Metaphor & Its Genera/on
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1 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity Metaphor & Its Genera/on Ping Xiao
2 An Example of Metaphor Juliet is the sun (Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2) Syntax of verbal metaphor: A is B [JULIET appears above at a window.] But sor! What light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon, Who is already sick and pale with grief, That thou, her maid, art far more fair than she. Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven, Having some business, do entreat her eyes 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 2
3 What is Metaphor? Involving two concepts: Tenor (target/principal subject/topic), e.g., Juliet Vehicle (source/subsidiary subject), e.g., sun Main effect of metaphor: Highlight certain aspect of the tenor or introducing some new informa/on about it Goal of genera/on 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 3
4 Proper/es of Metaphor Asymmetrical Only part of the adributes of the vehicle are transferred to the tenor Pre- existent similarity is not a necessary condi/on Generate emergent adributes (which are salient for neither the tenor nor the vehicle) 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 4
5 Pictorial Metaphor 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 5
6 No Metaphor in Music!!?? Krantz 1987, Zbikowski 2008 Krantz, Steven C Metaphor in Music. The Journal of Aesthe/cs and Art Cri/cism, 45(4), Zbikowski, Lawrence M Metaphor and Music. In Raymond R. Gibbs, Jr. (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought, New York: Cambridge University Press. 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 6
7 Music in Film Metaphor: La Dolce Vita, fountain scene Mul/modal Metaphor Metonym: the music accompanying the movements in cartoons 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 7
8 Mul/modal Metaphor Spoken Language Wriden Language Gesture Moving Image Taste Image Smell Music Touch Non- verbal Sound 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 8
9 How to Generate Metaphors? I. Knowledge II. Aptness III. Context State of the art: Mainly verbal metaphor, a bit pictorial metaphor Mainly at Stage I 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 9
10 Metaphor Genera/on: Knowledge Thesauruses, knowledge bases (Xiao and Blat 2013) Web milking (Veale and Hao 2007) Sta/s/cal language models: word associa/ons, seman/c clusters (Abe, Sakamoto and Nakagawa 2006) Genera/on approach: Find nouns that are associated with a given property/proper/es 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 10
11 Metaphor Genera/on: Aptness Salience imbalance (Ortony 1979) Similarity between vehicle and tenor (Tourangeau and Sternberg 1981) Concreteness and imageability of vehicle (Katz 1989) Affect polarity Prosody Novelty 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 11
12 Metaphor as Conceptual Interac/on (Richards 1936, Black 1962) The tenor and vehicle of a metaphor are two conceptual spaces. A metaphor works by applying the conceptual space of the vehicle to the tenor. How to do this? Any elements in the tenor s conceptual space conform to the vehicle s conceptual space will be emphasized, and those that does not will be suppressed. 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 12
13 Metaphor Genera/on: Context Wai/ng for your contribu/on! 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 13
14 Genera/ng Pictorial Metaphors Visman7c (Xiao and Linkola 2015) Input: music, powerful 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 14
15 References Abe, K., Sakamoto, K., and Nakagawa, M. (2006). A computa/onal model of metaphor genera/on process. Proc. CogSci 06 28th Annual Mee7ng of the Cogni7ve Science Society, pp Black, M. (1962). Models and Metaphors: Studies in Language and Philosophy. New York: Cornell University Press. Katz, A.N. (1989). On choosing the vehicles of metaphors: referen/al concreteness, seman/c distances, and individual differences. Journal of Memory and Language 28, Ortony, A. (1979). The role of similarity in similes and metaphors. In Metaphor and Thought (Ortony, A., Ed.), pp Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Richards, I.A. (1936). The Philosophy of Rhetoric. London: Oxford University Press. 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 15
16 References Tourangeau, T., and Sternberg. R.J. (1981). Aptness in metaphor. Cogni7ve Psychology 13, Veale, T., and Hao, Y. (2007). Comprehending and genera/ng apt metaphors: a Web- driven, case- based approach to figura/ve language. Proc. AAAI 07 22nd AAAI Conf. Ar7ficial Intelligence, Vancouver, Bri/sh Columbia, Canada, July Xiao, P., & Blat, J. (2013). Genera/ng Apt Metaphor Ideas for Pictorial Adver/sements. Proceedings of the 4th Interna7onal Conference on Computa7onal Crea7vity, Sydney, Australia. Xiao, P., & Linkola, S.. (2015). Visman/c: Meaning- making with Images. In Sixth Interan7onal Conference on Computa7onal Crea7vity (ICCC 2015). Park City, Utah, USA: Brigham Young University. 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 16
17 Thank You! 14/09/15 Introduc/on to Computa/onal Crea/vity 17
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