Are human faces more attractive with glasses?

Transcription

1 This article was downloaded by: [Chang Gung University], [Cheng-Hung Lo] On: 12 March 2012, At: 22:49 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: Registered office: Mortimer House, Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: Are human faces more attractive with glasses? Cheng-Hung Lo a, Chao-Yang Yang a, Po-Tsang Lin a, Kuo-Jung Hsieh a, Ying-Chieh Liu a & Wen-Ko Chiou a a Department of Industrial Design, College of Management, Chang-Gung University, 259,Wen-Hua 1st Rd., Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China Available online: 09 Mar 2012 To cite this article: Cheng-Hung Lo, Chao-Yang Yang, Po-Tsang Lin, Kuo-Jung Hsieh, Ying-Chieh Liu & Wen-Ko Chiou (2012): Are human faces more attractive with glasses?, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers, 29:2, To link to this article: PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

2 Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers Vol. 29, No. 2, March 2012, Are human faces more attractive with glasses? Cheng-Hung Lo, Chao-Yang Yang*, Po-Tsang Lin, Kuo-Jung Hsieh, Ying-Chieh Liu and Wen-Ko Chiou Department of Industrial Design, College of Management, Chang-Gung University, 259,Wen-Hua 1st Rd., Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China (Received August 2011; revised November 2011; accepted January 2012) This article investigates whether a glasses frame, which is symmetrically designed, can be used as an accessory to enhance an individual s facial attractiveness and the affective responses. We carry out a series of experiments using 16 prototypical glasses frame, each of which consists of different combinations of design features. The frames are fitted on one male and one female faces selected from the facial portraits of 200 university students. The participants rate the faces with and without wearing the glasses frames with the 7-point Likert scales on the included perceptual measures. The results show that wearing the glasses frames does generally improve facial symmetry. However, the facial attractiveness is not enhanced accordingly. Some designs such as the glasses frames with smaller rims have less impact on facial attractiveness than those with larger rims. To conclude, artificially improving the facial attractiveness requires more than just an enhancement of facial symmetry. Keywords: facial attractiveness; emotional design; affective; symmetry; glasses 1. Introduction Aesthetically pleasing faces appear to be more attractive and advantageous in building interpersonal relationships [8,30], e.g. choosing partners [2,21]. Numerous studies [8,12,17,21] have identified several factors contributing to facial attractiveness, including the symmetry, prototypicality, and sexual dimorphism of a face. Facial symmetry in particular can be rapidly detected [10,12,17,21] and memorized [6] by human subjects. The results of some other works have also shown the preference for more symmetrical faces when judging the attractiveness of both male and female faces [11,12,17,21 24] The similar effect can also be observed across different cultures [8,9,11,16,20 24]. One would agree that human faces are physically unsymmetrical, and an optimized face is largely achieved by adjusting its symmetry [1]. Bilaterally symmetrical decorations are known to be beneficial to human facial symmetry and attractiveness [3]. For example, Mulhern et al. [18] showed that eye make-ups had a significant impact on the attractiveness of a face. It is found that symmetrical differences are more obvious around noses and eyes [17]. And symmetrical shape and color facial decorations can increase attractiveness [3]. Glasses frames, which are bilaterally symmetrical, may also be utilized to change the impressions of human face. Lo and Chu showed that by varying its design features, a glasses frame alone could give the viewers different impressions such as feminine or robust [15]. This research attempts to assess the extent to which wearing these glasses frames with different stylings affects the affective responses, attractiveness, and symmetry of human faces. 2. Research methodology 2.1 Selecting representative faces We carried out a facial anthropometry session with 200 students recruited from the authors university. A total of 200 undergraduate and postgraduate students (100 female and 100 male) of Chang Gung University, age between 18 and 22 years old (average ¼ years old, standard deviation ¼ 2.2), were selected to participate in the selection of representative faces. All of the participants had no strong abnormal facial features, e.g. scars. The face samples were captured with a Sony HDR-SR11 video camera. We built a 30-by-20 cm wooden frame with vertical and horizontal rulers for the participants to position their faces. This was to minimize the perspective distortion that might interfere the subsequent facial feature marking and measurement. An 11 inch CRT monitor was synchronized with the camera s viewfinder for the *Corresponding author. dillon.yang@mail.cgu.edu.tw ISSN print/issn online ß 2012 Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers

3 126 C.-H. Lo et al. Figure 2. Selected shape factors for glasses frames (adopted from [15]). Figure 1. Thirty-three facial landmarks. participants to adjust their faces positions. Before the photos were taken, the participants were required to take off facial accessories such as glasses and earring and tuck up the hairs to show their forehead. They were asked to remain with a relaxed and neutral expression during the phototaking process. To align the face more accurately, a Bosch DLE70 laser measurer was used to ensure both cheeks were in the same distance to the camera (errors within 3 mm were allowed). The face images were processed with Adobe TM s vector-based illustration software, Illustrator CS4. First of all, for each face image, we drew a straight line connecting the middle point between two eyes and the center of upper lip [10]. The face was then rotated till this line was vertical. This line serves as the reference for subsequent measurements. A total of 33 landmarks (Figure 1) [28,29] were manually marked on each face. Finally, the background and excessive hair were trimmed in each face image. The images were also converted to grayscale. The distances from the landmarks to the horizontal reference line were measured. The distances from each left-face landmark to the reference line were added up and minored by the total right-face landmark-to-reference distance as its unsymmetricity index. We recruited another 61 participants (31 female and 30 male, aged between 18 and 23 years) to evaluate the attractiveness of the 200 face images. The participants rated the faces with 7-point Likert s scales. To encourage obvious unsymmetry [32] and to avoid abnormality, one male and one female faces were selected crossing the results of attractiveness (top 20th to 40th) and symmetry index (50 90% most unsymmetric) by three experts (two industrial designer and one public artist). 2.2 Fitting the faces with prototypical glasses frames After selecting the two representative faces, we combined them with the prototypical glasses frames used by Lo and Chu [15] (Figure 2). They decomposed a glasses frame into separate components numerically [4], which were then varied and re-assembled to produce different designs. The components and their variations constituted the experimental factors investigated in the study. The factors were defined as follows:. Temporal width;. Rim aspect ratio (height to width): 0.5 and 0.75;. Corner symmetry: full symmetry [25], horizontal symmetry (HS), vertical symmetry (VS), and diagonal symmetry (DS);. Rim corner type: circular (C) and square (S). Temporal width was excluded in this study, as it could not be seen in our face images captured with the front view. The combination of the three factors variations resulted in a total of 16 (2 4 2) glasses frame models. Figure 3 shows the composite images of the faces and the prototypical glasses frames. The glasses frames are labeled from G1 to G16. For example, G1 is combined with the rim aspect ratio of 0.75, diagonal symmetry (DS), and the squared rim corners (S); and G2 is combined with the rim aspect ratio of 0.5, diagonal symmetry (DS), and the squared rim corners (S). The frames were placed horizontally onto the center of the face with the temporal on the upper ear-face contacting points. Each glasses frame was fitted to the face, printed as 8cm10 cm on an A4 sheet together with a plain face and evaluated pair-wisely by the participants. Next, 31 female and 11 male students in Chang Gung University, who had never seen the selected

4 Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers 127 Figure 3. The selected female face fitted with the16 prototypical glasses frames (upper row from left to right are G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, and G8; lower row from left to right are G9, G10, G11, G12, G13, G14, G15, and G16). Figure 4. Selected female (left) and male [5] faces. glasses models and aged between 18 and 24 years old, had participated in the evaluation. 2.3 Attractiveness measures Participants then rated the attractiveness of the faces without wearing glasses (Figure 4). They continued to compare the faces wearing glasses to their plain counterparts one by one using a 7-point Likert scale (1 ¼ low attractiveness, 4 ¼ neutral, 7 ¼ highly attractiveness). Figure 5. Bilaterally mirrored original faces (left one is left face and right one is the right face). Figure 6. Bilaterally mirrored faces wearing G1 glasses (left one is left face and right one is the right face). 2.4 Symmetry measures The Chimera technique was employed for evaluating how symmetrical a face was [10,13,14,26]. This technique produces two horizontally symmetrical versions of one face by mirroring and blending its left- and right-half. The participants rated the similarity between both mirrored faces (Figures 5 and 6) with a 7-point scale (1 ¼ low similar, 4 ¼ neutral, 7 ¼ highly similar). The ratings were then used as an index of the symmetry of the original face. 2.5 Affective measures In addition to attractiveness and symmetry, the five affective measures used by Lo and Chu [15] were evaluated accordingly. For example, in gender connotation, participants rate 1 for perceiving most feminine, 4 for neutral, and 7 for most masculine feeling. The five pairs of bi-polar adjectives for the affective measures are as follows:. Gender connotation: Feminine Masculine. Popularity: Common Special

5 128 C.-H. Lo et al. Figure 7. Mean score of attractiveness evaluation of female model. Figure 8. Mean score of attractiveness evaluation of male model.. Design specialty: Original Dull. Reflected value: Magnificent Rough. Structural firmness: Robust Fragile 3. Results 3.1 Attractiveness The results show that wearing glasses does not improve the facial attractiveness of female or male faces (Figures 7 and 8). The mean ratings are 3.07 for female and 2.83 for male faces when compared with their plain counterparts. Nevertheless, most of the glasses frames with the lower rim aspect ratio, e.g. G4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 have lesser impact on facial attractiveness. G1, 3, 5, 6, 13, and 15 have lowered female facial attractiveness most whereas G1, 5, 13, and 15 lowered male facial attractiveness most. And these glasses frames have the large rim aspect ratio. 3.2 Symmetry As shown in Figures 9 and 10, the symmetry of the subjects was measured with the similarity between two halved-and-mirrored faces. All frames have raised the symmetry of the female face from mean score 3.90 of the plain counterparts. G10, which consists of the asymmetric circular corners and the lower rim aspect ratio, has shown the highest level of enhancement. The similar effects can be observed on the male face where most of the glasses frames enhance the symmetry from mean score 4.43 of the plain face. G8, which is fully symmetrical with circular corners and the lower rim aspect ratio, has shown the highest level of enhancement (0.59). However, circular cornered frame styles such as G3, 11, 12, and 13 have lowered the symmetry. 3.3 Affective The results have shown that the rim aspect ratio and corner type have a consistent effect on the gender connotation exhibited by both the male and female faces. The frames with the large rim aspect ratio and squared corners have increased the masculinity of the face. In terms of the corner symmetry factor, the female face looks most masculine when wearing the vertically symmetrical frames. And the diagonally symmetrical frames

6 Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers 129 Figure 9. Mean score of symmetry evaluation of female model. Figure 10. Mean score of symmetry evaluation of male model. have enhanced the masculinity of the male face. It has no significant difference on the perceived popularity between the male and female faces wearing the frames. The frames with the large rim aspect ratio bring higher popularity to the faces, and those with the fully symmetrical rims reduce the popularity most. On the other hand, the frames featuring the large rims show a higher level of design specialty whereas those with the fully symmetrical rims show a lower level of design specialty. The corner-type factor has no significant effect on the perceived design specialty. The frames with the small rim aspect ratio and horizontally symmetrical rim corners invoke the highest level of reflected value. The diagonally symmetrical design, however, is perceived as showing the lowest reflected value. The changes of corner types show no significant effect on changing the reflected value. The effect of the rim corner type, corner symmetry, and aspect ratio are similar on both the male and female faces. The gender connotation is slightly influenced by the perceived firmness of the frames, i.e. the more masculine a frame is perceived, the more robust of its structure. The frames with the fully symmetrical rims are the most robust design, and those with the diagonally symmetrical rims are more fragile. In summary, although the results confirm that symmetrically designed glasses frames can strengthen a participant s perception of facial symmetry [8,9,11,16,20 24,27], they show a weak correlation between the symmetry and attractiveness, i.e. the facial symmetry enhanced by wearing glasses does not guarantee an enhancement of facial attractiveness [3]. 4. Discussion The data were further analyzed with factorial analysis of variances (Factorial ANOVA) to evaluate the significance of the design factors to influence the participants judgments on facial attractiveness and symmetry. For the female face, it shows that attractiveness is significantly affected by rim aspect ratio (F ¼ 39.66, p ¼ 0.000) and

7 130 C.-H. Lo et al. Figure 11. Interaction plots of the main effects on female facial attractiveness. Figure 12. Interaction plots of the main effects on male facial attractiveness. corner types (F ¼ 3.62, p ¼ 0.013) but not the corner symmetry factor. As shown in Figures 11 and 12, the compound effects indicate that the frames with the lower rim aspect ratio have varied effects on facial attractiveness when considered together with different corner symmetries and types. The vertically or horizontally symmetrical frames with the lower rim aspect ratio have the lesser impact on facial attractiveness. For the frames with the large rim aspect ratio, the horizontally symmetrical ones have the least effect. For the frames with the smaller rim aspect ratio, those with the circular corner types have a less impact if compared to those with the squared corner types. In addition, the circular corner type s impact on facial attractiveness is weakened when it is combined with diagonally or vertically symmetrical designs. To sum up, the glasses frames with horizontally and vertically symmetrical rim corners tend to have a less impact on facial attractiveness. The results show that the rim aspect ratio plays a significance role in changing the facial attractiveness of the male face (F ¼ 22.51, p ¼ 0.000), in which the participants showed a preference for the low rim aspect ratio over the large one. Furthermore, the frames with fully symmetrical rims are the best design for maintaining facial attractiveness whereas the frames with vertically symmetrical rims are the worst. The corner-type factor does not show a consistent effect in changing facial attractiveness, i.e. the frames with the squared rim corners are not always better than those with the circular rim corners. The enhancements of facial symmetry are significantly affected by the factors of rim aspect ratio (F ¼ 1.80, p ¼ 0.18) and corner type (F ¼ 2.65, p ¼ 0.104). The compound effects also show that the combinations of rim aspect ratio and corner type are significantly affecting facial attractiveness. The frames with the small rim aspect ratio and squared corners contribute to a higher facial attractiveness whereas those with the large rim aspect ratio show the opposite effect. 4.1 Affective With the glasses frames fitting onto the faces, our results generally follow Lo and Chu s findings [15] except. Our results have the lower scores in general;. The fully symmetrical rims have common effects on both the male and the female faces;. The frames with the fully symmetrical rims are less dull when judged with the faces;. The reflected value invoked by the rim aspect ratio factor is different;. The frames with the diagonally symmetrical rims are perceived as less robust. However, the frames with the fully symmetrical rim are perceived as more robust. In addition, the gender of the representative faces is found to affect the value of gender connotation brought by the glasses frames. The value range for female face is generally around 0.9 less then male. This may suggest that human faces could influence the effects of adornments. Fitting the glasses frames has a similar effect on the five affective measures for both the representative faces. The tendencies of the perceived reflected value are in particular very similar to those of the perceived attractiveness. As described earlier, the rim aspect ratio significantly affects the five affective responses, in which the large aspect ratios are more masculine, special, original, rough, and robust. The frames with the fully symmetrical rims are more common, dull, and robust. These correlations underlying emotional features suggest that to have a less impact on facial attractiveness, the frames need to be designed with more feminine, common, dull, magnificent, and fragile features. In addition, the more asymmetrical the original

8 Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers 131 face is, the higher level the facial symmetry could be raised by wearing glasses. Figures 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 (see Appendix) show additional results of the research. 5. Conclusion Using the design of glasses frame as an example, we have carried out an investigation on whether the facial attractiveness can be affected by wearing an accessorizing product. The results show that the rim aspect ratio is the strongest factor in affecting participant s judgements on facial attractiveness. The participants preferred the frames with the small rim aspect ratio. The inconsistent effects of wearing glasses on the perceived facial symmetry and attractiveness suggest that the design of a glasses frame may contain more stakeholders when considering facial attractiveness. To conclude, this research has delivered the groundwork of glasses frame design features underlying the changes of emotional appeal and the perceived facial symmetry and attractiveness. Although previous psychological studies have identified that symmetry is the most important feature of facial attractiveness, artificially enhanced symmetry does not necessary improve facial attractiveness. In other words, bilaterally symmetrical products enhance a face s symmetry but its attractiveness may depend on other aesthetic factors. Fashion trends may have affected human s emotion responses to glasses frame design, researches in the same manner are needed in different culture or time-based context. Further studies can be extended to address practical product purchase behavior [31] and more socially related aspects, e.g. confidence [19] with regards to glasses frame design. The effects brought by the adornments to related facial features, e.g. eye shapes or interpupillary distances may also be discussed. In terms of the sex differences, the sexual dimorphism issue [7] may also be considered in future studies. visualization techniques to generate media that induce cognitive or behavioral changes. The outcome of the lab s research can be applied to media and product design, as well as to serious issues such as medical and health services. Chao-Yang Yang is an assistant professor of the Department of Industrial Design, Chang Gung University. He received the PhD degree in Industrial Design of Coventry University in UK, a MA in Industrial Design of Birmingham City University in UK, and a BSc in Industrial Design of Tatung University. Before his academic career, he had more than 7 years experience in web industry in UK including website design, search engine optimization, and user experience research. He is currently responsible for User- Centered Research Laboratory (U-Lab) and his research is focused on user-centered design in application of product and digital media. Po-Tsang Lin is the Master student of Industrial Design of Chang Gung University. Kuo-Jung Hsieh is a senior lecturer in the Department of Industrial Design, Chang Gung University. He received a MA degree in Central Saint Martin College, University of Arts, London. His research focus includes vision research in human behavior and new product development (NPD). Ying-Chieh Liu, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Industrial Design at Chang Gung University, where he teaches design engineering, design method, and design project management. He received his PhD in Engineering Department, Cambridge University, UK. Dr. Liu is familiar with new product design, engineering design process (from system definition to life cycle support), and project management. He receives a certificate on Project Management Professional (PMP). Before Dr. Liu s career in the University, he has 12-year working experiences, including 4 years in the international projects in USA, working with Lockheed Martin, SAIC, Northrop Grumman and MITRE. He participated in three ill-defined and complex projects with two complete project cycles, and has more than 20 international and national publications. Wen-Ko Chiou received both the MBA and the PhD degree in Industrial Management from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC in 1988 and He is a professor of the Department of Industrial Design, Chang Gung University. About the authors Cheng-Hung Lo studied PhD in Computer Science in the University of Bristol. Prior to his PhD, he received a BSc in Applied Psychology in Fu-Jen Catholic University in Taiwan and a MSc in Computing and Information Systems in the University of Ulster. He started his academic career as a postdoctoral researcher in the University of Bristol and National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan. Currently, he is an assistant professor in the Industrial Design Department in Chang Gung University in Taiwan, where he founded the Intelligent Media Lab (IML). The central theme of the lab is investigating how visual experiences change people s attitudes and behaviors. The work involves using advanced graphics and References [1] Adamson, P. and S. Galli, Modern concepts of beauty, Plastic Surgical Nursing, 24, 32 (2004). [2] Baudouin, J.-Y. and G. Tiberghien, Symmetry, averageness, and feature size in the facial attractiveness of women, Acta Psychologica, 117, (2004). [3] Cárdenas, R.A. and L.J. Harris, Symmetrical decorations enhance the attractiveness of faces and abstract designs, Evolution and Human Behavior, 27, 1 18 (2006). [4] Chang, Y.M. and H.Y. Chen, Application of novel numerical definition-based systematic approach

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10 Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers 133 Appendix: the average affective score of glasses frames Figure 13. Average gender connotation score of glasses frames. Figure 14. Average popularity score of glasses frames. Figure 15. Average design specialty score of glasses frames.

11 134 C.-H. Lo et al. Figure 16. Average reflected value score of glasses frames. Figure 17. Average structural firmness score of glasses frames.

12 Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers 135 *? (* dillon.yang@mail.cgu.edu.tw)