Referencing Essentials LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

Transcription

1 Referencing Essentials LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

2 Overview of this workshop Why reference? What do I need to reference? Basic principles In-text citations Reference lists Using style guides Referencing software

3 Some common terms references reference style or citation style citation in textcitation reference list bibliography paraphrase direct quote/ quotation books, journal or newspaper articles, web pages or any other source of information used in writing an assessment the system used to acknowledge the use of information (words or ideas) from a source. common styles include APA, Harvard and MLA. a reference to a source: an acknowledgement that a source has been used within the paragraphs of a paper (compare with footnotes, or endnotes, in some citation styles or referencing systems) a list of sources that have been referred to in a paper can mean the same as reference list, but often means a list of both sources referred to in a paper and sources read, but not cited, while preparing a paper rephrasing the words or ideas of a reference (with acknowledgement) in a way that the wording is significantly different from the original but the meaning is the same using the exact same words used in the original text, with quotation marks around them. CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

4 Why reference? To attribute ideas and words to the person who created them respecting intellectual property To show your lecturer that you have read and understood source materials (NB: minimal research will not earn you top marks in most cases!) Ci#ng experts who support my posi#on shows I ve read widely and understood the issue. To support your own point of view and strengthen your argument To provide a research pathway to others CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

5 What do I need to reference? You need to reference: Other people s ideas, theories or research Graphs, charts, photographs Other people s exact words (always use quotation marks) You do not need to reference: Commonly known facts, for example: China has the largest population in the world. Your own opinion Your own graphs, charts, photos Image Peter O Shea, April Reproduced under Creative Commons License 2.2 CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

6 Referencing principles Citations and reference lists are closely linked Every author cited should also be listed in your reference list The first element in your in-text citation is the first element in the reference list (e.g. author) Every entry in your reference list should be cited at least once in your paper. CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

7 Some hints In-text citation rules are easy to memorise, so learning them will save you time. Rules for reference lists are more detailed learn the basics, but keep a good guide handy. The art of good referencing is the art of following a guide! Make your life easier! Start your reference list early in the wri#ng & planning process CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015 Image copyright CollegeDegree360, Reproduced under Creative Commons License 7

8 In-text citations WHAT ARE THE BASIC ELEMENTS IN EVERY CITATION? Three elements ü author s family name ONLY (no initials) o If no author, use title ü year of publication o If no date, use n.d. And often, but not always ü page number: use whenever you have a direct quote (the author s words) OR your lecturer requires it (always check!) Paraphrase example (APA) One study (Travers, 2009) identifies lack of control as the factor that best predicts the occurrence of stress. Direct quote example (APA) Lack of control has been found to be the single most important predictor of stress (Travers, 2009, p. 29). CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015

9 Spot the difference: APA and Harvard citation styles APA Several studies (Andrade, 2006; Torres, 2010; Zhang, 1999) have suggested that Harvard Several studies (Andrade 2006; Torres 2010; Zhang 1999) have suggested that CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

10 Ways of citing WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE CITATIONS? Smith (2002, p. 311) states that information overload may cause measurable increases in stress. According to Smith (2002, p. 311) information overload may cause measurable increases in stress. Information overload is likely to cause actual stress (Smith 2002). According to Maxwell (2009): CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015 contemporary Portuguese democracy rests on the obfuscation of this conflictive experience. Most foreign observers found the coup of 1974 hard to categorize. It took the Harvard political scientist Samuel Huntington to place Portugal at the centre or at least the beginning of what he called the third wave of democratization (p. 146). 10

11 Using style guides CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

12 Using style guides CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

13 Using style guides CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

14 Tricky bits USE A STYLE GUIDE TO FIND ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS 1. What is a secondary source? How do you reference it? 2. What is a chapter in an edited book? How do you reference it? CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

15 Answers to tricky bits Secondary source What is it? When you read something within an article or book that cites another article/book that you want to cite, but you haven t read the second item. In this example, you want to cite Smith. How to reference correctly by Alfred Jones According to Smith, (2014) How do you cite/reference it? Mention both in your in-text citation Example in-text citation Smith (2014), cited in Jones (2015) states that List only the article/book that you actually read in your reference list Example of reference list (Harvard) Jones, A 2015, How to reference correctly, Journal of Referencing, vol. 5, no. 2, pp CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015

16 Answers to tricky bits Chapter in edited book What is it? A book in which the chapters are written by different authors. The editor(s) gather the chapters together and decide what will be included. How do you cite/reference it? Use the chapter author s name in in-text citations. Use the chapter author s name in the author location, then use the special format. Example in-text citation Maxwell (2009) states that Example of reference list (APA) Maxwell, K. (2009). Portugal: The Revolution of the Carnations, In A. Roberts and T.G. Ash (Eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present (pp ). New York: Oxford University Press. CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015

17 Reference lists FORMAT Reference lists are entitled References should list all sources you have cited in your paper and only these sources should start on a new page are listed in alphabetical order are not numbered are in hanging indent format (second and subsequent lines are indented) To alphabe#se in Word, highlight the text, then click the AZ buqon on the toolbar To format your text with a hanging indent, highlight the text, then go into Paragraph, and under Indent, select Hanging. CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

18 Reference lists TYPES OF SOURCES The main types of sources that might be included in a reference list include: books (printed or electronic) chapter in an edited book journal articles (printed or electronic) newspapers websites CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015 Image: Wikimedia commons CC2 license 18

19 Reference lists DATA INCLUDED IN EVERY REFERENCE The data included in every reference includes: Author(s) family name and initials Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001). The amygdala: Vigilance and emo#on. Molecular Psychiatry, 6 (14), doi: /sj.mp Year of publication Title of work Publication data doi = Digital object identifier. New field for all digitally available sources, including e-books, journal articles. NB do not include a full stop at the end of the item. If no DOI, use the url. CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

20 Should I use referencing software? Cite this for me Advantages convenient way to store all your references and often the digital sources as well uses the style you specify so your papers have correct citation and reference lists if you delete a citation your reference list is automatically updated MQ has a license for Endnote and RefWorks, and Libguides to teach you how to use them. Get Cite this for me online free. Disadvantages it may not be worth the time spent in learning the systems if you only need to refer to a few references in your paper. CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP

21 Thank you!