Notes. Psychological Works, henceforth S.E. (London: Hogarth Press, ), vol. 18, p.

Transcription

1 Notes CHAPTER 1: Introduction: Fantasy and Psychoanalysis. 1. W. Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, Act 1, sc. iv, II '. 2. Cf. Shoshana Felman, 'To Open the Question', Yale French Studies, 55-6 (1977). 3. All references to Sigmund Freud are from The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, henceforth S.E. (London: Hogarth Press, ), vol. 18, p Cf. Harold Bloom, 'Freud's Concepts of Defense and the Poetic Will' and Humphrey Morris, 'The Need to Connect: Representations of Freud's Psychical Apparatus', in Joseph H. Smith (ed.), The Literary Freud (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980). Also, Jean-Michel Rey, Parcours de Freud (Paris: Galilee 1974). 5. Cf. Kenneth Burke, 'Freud and the Analysis of Poetry', in The Philosophy of Literary Form, revised ed. (New York: University of California Press 1957); William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity, 3rd ed. (London: Chatto and Windus, 1970); and Graham Hough. A Preface to 'The Faerie Queene' (London: Longmans, 1962). 6. S.E., Vol. 2, p S.E., Vol. 18, pp S.E., Vol. 22, p S.E., Vol. 23, p S.E., vol. 14, pp For a somewhat distended discussion of the way in which material can be unconscious because it is formless rather than undesirable, see Anton Ehrenzwieg, The Hidden Order of Art (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967). CHAPTER 2: Fantasy as Morality: Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness' and Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. 1. F.R. Leavis, The Great Tradition (Harmondsworth: Peregrine, 1962), pp Joseph Conrad, 'Heart of Darkness' (New York: Bantam, 1971), pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p

2 7. Ibid., p Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ibid., p. 59. NOTES Ibid., p Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter (New York: New American Library, 1959), pp Three Tales from Conrad, Douglas Brown (ed.), (London: Hutchinson, 1960), p The Scarlet Letter, pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., pp. 122, Ibid., p E.g., D.H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971). 20. The Scarlet Letter, p Ibid., p Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p CHAPTER 3: The Uncanny: Freud, E.T.A. Hoffmann, Edgar Allan Poe. 1. S.E., vol. 17, p S.E., vol. 17, p Freud's essays on Dostoevsky and Leonardo are examples of this approach, and those who have followed in his footsteps have fared even worse, e.g., K.R. Eissler, Leonardo da Vinci: Psychoanalytic Notes on the Enigma (London: Hogarth Press, 1962), and Humberto Nagera, Vincent Van Gogh (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). 4. S.E., vol. 17, p The Best Tales of Hoffmann, E.F. Bleiler (ed.), (New York: Dover, 1967), p Beyond the Pleasure Principle, chapt. 2, S.E., vol Marie Bonaparte, The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe, A Psycho-Analytic Interpretation Oohn Rodker, trans.), (London: Imago, 1949). 8. Ibid., p Ibid., pp. 240, Ibid., p Ibid., pp,

3 154 FANTASY LITERATURE- AN APPROACH TO REALITY CHAPTER 4: The Double: Stevenson's Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Hoffmann's The Devil's Elixirs, Dostoevsky's The Double. 1. New Introductory Lectures (1933), lecture 31, S.E., vol S.E., vol. 18, pp 'Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood', S.E., vol. 11, p 'Mourning and Melancholia' (1917), S.E., vol. 14, p Otto Rank, Der Doppelganger (London: Imago, 1914). 6. S.E., vol. 17, p S.E., vol. 17, p S.E., vol. 17, pp S.E., vol. 17, p S.E., vol. 14, p E.T.A. Hoffmann, The Dtvil's Elixirs, Ronald Taylor (trans.), (London: Calder, 1963), pp F. Dostoevsky, The Double Jessie Coulson (trans.), (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975), pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Cf. S.E., vol. 11, pp The Double, pp Ibid., p CHAPTER 5: Fantastic Objectivity: Franz Kafka. 1. Franz Kafka, Wedding Preparations in the Country and other stories, Willa and Edwin Muir (trans.), (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978), p Ibid., p Ibid., pp J. Lacan, Les Quatre Concepts foundamenlilux de Ia psychanalyse (Paris: Seuil, 1973), p. 158; I.A. Richards, The Philosophy of Rhetoric (New York: Oxford University Press, 1936). See also Shoshana Felman, 'Turning the Screw of Interpretation', Yale French Studies, 55-6 (1977), p Anton Chekhov, Lody with a Lapdog and other stories, David Magarshack (trans.), (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), pp The Interpreliltion of Dreams ( ), S.E., vol 4, p Nathaniel Hawthorne, 'Wakefield', in Newton Arvin (ed.), Hawthorne's Short Stories (New York: Vintage, 1946), p Nikolai Gogo!, Dairy of a Madman and other stories, Ronald Wilks (trans.), (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978), pp Reprinted by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.

4 9. Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ibid., pp Kafka, op. cit., p Ibid., p NOTES Delmore Schwartz, In Dreams Begin Responsibilities and other stories (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1978), p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Kafka, op. cit., p F. Diirrenmatt, Grieche Sucht Griechin, R. and C. Winston (trans.), (London: Cape, 1966). CHAPTER 6: The Fantasy of Order: Vladimir Nabokov. 1. Nabokov's Quartet (London: Panther, 1972), p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., pp. 23, Ibid., p S.E., vol. 4, p Nabokov's Quartet, p Ibid., pp Ibid., p V. Nabokov, The Defence, Michael Scammell, in collaboration with the author (trans.), (London: Panther, 1973), pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., pp V. Nabokov, The Eye (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966), p Nabokov's Quartet, p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p. 65.

5 156 FANTASY LITERATURE- AN APPROACH TO REALITY 25. Ibid., pp CHAPTER 7: Logical Fantasy: Jorge Luis Borges. 1. Fictions, E. Editores (trans.), (London: Calder, 1965), p Ibid., p Labyrinths, Donald Yate and James lrby (eds.), (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972), p Originally in The Aleph. 4. Ibid., p From Other Inquisitions (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1964). From The Aleph. Labyrinths, p From Fictions. 9. From Fictions. 10. Fictions, p From Fictions. 12. Fictions, p Ibid., p E.g. John Sturrock, Paper Tigers (London: Oxford University Press, 1977). 15. From The Aleph. 16. Labyrinths, p Ibid., p Ibid., p From The Aleph. 20. Labyrinths, pp Ibid., p Ibid., pp Fictions, p Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., pp Ibid., pp Labyrinths, p CHAPTER 8: Psychoanalysis as Fantasy. 1. Introductory Lectures, lecture 5, S.E., vol. 15, p 'The Unconscious' (1915), S.E., vol. 14, p Cf., Kenneth Burke, op. cit., William Empson, op. cit., Graham Hough, op. cit. 4. For a discussion of techniques similar to dream and allegory interpretations see

6 NOTES 157 Meredith Anne Skura, 'Revisions and Rereadings in Dreams and Allegories', in Joseph H. Smith, The Literary Freud (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980). I am indebted to Skura's suggestive paper for many of the following points. 5. S.E., vol. 5, p Lionel Trilling, 'Freud: Within and Beyond Culture', in Beyond Culture (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1966), p S.E., vol. 5, p S.E., vol. 12, p Cf. 'Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming', S.E., vol. 9, p A.E. Jones, 'The Theory of Symbolism', in Papers on Psychoanalysis, 5th ed. (London: H. Karnac, 1948). 11. Melanie Klein, 'Symbol Formation and its Importance in the Development of the Ego', International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, vol. 11 (1930). 12. D.W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality (London: Tavistock Press, 1971). 13. Carl Jung, 'The Psychology of the Child Archetype', in Collected Works, vol. 9, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959), p S.E., vol. 14, p 'From the History of an Infantile Neurosis' (1918), S.E., vol. 17, p S.E., vol. 17, p For an example of the way in which subsequent analysis and subsequent theories supplement or modify Freud's discussion of this case, see Ruth Mack Brunswick, 'A Supplement to Freud's "History of an Infantile Neurosis"', in Muriel Gardiner (ed.), The Wolf-Man (New York: Basic Books, 1971). For a discussion of the way in which the new analysis might bring to light new childhood material, see J. H:hnik, 'Kritisches iiber Mack Brunswicks Nachtrag zu Freuds "Geschichte einer infantilen Neurose" ', Internationale Zeitschrift fur Psychoanalyse, (1930), vol. 16, pp ; Ruth Mack Brunswick, 'Entgegnung auf Harniks Kritische Bemerkungen, lnternationale Zeitschrift fur Psychoanalyse, (1930) vol. 16, pp ; J. Harnik, Erwiderung auf Mack Brunswicks Entgegnung', lnternationale Zeitschrift fur Psychoanalyse, (1931), vol. 17, pp ; Ruth Mack Brunswick, 'Schlusswort', lnternationale Zeitschrift fur Psychoanalyse, (1931), vol. 17, p S.E., vol. 17, p S.E., vol. 17, p S.E., vol. 11, p. 226.

7 INDEX allegory 1, 2, 3, 25, 26, 27, 45-6, 131, 132 Anderson, Hans Christian 96 Auden, W.H. 49 Austen, Jane 12 Berkeley, Bishop 111, 112, 128 Bloom, Harold 152 n.4 Boll, Heinrich 125 Bonaparte, Marie 44-7 Borges, Jorge Luis 2, 52, 93, , 141, 142 'The Aleph' 116 'The Babylon Lottery' 'The Book of Sand' 117 'Borges and I' 52 'The Circular Ruins' 'Deutsches Requiem' 114, 116 'The Disk' 117 'Emma Zunz' 120-2, 123 'Everything and Nothing' 128 'The Form of the Sword' 53 'Funes, the Memorius' 116 'The Garden of Forking Paths' 'The God's Script' 'The Mirror of Enigmas' 114 'The Mirror and the Mask' 116 'The Other' 53 'The Secret Miracle' 'The South' 'Tlon, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius' 112 'Ulriche' 129 'The Waiting' 122, 123 'The Zahir' Bradley, F.H. 115 Bronte, Emily 137 Burke, Kenneth 152 n.5, 156 n.3 Carroll, Lewis castration complex 9, 34, 37, 64, 146, 148, 149 Chekhov, Anton 'The Duel' 94 'Ward Six' 73, 74, 104 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 3 Collette 22 Conrad, Joseph 2, 24, 31 'Heart of Darkness' 13-19, 20, 25 'The Shadow Line' 22, 23 Dante Alighieri 5 death instinct (see also repetition compulsion) 41 Dickens, Charles 12, 86 Dostoevsky, Fyodor 2 The Double double theme Diirrenmatt, Friedrich Once a Greek Ehrenzweig, Anton 152 n.11 Eissler, K.R. 153 n.3 Eliot, George 12 Middlemarch 19, 20 Empson, William 152 n.2, 154 n.4

8 160 INDEX Freud, Sigmund 7, 8, 36, 37, 41, 49, 50, 51, 55, 57, 71, 72, 79, Beyond the Pleasure Principle 8, 10, Homer 96 Hough, Graham 152 n.s, 156 n.3 Ibsen, Heinrich The Master Builder 'Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming' 8 Idealism 111-2, 113, 127, 128 'Dostoevsky and Parricide' 8 James, Henry 2, 12, 42 'Formulations on the Two Princip- Jones, A. Ernest 139, 140, 141 les of Mental Functioning' 137 Jung, Carl 'from the History of an Infantile Neurosis' 80, The Interpretation of Dreams 10, 74, 96, 121, 131, 133-7, 143 'Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood' 8 New Introductory Lectures 10 ' Psychopathic Characters on the Stage' 8 Studies on Hysteria 9 'The Uncanny' 32, 33, 34, 40 'The Unconscious' 11 Gaskell, Mrs 12 Gogo!, Nikolai 2 'Diary of a Madman' 81-3 'Ivan Fyodorovich Shponka and His Aunt' 76-8 'The Nose' 79, Golding, William Pincher Martin 123, 136, 137 Harnik,]. 157 n.17 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 2, 19, 22 The House of Seven Gables 19, 20 The Marble Faun 19 The Scarlet Letter 21, 'Wakefield' 75-6, 85 Heine, Heinrich 52 Hoffmann, E.T.A. 2 The Devil's Elixirs 53-8, 109 'The Golden Pot' 83 'Nutcracker and the King of Mice' 22 'The Sand-Man' 33-40, 46 Kafka, Franz 1, 2, 67-75, 83, 86, 89, 119 'Before the Law' 68 The Castle 73, 74 'A County Doctor' 83-5 'The Judgement' 69-72, 75, 76, 86, 133 'Metamorphosis' 1, 2, 76, 79, 80 The Trial 68, 73, 85 Kallman, Chester 49 Klein, Melanie 49, 50, 140, 143 Kleist, Heinrich Michael Kohlhaas 67-8, 74 Lacan, Jaques 73, 132, 135 Lawrence, D.H. 153 n.19 Leavis, P.R. 13 LeGuin, Ursula 79 Mack Brunswick, Ruth 80, 157n.17 Mann, Thomas 54 melancholia 51, 55 metaphor 3, 66, 73 Morris, Humphry 152 n.4 Mozart, W.A. 32 Nabokov, Vladimir 2, , 141 ' An Affair of Honour' 94-8, 99, 124 Bend Sinister 93 The Defence Despair 105, 106 The Eye 'Lik'

9 INDEX 161 'The Visit to the Museum' 98-9 Nagera, Humberto 153 n.3 Oedipus complex 9, 31, 34, 42, 50, 57, 71, 72, 73 Orwell, George 93 Paul, St 48 Plato 48 pleasure principle 32, 40 Poe, Edgar Allan 13, 43, 44-7, 114 'Berenice' 44 'The Black Cat' 46 'The Fall of the House of Usher' 44 'The Pit and the Pendulum' 45 'William Wilson' 49, 50 psychoanalytic interpretations of dreams 4, 5, 92, 131-7, 148 psychoanalytic interpretation of fantasy 5, 6, 7-11, 35, 36, , 72, 79-81, psychoanalytic techniques 8, 81, 133 Rank, Otto 51, 52 Ravel. Maurice L 'Enfant et les sortileges 22 repetition compulsion 32, 40, 41 Rey, Jean-Michel 152 n.4 Richards, I.A. 73 Roth, Philip 76, 79 Schubert, Franz 52 Schwartz, Delmore 99 'The Tract Meet' 86-90, 133 Shakespeare, W. 128 The Comedy of Errors 53 Hamlet 2 Macbeth 23-4 Romeo and Juliet 4 Skura, Meredith Anne n.4 Smith, Joseph H. 152 n.4, 157 n.4 Stevenson, R.L. 'The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde' 48-9, 58 super-ego 9, 50, 72, 131 symbolism 131, 139 Tolkien, J.R.R. 6 Trilling, Lionel 157 n.6 Trollope, Anthony 12, 31 uncanny, the Wagner, Richard 42 Wilde, Oscar 49 Williams, Teenessee 43 Winnicott, D.W wish-fulfilment 92, 96, 129, 131, 136, 137, 148 'Wolf-Man, the' 81, 144-9, 157n.17