NAME INDEX. Aldrich, Virgil C. 87 n.l Austin, J.L. - onillocutionary acts 71-5, 82-3, 84, 90, 137-8, 153

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1 BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldrich, V.C., "Is Art a Language?", The Journal of Philosophy, 62 (1965), Austin, J.L., How to Do Things with Words edited by J.O. Urmson, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Bennett, J.G., "Depiction and Convention", The Monist, 58 (1974), Black, Max, "How do Pictures Represent?", in E.H. Gombrich, Julian Hochberg and Max Black, Art, Perception and Reality, John Hopkins University Press, London and Baltimore, Blocker, Gene, "The Languages of Art", The British Journal of Aesthetics, 14 (1974), Bouwsma, O.K., "The Expression Theory of Art", in Philosophical Analysis edited by Max Black, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, Bower, T.G.R., "The Object in the World of the Infant", Scientific American, 225 (1971), Bruce, James, Travels to the Source of the Nile, Second Edition, abridged, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, Chariton, W., Aesthetics, Hutchinson, London, Denham, D., Narrative Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa, John Murray, London, Duncan, H.P., How Africans See Pictures, New Readers Press, Syracuse New York, Duncan, H.F., N. Gourlay and W.M. Hudson, A Study of Pictorial Perception among Bantu and White Primary School Children in South Africa, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, Forge, Andrew, "Art/Nature", Royal Institute of Philosophy Lectures, 6 (1971-2), Macmillan, London, French, T.E. and J. Vierck, Engineering Drawing, McGraw-Hill, New York, Gombrich, E.H., Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation, Third Edition, Phaidon Press, London, Gombrich, E.H., "Visual Discovery through Art", reprinted in Psychology and the Visual Arts edited by James Hogg, Penguin, Harmondsworth, Gombrich, E.H., "Expression and Communication", in Meditations on a Hobby Horse and Other Essays on the Theory of Art, Phaidon, London, Gombrich, E.H., "The Use of Art for the Study of Symbols", reprinted in Psychology and the Visual Arts edited by James Hogg, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1969.

2 156 BmLIOGRAPHY Gombrich, E.H., The Story of Art, Twelfth Edition, Phaidon, London, Gombrich, E.H., "The Visual Image", in Communication: A Scientific American Book, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, Goodman, Nelson, Languages of Art, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Grice, H.P., "Meaning", The Philosophical Review, 66 (1957), Grice, H.P., "Utterer's Meaning and Intentions", The Philosophical Review, 78 (1968), Hanson, N.R., Patterns of Discovery, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Hare, R.M., "Austin's Distinction between Locutionary and Illocutionary Acts", in R.M. Hare, Practical Inferences, Macmillan, London, Hayes, K.J. and C. Hayes, "Picture Perception in a Home-Raised Chimpanzee", Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 46 (1953), Hepburn, R.W., "Nature in the Light of Art", Royal Institute of Philosophy Lectures, 6 (1971-2), Macmillan, London, Herrnstein, R.J. and D.H. Loveland, "Complex Visual Concepts in the Pigeon", Science, 146 (1964), l. Herskovits, M.J., Man and His Works, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, Hochberg, J., "The Representation of Things and People", in E.H. Gombrich, Julian Hochberg and Max Black, Art, Perception and Reality, John Hopkins University Press, London and Baltimore, Hochberg, J. and V. Brooks, "Pictorial Recognition as an Unlearned Ability: A Study of One Child's Performance", American Journal of Psychology, 75 (1962), Hospers, John, Meaning and Truth in the Arts, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapell Hill, Hospers, John, "Art and Emotion", in Aesthetics edited by J. Stolnitz, Collier Macmillan, New York, Hudson, W., "Cultural Problems in Pictorial Perception", The South African Journal of Science, 58 (1962), Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature, Everyman Edition, London, Ivins, William M., Jr., Prints and Visual Communication, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., Kennedy, John M., A Psychology of Picture Perception, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, Kjerup, Seren, "George Innes and the Battle at Hastings, or Doing Things with Pictures", The Monist, 58 (1974), Kohler, W., The Mentality of Apes, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, Lewis, David K., Convention: a Philosophical Study, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., Manns, J.W., "Representation, Relativism and Resemblance", The British Journal of Aesthetics, 11 (1971), Margolis, J., "Art as Language", The Monist, 58 (1974), Mothersill, Mary, "Is Art a Language?", The Journal of Philosophy, 62 (1965), Novitz, D., "Picturing", The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 34 (1975), Osgood, C.E., G.J. Suci and P.H. Tannenbaum, The Measurement of Meaning, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1957.

3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 157 Pirenne, M.H., Optics, Painting and Photography, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Polanyi, M., "What is a Painting?", The British Journal of Aesthetics, 10 (1970), Rogers, L.R., "Representation and Schemata", The British Journal of Aesthetics, 5 (1965), Ryle, Gilbert, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, London, Schelling, T.e., The Strategy of Conflict, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., Schiffer, Stephen R., Meaning, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Searle, John R., Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Searle, John R., "Austin on Locutionary and Illocutionary Acts", The Philosophical Review, 77 (1968), Segall, M.H., D.T. Campbell and M.J. Herskovits, The Influence of Culture on Visual Perception, Bobbs-Merrill, New York, Sibley, Frank, "Aesthetic Concepts", The Philosophical Review, 68 (1959), Skinner, Quentin, "Conventions and the Understanding of Speech Acts", The Philosophical Quarterly, 20 (1970), Squires, Roger, "Depicting", Philosophy, XLIV (1969), Strawson, P.F., "On Referring", reprinted in The Theory of Meaning edited by G.H.R. Parkinson, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Strawson, P.F., "Intention and Convention in Speech Acts", in Logico-Linguistic Papers, Methuen, London, Strawson, P.F., "Identifying Reference and Truth-Values", in Logico-Linguistic Papers, Methuen, London, Thrane, Gary, "The Proper Object of Vision", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 6 (1975), Tolstoy, Leo, What is Art?, reprinted in Aesthetics edited by J. Stolnitz, Collier Macmillan, New York, Tomas, V., "Is Art a Language?", The Journal of Philosophy, 62 (1965), Tormey, Alan, The Concept of Expression: A Study in Philosophical Psychology and Aesthetics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, Vernon, P.E., Intelligence and Cultural Environment, Methuen, London, Walton, Kendall, "Pictures and Make-Believe", The Philosophical Review, 82 (1973), Wilde, Oscar, "The Decay of Lying", in Modern Culture and the Arts edited by J.B. Hall and B. Ulanov, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, Wollheim, R., Art and Its Objects, Harper & Row, London, Wollheim, R., "Reflections on Art and Illusion", in On Art and the Mind, Allen Lane, London, Wollheim, R., "On Drawing an Object", reprinted in Aesthetics edited by Harold Osborne, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, translated by D.F. Pears and B.F. McGuinness, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, Zimmerman, R. and J.E. Hochberg, "Pictorial Recognition in the Infant Monkey", Proceedings of the Psychonomic Society, 46 (1963) (Abstract).

4 NAME INDEX Aldrich, Virgil C. 87 n.l Austin, J.L. - onillocutionary acts 71-5, 82-3, 84, 90, 137-8, 153 Bartlett, F.e. 116 (illustration), 117 Bennett, John G. 45 n.l Black, Max 5 n.2, 10 n.4, 12 n.5 Blake, William - and pictorial style 59 - and visual 'metaphor' 131 (illustration), 132, 135, 136 Blocker, Gene 21 n.l, 45 n.l Bouwsma, O.K. 139 n.15 Bower, T.G.R. 24 n.13 Brooks, V. 25, 26 Bruce, James 119 Charlton, W. 21 n.1, 25 Constable, John 110, 111, 144 (illustration), Copely, J.S. 60 Daumier, H. 127 (illustration) da Vinci, Leonardo 21-3,27,47,59 Denham, D. 23 n.7 de Ribera, Jusepe 140 (illustration), De Wit, F. 47, 48 (illustration) Duncan, H. 24 n.9, 24 n.l0 Di.irer, A. 118 (illustration), Fialetti, O. 47, 48 (illustration) Forge, Andrew 111 n.7 Fra ncesca, Piero della 46 Giotto 57 Gombrich, E.H. 45 n.1, 47, 50-64, 110, 112, 114, n.9, 117, 119, 120, 121, n.11, 122, 136, 141 n. 17, 145, 147-8, 152 Goodman, Nelson 3, 10 n.4, 13-17, 19-20, 21 n.l, 22, 25-6, 45 n.l, 111, 114 n.9 Gourlay, N. 24 n.lo Goya, F. 60 Grice, H.P. 73, 78 Hanson, N.R. 109, 114 n.9 Hare, R.M. 90 n.6 Hayes, e. 25 n.15, 26, 27 Hayes, K. 25 n. 15,26,27 Heath 118 (illustration) Hepburn, R.W. 111 n.7 Herrnstein, R.J. 25 Herskovits, M.J. 23 n.8 Hochberg, Julian 21 n.l, 22 n.2, 22 n.3, 23 n.6, 24, 25 n.14, 25 n.17, 26, 27 Hospers, John 139 n.16, 141 n.17 Hudson, W. 24 n.9, 24 n. 10 Hume, David 30 Ivins, William 81-2, 110, 124 Kennedy, John 24-5, 25 n.14, 26, 40 n.36 Kjorup, Soren 76 n. 8, 78 n.ll, 106 Kohler, W. 24, 26, 27, 32 Kuhn, Thomas 61-4 Lewis, D.K. 27, 28-30, 35, 44, 45 Loveland, D.H. 25 Low, Sir David 127 (illustration) Manns, James 14

5 INDEX 159 Margolis, Joseph 21 n.1 Masaccio 57 Michelangelo 59 Mondrian, Piet 12 Monet, Claude 110 Morgenstern 28 Mothersill, Mary 87 n.1 Osgood, C.E. 145, 146 Picasso, P. 16 Pirenne, M.H. 22, 23 n.5, 38 Pissarro, C. 110, 125 Pliny the Elder 81-2 Polanyi, Michael 38 n.29 Popper, K.R Pozzo, Andrea 38 Raphael 23, 59 Rogers, L.R. 47 n.3, 52 n.12 Rubens, P.P. 47 Ryle, G. 109 n.l, 114 n.9 Schelling, T.C. 27,28 n.23 Schiffer, Stephen 30 n.26 Sch5n, E. 47, 48 (illustration) Searle, John 88 n.2, 89, 90, 91 Seurat, G. 125 Sibley, F.N. 143 Skinner, Quentin 83-4 Squires, Roger 10 na, 21 n.l, 25, 26 n.21, Stein, Gertrude 16 Strawson, P.F. - on illocutionary acts 73-5, 83-4, 85, 99, on referring 89 n.3 Stubbs, George 117 Suci, G.J. 145 Tannenbaum, P.H. 145 Thrane, Gary 23 na Tolstoy, Leo 139 n.16, 141 n.17 Tomas, Vincent 87 n.1 Tormey, Alan 139 n.15, Turner, J.M.W. 60, 123 van der Goes, Hugo 134 (illustration) Van de Passe, C. 47, 48 (illustration) Van Gogh, Vincent Ill, 123, 124 Vermeer, Jan 123 Vernon, Philip E. 24 n.9 Vogtherr, H. 47,48 (illustration) von Neumann 28 Walton, Kendall 10 na, Watkins, John 62 n. 25 Whistler, J.A.M. 123 Wilde, Oscar 110 Wittgenstein, L. 13 n.6 Wollheim, R. 25, 32, 42, 51, 58 n.16, 146 n.26, Zimmerman. R. 24,25 n.14

6 SUBJECT INDEX Acts - vs consequences 138 Advertisements - and the use of pictures xi, 7, 8, 67, 87, and pictorial representation 69-70, and indication 99, 101, 104-6, and attribution 99, 101, 104-6, and context and illustration and expressive properties 146-8, 150 Attitudes - and the use of pictures 105, 112, and visual 'metaphor' Attribution - in illocutionary acts and context 92-5, and propositional acts 90, 95-8, 101-7, 153 _ and two-way cognitive relations and visual 'metaphor' and arousal 136, 137, 138 Aesthetics - and pictures xi, xii, and art 63, 136, and expression 143, aesthetic effects 150, 154 Alluding - as an iliocutionary act 83-4 Arousal - and pictures and pictorial representation 136-9, and expression , 150 Art - and style 55, 63 - and nature and pictures xi-xii, 111, 139, and perception Art history - and style 46,51, and schemata 47 - and 'making and matching' 51 - and pictures and photographs Belief - and picture perception 23, 113-4, and pictorial representations 78, 83, , and pictures 78, and schemata 113-9, 130, and concepts 113, and periocutionary effects 138 Calling - as an iliocutionary act 81 Captions - See Titles Cartoons - and visnal 'metaphor' and propaganda 127-8, 135, 138 Chinese Art - and pictorial style 55-6 Codes -- See Schemata Colour - and expression Communication

7 INDEX and pictorial illocutionary acts 8, 69-71,75-80,88-90,99-107,125,153 - and verbal illocutionary acts 75-7, 78-85, 88-90, 91 Concepts - and belief 113, and description and schemata 113-9, Context - and attribution 92-5, 101, and indication 92-5, 101, and propositions 92-5, and expression and repertoire Conventions - and depicting 16,20,21-44, and titles 16 - and picture perception and coordination problems 28-30, 32, 35, defined 29 - and conventional devices 29, 38, 40 - and resemblance 20, 35-9,41, and pictorial style 37-8, and arbitrary symbols 'umbrella' conventions 45-9, 53, 62 - and schemata 47-9, 53-4 Coordination problems - and depicting 28-30, 32, 35, 36-9, 43-4, and conventional devices 29, 40 - and conventions 29 - and schemata 47, 112 Copies - vs pictures 17, 22 Cubism - and pictures 16-17,42 Denotation - and the picturing relation 3-7, 18, 19-20, 151 Depicting - and conventions 21-44, 45-64, and visualizing 21 - and da Vinci and optical inconsistencies and audience skills 27 - the aim of 8, 30, 96, as a coordination problem 30-9, 109, 112,152 - and trompe l'leil and schemata 50-4, and the Gombrich problem and 'making and matching' and the 'innocent' eye 52 - Gombrich's account of 50-4, and 'umbrella' conventions 50-7, 63-4, 96 - vs the use made of pictures 67-71, 96-8, 120 Descriptions - and the picture/use distinction 67, 68, 69, 99 - pictorial vs verbal 69, and illocutionary force and indication 88, and attribution 88, 93-4 and two-way cognitive relations and belief and schemata Diagrams - and explanation 96 Egyptian Art 42,46,51, 55, 57 Expectations and pictures and pictorial representation , , and schemata and projection 122 Explanations - and pictures 67, 68, 69, 96, pictorial vs verbal 68,78, 87, and illocutionary force 71, 79, and indication and attribution 88, 91, 93, 98 - and illustration 101-4, 108 Expression - vs perlocutionary effects 139, 148, and pictures , 150 Expressive properties and non-inference warranting verbs 142-3

8 162 INDEX - and relation to non-expressive pro- Influence perties and context Frames - and picture perception 31, 33 Game Theory 28 Greek Naturalism - and pictorial style 51, 55-6, 57, 58, 60 - and 'making and matching' 58 Greeting - and pictorial iiiocutions 69, 79 - and indication and attribution 89, 95 IlIocutionary Acts - See Pictorial Illocutionary Acts - See Verbal IIlocutionary Acts Illocutionary force -- and iiiocutionary acts 71-5,86-7, explanations of 80-5 Illusions - and picture perception and depicting and conventions and resemblance 41 Illustrated manuscripts - and illustration 100, 101 Illustration - vs picturing 13, 18, 19,70 - pictorial vs verbal 68-9, and indication and attribution 88, 99, 101-4, as explanation 101-4, as decoration and advertisements and two-way cognitive relations and arousal Impressionism 42,46,47,52,56,110, 111, 123 Indication - in iiiocutionary acts and context 92-5, and the picturing relation 94 - and propositional acts 90, 95-8, 101-7, of pictures ix, , of pictorial representations , , 149, and projection 121-3, 124-6, and visual 'metaphor' , affective 83, , 154 Informing - with pictures 8, 67, 87, and advertising 104 Intentione 73-5, 78, 83-4, 85, Isometric drawings 47 Knowledge - and picture perception 23 - and pictorial representation , , 149 Lampoon 8, 20, Language - and pictures 43,85-7,97,106,113-9 Learning - from pictures from pictorial representations , Locutionaryacts 72,76-7,83,90 Mannerism 55 Map - as a pictorial illocutionary act 8, 81, 96,99 Medieval art 57, 60 Memory - projection of 121-3, 124-6, 149 Metaphor - See Visual 'metaphor' Painting - and expression Patronizing - as an illocutionary act 83-4 Perception - and 'theory-iadenness' 109, and art and the picturesque 110,125 - and photographs 110-1, and pictures 16, 23, , 149

9 INDEX and pictorial representation , 125, and belief 23, 113-4, and projection 121-3, and pictorial style Perceptual Revolutions 123-6, 149 Performatives 72-3, 74-5, 82-4 PerIocutionary acts - vs iiiocutionary acts 72, 73, 83, and pictorial representation 126-7, 135, and advertisements and warnings and expression 139, 141, 148, 150 Perspective - and pictorial style 46, 47, 56 - and depicting 53 - and perception 123 Philosophy of language - and pictorial communication xi, 106 Photographs - fakes 4 -- and their influence on perception 110-1, 124 Pictorial iiiocutionary acts - and representation 8, 69-71, 75-80, 88-90,99-107, 125, and non-verbal iiiocutionary acts 8, 76 - and meaning 13 - and verbal illocutionary acts 75-7, 78-85, 88, 90, 91 - and intention 78, and context 78-80, 92-5, 101, and indication and attribution 87-90,92,107 - and propositional acts 90, 95-8, and cognitive influence , and affective influence 126-7,136-9, 141, and periocutionary acts 136-9, 141 Pictorial Representation - and denotation and pictures 8, 18, and representation-as and iliocutionary acts 8, 69, 98, 99, and learning , Pictorial Style - and conventions 37-8,45-64, individuation of 54-7, vs personal style 54-5, vs artistic style 55, and Renaissance Naturalism 55, 57 - and Mannerism 55 - and Greek Art 55-6, 57 - and Egyptian Art and Chinese Art and Medieval Art 57 and 'vocabularies' of schemata Changes of 57-64, 150, Refinements vs changes Popper vs Kuhn and perception Pictorial 'vocabularies' - and the individuation of styles 54-7, and changes of style 57-64, 152 Pictures - and use 7-10, 15-16, 18, 19, 67-71, 95, 125, and resemblance of fictional objects distinguishing features of 17 - and their history xi, 81-2, as a language 85-7, 106, and propositions and arousal 104-5, and art 111,154 - and cognitive influence , and expression , 150 Picture perception - and conventions and sub-human primates 25 - and pigeons 25 - and Africans 24 - and infants 25 - and illusion 26-7, perceiving what vs perceiving that 26-7,30-9,43 - and titles 30, 49 - and frames 30

10 164 INDEX - and resemblance 10-18,20,35-8,42 - and conventions 20, 35-9,41, and surface recognition 38 - and cognitive influence 121 Picturing relation Romanticism - contrasted with photographic relation 4 - and expression and resemblance 10-18, 152 Schemata - and denotation 3-7, 18, 19-20, and pictorial style 47-60, and representation-as and schematic drawings 47-9, 51 n.9 - and conventions 20 - and conventions 47-9,121, 128, 152 Predication - and depicting 50-7, 63-4, , - and attribution Projection - as codes 50, and cognitive influence 121-3, and 'making and matching' 50-I, 6, Propositions - and 'umbrella' conventions 53-4, - and pictorial illocutionary acts , and the individuation of style 54-7, - and context Propositional acts and changes in style 57-64, vs illocutionary acts 90 and schema plus correction 57-8, - and pictures , and warnings and perception , , and illustrations and descriptions and advertisements Sentences Proposition indicators - vs pictures 86-7,88-90,97, 106, and illocutionary acts 91-2, 153 Standing for - and context 93-5, 96-8, 106-7, and the picturing relation 3-7,18 Psychology Sturmer, The 135, of picture perception 23-27, 50 n.6 Style - and depicting 51, See Pictorial Style - and meaning Reference - and indication 88-9 Renaissance Naturalism 55, 57, 58, Repertoire - and expression Reporting - with pictures 68, 88, 99, 136 Representation - See Pictorial Representation Resemblance - and the picturing relation 10-18, 20, 152 and fictional objects and non-visual objects and relativism the recognition of 14-17, 36 Technical drawing - and 'umbrella' conventions 46-7,52 Titles - and the use of pictures 13, 92 - and picture perception 31, 33 - and conventions 49 - and propositions 92 Trompe ['lei! 17,22,26-7,33-4 Two-way cognitive relations - and pictorial representation ,149 - and pictures , 122 'Umbrella' conventions - and depicting 45-63,96, and Egyptian art 46 - and perspective 47, 47, 53

11 INDEX and Impressionism 46, 47 - and technical drawing 46-7,52 - and orthographic projection 47, 56 - and schemata 53-4, and the individuation of styles 54-7, and changes in style 57-64, ISO, and perception 123-6, 149 Verbal illocutionary acts - and pictorial illocutions 69, 75-85, 88-90, 91, 99 - and J.L Austin's account 71-3, and meaning 71, vs locutionary acts 72, 83, 90 - vs perlocutionary acts 72, 73, 83 and P.F. Strawson's account 73-5, 83-4 and speaker's intention 73-5, 78, essentially conven tional illocutions and performatives 73-5, and speech acts and non-verbal illocutionary acts and Quentin Skinner's account and indication and attribution and propositional acts 90 Visual 'metaphor' , Warnings - and the use of pictures 7, 8, 13, 67, 69, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81 - pictorial vs verbal 68, 78, 87, and indication and attribution 88, 91,99, 101, and two-way cognitive relations and arousal 137 Words - vs schemata 113-9, 130

PICTURES AND THEIR USE IN COMMUNICATION

PICTURES AND THEIR USE IN COMMUNICATION PICTURES AND THEIR USE IN COMMUNICATION A Philosophical Essay by DAVID NOVITZ. ~ ".. '". MAR TINUS NIJHOFF / THE HAGUE / 1977 In Memory of Daantjie Oosthuizen 1977