and the year of publication Citations from British Standards Cite the corporate author and the year: British Standards Institution, 2008 highlights the need for good practice Page 13 of 27

14 3.1 COMPILING A BIBLIOGRAPHY Your tutor may require you to produce a Reference List in addition to a Bibliography. Check with him/her for preferences. See sections and above for relevant definitions. The following examples show how to present different sources and formats in your bibliography. 3.2 Books N.B. Always source the bibliographic details from the title page of the book and not from the front cover. There is a standard format for the presentation of details as shown below: - Author(s) surname(s) and initials - Year of publication of edition referred to (not printing or impression) - Full title of book/thesis/dissertation (including subtitle) in italics - Edition of book (if not first edition) - Name of publisher Shilling, C. (2008) Changing bodies: habit, crisis and creativity, London: Sage Books without an author Note if the author appears in the book as Anon use this as the author and include in your bibliography, however if there is no author and anon. Is not used proceed as described below and alphabetise under the first proper word of the title -Title in italics - Year of publication (in brackets) - Edition of book (if not first edition) - Name of publisher The world of cars (2009). Bath: Parragon Note This would appear under W in the alphabetised bibliography Books without a date Proceed as for books with a date, but put n.d. in the date field. Habraken, J. & Hayden, M. (n.d.) Absolute beginner's guide to Wi-Fi wireless networking Indianapolis: Sams Page 14 of 27

15 3.2.3 Several works by one author Where you have several works by one author written over one year, these can be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date, remember that this also must be consistent with any citing in your text (see 2.10 above). In your reference list or bibliography, you do not need to repeat the surname. Thompson, N. (2002a) Building future: social work with children, young people and their families Lyme Regis: Russell House.(2002b) Loss and grief: a guide for human services practitioners Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan In general, works by the same author should be displayed in chronological order, earliest first. 3.3 Books with multiple authors Books with two or three authors Where authors are of equal status, their names should be included in the author statement: - The Authors surname and initials, listed in the order they appear in the document. - Year of publication of edition referred to (not printing or impression) - Full title of book/thesis/dissertation (including subtitle) in italics - Edition of book (if not first edition) - Name of publisher Jones, G., Cardinal, D., and Hayward, J., (2005) Philosophy of religion London: Hodder Murray Books with four or more authors - The first Author only surname and initials, followed by "and others" or "et al", - Year of publication of edition referred to (not printing or impression) - Full title of book/thesis/dissertation (including subtitle) in italics - Edition of book (if not first edition) - Name of publisher WILSON, K. et al. (2008) Social work: an introduction to contemporary practice Harlow: Pearson Page 15 of 27

16 3.3.3 Books by corporate authors - Name of organisation, government department, association etc. - Year of publication of edition referred to (not printing or impression) - Full title of book/thesis/dissertation (including subtitle) in italics - Edition of book (if not first edition) - Name of publisher BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (2007) Ethical framework for good practice in counselling and psychotherapy Lutterworth, Leicestershire: BACP 3.4 Books which are edited - Author(s) surname(s) and initials, followed by ed. or eds. - Year of publication of edition referred to (not printing or impression) - Full title of book/thesis/dissertation (including subtitle) in italics - Edition of book (if not first edition) - Name of publisher Davies, M. ed. (2007) The Blackwell companion to social work, 3 rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Clements, L. and Read, J. eds. (2008) Disabled people and the right to life: the protection and violation of disabled people s most basic human rights Abingdon: Routledge Full reference for chapters of edited books (also poems and short stories) - Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials - Year of publication (of chapter, if known) - Title of chapter (in bold) - Place the word 'In' - Editor(s) first name/ initials and surname(s) of the book, placing ed. or eds. after the last name - Title of the book (including subtitle or the chapter) in italics - Edition of the book (if not the first) - Name of publisher - Year of publication (of book) - Page numbers if relevant, first page and last page e.g. pp. 3-8 Browne, N. Identity and children as learners In J. Moyles ed. (2007) Early years foundations: meeting the challenge Maidenhead: Open University Press, pp Note The date of the article is presumed to be the same date as that of the book, unless it clearly states otherwise. Page 16 of 27

17 The reference for the poem by Keats, as cited in above, would appear as West, D. ed. (2006) John Keats: selected poems Oxford: Oxford University Press 3.5 Journal articles - Author(s) surname(s) and first name initials - Year of publication - Title of article - Name of journal, in italics - Volume number, in bold - Issue number in brackets (-) - Page numbers, first page and last page e.g. pp. 3-8 Note the page referencing is pp, unlike a citation within the text of your essay Gilrane-McGarry, U. and Taggart, L. (2007) An exploration of the support received by people with intellectual disabilities who have been bereaved Journal of research in nursing Vol. 12(2), pp Newspaper articles - Author(s) surname(s) and first name initials - Year of publication - Title of article - Name of newspaper, in italics - Date, day and month - Page numbers of article Adam, D. (2009) Major stores accused over destruction of rain forest The Guardian, 1 June, p.1. MISCELLANEOUS OTHER TYPES OF DOCUMENTS There are other types of documents, which you may wish to cite in your reference list or bibliography. Although there is no official Harvard guide for these, set out below are some suggestions. 3.7 Acts of Parliament The standard method of citing an Act of Parliament is by its short title, which includes the year followed by the chapter number in brackets, the place of publication and then the name of publisher. Children Act 1989 (c.41), London: The Stationery Office. For Acts prior to 1963, the regal year and parliamentary session are included. Mental Health Act 1959 (7 & 8 Eliz. 2, c.72), London: HMSO. Page 17 of 27

18 3.8 Statutory Instruments References to Statutory Instruments should include the following: - Short title, in italics - The abbreviation 'SI' - Year of publication - Number - Publisher s name The electricity supply regulations SI 1988/1057, London: HMSO. 3.9 Command Papers and other official publications - Author or corporate author (this would be the originating department) - Year of publication, in brackets - Title, in italics - Cite the Command number as it appears on the document,(nb. the style for command paper numbering has changed over time.) - Place of Publication - Publisher Social Exclusion Unit (1998), Rough sleeping, Cm 4008, London : The Stationery Office Law reports Follow normal legal practice with: - Name of the parties involved in the law case, in italics - Year of reporting, in square brackets - Law reporting series - Volume and number - Page reference R v Ashes [2007] EWCA Crim 1848, All ER pp Annual reports - Corporate author - Year of publication - Full title of Annual Report, in italics - Place of Publication - Name of Publisher BAE Systems (2009) Leveraging global capability: preliminary announcement and presentation 2008, London : BAE Systems plc. Page 18 of 27

19 3.12 British Standards - Corporate author - Year of publication - Identifying letters and numbers - Full title of British Standard, in italics - Place of Publication - Name of publisher British Standards Institution, BS 7671: th edition toolbox guide: a practical guide to the IEE wiring regulations 17th edition, Dunstable: NICEIC Sheet music and scores - Composer and lyricist (if applicable), with designation noted in brackets - Title, in italics - Date of composition, in brackets. It is acceptable to put no date or n.d. if the date of publication is unknown - Publisher 3.14 Lyrics Bernstein, L. (composer), Sondheim, S. (lyrics), West side story (1957) New York: Leonard Bernstein Music Publishing Co. Treat as poems, see above Dissertations and other unpublished works - Author - Year of publication, in brackets - Title of dissertation, in italics - Level or Qualification - Name of University Mahama, S. (2008) Social service and forced marriage: is the practice guidance for social workers effective? BA (Hons) in Social Work, Havering College/OUVS Sacred texts This section covers texts such as the Bible, Koran and Talmud etc. Good news Bible: today s English version (1987) Glasgow: Collins. Ali, A. Y. trans. (1999) The holy Qur an Birmingham: IPCI: Islamic Vision. Page 19 of 27

20 3.17 Cartographic materials Maps - Corporate author - Year of publication, in brackets - Title, in italics - Sheet number, scale etc. - Series, in brackets Bartholomew (1989) Essex 1:100000, (Leisure Map) Atlases - Title, italics - Year of publication, in brackets - Publisher Master atlas of Greater London (1995) ed. 7a, Sevenoaks, Kent: Geographers A-Z Map Company Ltd Tables, Diagrams and Charts Statistical tables, diagrams and charts in books may come from institutional sources rather than from the author. In such cases treat as for chapters in edited works. - Originator/compiler of table, diagram or chart - Year of publication - Title of table, diagram or chart (in bold) - Place the word 'In' - Author(s)/Editor(s) first name/ initials and surname(s) of the book, placing ed. or eds. after the last name if applicable - Year of publication (of book) - Title of the book (including subtitle or the chapter) in italics - Edition of the book (if not the first) - Name of publisher Office for National Statistics (2001) Ethnic groups in England and Wales by religion In M. Haralambos & M. Holborn (2008) Sociology : themes and perspectives 7 th ed. London: Collins. If the author is the originator - Title of table, diagram or chart (in bold) - Description of item in square brackets - Place the word 'In' - Author(s)/Editor(s) first name/ initials and surname(s) of the book, placing ed. or eds. after the last name if applicable - Year of publication (of book) Page 20 of 27

21 - Title of the book (including subtitle or the chapter) in italics - Edition of the book (if not the first) - Name of publisher The common assessment framework [diagram] In I. Butler & C. Hickman (2011) Social work with children and families: getting into practice 3rd ed. London: Jessica Kingsley Works of art e.g. illustrations, drawings, paintings, photographs, sculpture etc If you are referring to the original work as opposed to a representation of it (e.g. in a book or on the Internet) reference as follows: - Name of illustrator, artist, photographer etc. - Date in brackets or approximate date e.g. circa or c. - Title of the piece in italics - Medium in square brackets - Publisher or where item can be viewed e.g. gallery or collection. Stranders, A. (2011) Stone pillar, Praa Sands, Cornwall [photograph]. Private collection. Brown, E. (circa 2009) Woven wigwam [3 D-construction]. Hornchurch: Havering College LRC. Gormley, A. (1998) Angel of the north [sculpture]. Gateshead: A1 roadside If you are referring to a work that has been reproduced in a book or on the Internet - Name of the artist - Date of work - Title of plate in bold - Author/editor of book if different from the artist - Date - Title of book or Internet article in italics - Publisher - If Internet site URL and date of access Van Gogh, V. (1888) Twelve sunflowers in a vase In D. Beaujean (1999) Vincent Van Gogh life and work. Cologne: Könemann ebooks - Author(s) surname(s) and initials - Year of publication of edition referred to (not printing or impression) - Full title of book/thesis/dissertation (including subtitle) in italics - Type of medium should be indicated by square brackets, e.g. [e-book] Page 21 of 27

22 - Edition of book (if not first edition) - Name of publisher - Available from: followed by the website address/url - Date accessed with the date given in square brackets Trevithick, P. (2005) Social work skills: a practice handbook [e-book] 2 nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press Available from: [accessed 11/06/2009] Journal articles, taken from an electronic source Use this form of referencing when you have used materials from an online source. - Author(s) surname(s) and first name initials - Year of publication - Title of article - Name of journal in italics - Type of medium should be indicated in square brackets - Volume number in bold - Issue number and/or date in brackets (-) - Page numbers, only if these are part of the webpage presentation. - Available from, URL and other location and source details, which would help to retrieve the article - Accessed, or cited date in square brackets Akos, P., Cockman, C.R. and Strickland, C.A. (2007) Differentiating classroom guidance Professional School Counseling [online] Vol. 10(5) (June 2007), pp Available from: Documents&docType=IAC&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=ITOF&docId =A &userGroupName=hav_jisc&version=1.0&searchType=BasicS earchform&source=gale [Accessed 26 June 2009] Journal abstracts, found on a database If you need to cite a reference/abstract from a bibliographic database, where you have been unable to see the full text version, but still wish to include it in your reference list or bibliography: - Author(s) surname(s) and first name initials - Year of publication - Title of article - Name of journal in italics - Type of medium should be indicated in square brackets - Volume number in bold - Issue number in brackets (-) Page 22 of 27

23 - Page numbers, only if these are part of the webpage presentation. - Abstract from, with details of source - Available from, URL and other location and source details, which would help to retrieve the article - Accessed, or cited date in square brackets Dahir, C. A. (2009) School counseling in the 21st century: Where lies the future? Journal of Counseling & Development [online] Vol. 87(1) abstract from EBSCOhost PsychINFO database Available from: 001&site=ehost-live [Accessed 8 July 2009] 3.23 Referencing from the Internet The information needed for a complete and accurate reference should normally include: - Author's name(s) and initials (if more than two authors, use first followed by et al.) or corporate author - Year of publication - Title of document being cited (with an edition or version number if later than the first, if relevant) - The title of a web page, normally the main heading on the page, in italics. - Medium or type of resource, in square brackets [Internet] to show that this is not a printed item. - Available from Location URL - Accessed or cited date in square brackets, especially important in this context as a document is likely to change or move, you should also take a print of the front page and keep for your records. If you access the site on more than one occasion use the date of your most recent visit. NB. Do not separate Internet references from other references in your bibliography, but have one continuous list in alphabetical order by author E-version of a company report document BAE Systems (2009) Leveraging global capability: preliminary announcement and presentation 2008 [Internet] [Accessed 8 July 2009] Online newspaper article Woodman, P. (2009) 140mph trains previewed, but they'll cost more, The Independent Online [Internet] Available from: [Accessed 8 July 2009]. Page 23 of 27

24 Website information Shiels, M. (2009) Google to launch operating system BBC NewsOnline [Internet] Available from: [Accessed 8 July 2009] Publications available from a website Austen, J. (1813) Pride and prejudice Project Gutenberg [Internet] Available from: [Accessed 8 July 2009] Picture, painting or illustration accessed from a website Van Gogh, V. (1888) Twelve sunflowers in a vase [Internet] Olga s Gallery (2011) available from [accessed 02/09/2011] correspondence, discussion lists, blogs etc. Particular care needs to be taken if you are quoting from these sources, as they may include personal addresses, and be from a restricted source. Permission should be sought before these sources are quoted. ( Address) - Year of publication - Title of message or subject from posting line, in italics - Type of medium should be indicated in square brackets [e.g. ] - Recipient's name (if relevant) - Type of message - Correspondence address (if personal, obtain permission before including such details) - Date sent - Available from URL (e.g. details of where message is archived) - Date accessed or cited, in square brackets Robinson, N. (2009) Government not defeated [blog] Nick Robinson s Newslog, Date sent 7 July 2009, Available from: mments [Accessed 8 July 2009] Podcasts - Author's name(s) and initials (if more than two authors, use first followed by et al.) or corporate author - Year of publication - Title in italics - Type of medium should be indicated in square brackets [e.g. podcast] - Date of original broadcast - Source e.g. Blackboard, PSR course or URL - Date accessed in square brackets Page 24 of 27

25 Devine, F. et al. (2010) We are all middle-class now, aren t we? [podcast] 1 November 2010 British Library social science events, Available from: [Accessed 5 September 2011] 3.25 DVDs and videos - Authorship, either director, producer or screenwriter, dependent on emphasis and indicated in brackets - Year of release, in brackets - Full title of programme/film, in italics - Type of medium should be indicated in square brackets - Place of Publication - Name of publisher - Other relevant publication details 3.26 Music HITCHCOCK, Alfred (Director) (1972) Frenzy [DVD] California : Universal Studios, The Hitchcock Collection GERVAIS, Ricky (Director) and MERCHANT, Stephen (Director) (2005) Extras: the complete first series, [DVD] London : BBC Live performances - Title of work, in italics - Name of composer - Name of performer - Place of performance - Date of performance Oh! what a lovely war Littlewood, Joan, CrossOver Project Players, London: Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 29 Mar 2009 Symphony No.3 ('Organ') Saint-Saëns, Camille, BBC Symphony Orchestra Organ: T. Trotter, London: Royal Albert Hall, 22 July Theatre and ballet When referencing a specific production enter under the title and reflect the emphasis of your discussion e.g. the director or performers - Title of work, in italics - Year of production - Genre - Performers - Director or Choreographer - Place of performance - Date of production Page 25 of 27

26 The Tempest (2011) [Play] First performed 27 August 2011 at Theatre Royal, Haymarket, London. Performers: Ralph Fiennes, Nicholas Lyndhurst. Director: Trevor Nunn. Swan Lake (2011) [Ballet] Performers: Russian State Ballet of Siberia, Choreographers: Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov.. Cardiff: St David s Hall, December Audio recordings Treat as DVDs, see 3.25 above Broadcasts Treat live television and radio programmes in the same way. Treat interviewee as main author if relevant. If accessed over the Internet include URL and date accessed. If you watch a DVD of a television series, or listen to a radio programme on a CD include the format in square brackets after the title. - Interviewee - Presenter - Date in brackets - Title of series if relevant - Title of programme in italics and name of episode - Television or radio network - Place of broadcast if relevant - Transmission date Strong, Sir Roy. (2011) Interview by Peter White on You and yours. Radio 4, broadcast 16 September Cowan, Rob (Presenter) (2011) Essential classics. Radio 3 broadcast 16 September Fry, Stephen (2010) Fry s English delight: series 2 [Audio CD]. London: BBC audio books. Roberts, Alice (Presenter) (2011) Series 2, episode 2 Digging for Britain: Invaders BBC2 television broadcast. 16 September New tricks (2010) Series 7, episode 2 It smells of books. BBC 1 television broadcast, 17 September Silent witness (2006) Series 1, episode 1 Buried lies [DVD]. BBC broadcasting, Page 26 of 27

27 4.1 FURTHER POINTS TO NOTE 4.2 Layout It should be remembered that the Harvard system lays down standards for the order and content of information in the reference, not the format or layout on the page. Many variations of layout are acceptable provided they are used consistently. Students are advised to keep a paper copy of the front page of any electronic items cited in any coursework. 4.3 General comments The quality of a written piece of work is enhanced when the author has paid attention to the referencing detail. Not only does it enable the marker/examiner to identify the breadth and depth of the author's understanding of the topic in hand, it also enables readers in general to access the information referred to. 4.4 Additional reading For more information and detailed referencing of materials not covered above, please refer to: Neville, C. (2007) The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism Maidenhead: Open University Press. NB. This title is also available as an ebook via the LRC ipac. Havering College of Further & Higher Education, 2011 Page 27 of 27