Benjamin Bergen. Sound Symbolism: Challenging the Arbitrariness of Language Emory University March 26,2010
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1 Benjamin Bergen Sound Symbolism: Challenging the Arbitrariness of Language Emory University March 26,2010
2 Benjamin Bergen Cognitive Science Department University of California, San Diego Sound Symbolism: Challenging the Arbitrariness of Language Emory University March 26,2010
3 Is the form of words arbitrary, given their meanings?
4 gl glance, glare, glass, glaucoma, glaze, gleam, glimmer, glimpse, glint, glisten, glitter, glow, etc. snsnack, snarf, snarl, sneeze, sniff, sniffle, snicker, snog, snore, snorkle, snort, snot, snout, snuff, etc. ap clap, flap, lap, rap, slap, snap, trap, etc.
5 Non arbitrary relationship between particular forms and particular meanings sound symbolism, iconicity, universal motivation
6 Phonaestheme Meaning Examples sn- MOUTH, NOSE snicker, snore, snot, snout wh- PRODUCING NOISE whisper, whine, whirr, wheeze tr- WALK tread, tromp, trudge, trot fl- MOVE THROUGH THE AIR fly, flail, flit, flit, fling sw- LONG, ARCING MOVEMENT swing, sweep, swoop, swipe cl- HOLD TIGHTLY cling, clasp, clamp, clutch spr- SPREADING OUT spread, spray, sprawl, sprout bl- ROUND, EXPANDING blimp, blob, bloat, bloom st- HARD, STRAIGHT staff, stalk, stick, sturdy gl- LIGHT, VISION glisten, gleam, glow, glaze
7 Form meaning relationship of a particular word is not arbitrary, given the form meaning relationships in the rest of the language is there systematicity in the lexicon?
8 meaning
9 meaning
10 We already know that the lexicon is systematic; complex words sharing morphemes share form and meaning X er, Y ed, phon Z But phonaesthemes are unlike (the usual conception of) morphemes because They re non compositional gl int? sn arl? They re not really productive *gl arl and *sn int Is there sub morphemic lexicon systematicity?
11 LIGHT/VISION NOSE/MOUTH Types Tokens Types Tokens gl 39% 60% 1% 0% sn 4% 1% 28% 19%
12 The distribution facts are uncontroversial Some phonaesthemes might display iconicity The lexicon is partially systematic through phonaesthemes But they don t tell us anything about individual cognition Non arbitrariness (of both types) might or might not reflect properties/processes of individual cognitive systems
13 Neologism tasks (Hutchins 1998, Abelin 1999, Magnus 2000) Production Given the definition: to scrape the black stuff off overdone toast, 39% of subjects make up neologisms that begin with sk (Magnus 2000) Perception Given pseudo words beginning with gl, 25% of subjects offer a meaning pertaining to LIGHT (Magnus 2000)
14 Neologism tasks have these properties No correct answer Untimed Reflective Direct We want a task with these properties Correct answer Timed Reflexive Indirect Invites top down processes, engagement of taskspecific strategies
15 Primed lexical decisions to words with phonaesthemes Does seeing a word with a phonaestheme prime subsequently responding to another word also with that phonaestheme? Does this priming differ from that of shared form or meaning (or both) Does frequency make a difference? How about iconicity?
16 Lexical decision to written target following primes In other work, responses to targets (at 300 ms ISI) Slower after phonologically related primes Faster after semantically related primes Even faster after morphologically related primes Morphological priming suggests that words sharing a morpheme have overlapping or related mental representations Are words with phonaesthemes like words with morphemes? That is, are phonaesthemes part of the representation of the mental lexicon? *Bergen, B The psychological reality of phonaesthemes. Language, 80(2):
17 1000 msec PRIME 300 msec TARGET 150 msec
18 [like this] PRIME TARGET
19 [baseline condition] FRILL BARN
20 [form condition] DRUID DRIP
21 [meaning condition] CORD ROPE
22 [phonaestheme condition] GLITTER GLOW
23 [pseudo phonaestheme condition] CRONY CROOK
24 [nonword trial condition] GLEAM GLOR
25 10 trials in each of the 5 conditions per ppt Baseline Form Meaning Phonaestheme (all gl, sn, or sm ) Pseudo phonaestheme 50 non word trials
26
27 * Phonaestheme different from all other conditions (ps<0.05)
28
29 Effect size (n baseline) in msec
30
31
32
33 * Phonaestheme different from all other conditions (ps<0.05)
34 Mean LSA similarity between primes and targets
35 Words sharing phonaesthemes prime each other, similarly to words sharing morphemes This is not the product of form or meaning overlap alone or in combination The mental lexicon is systematic through phonaesthemes, just as the distributional lexicon is Frequency appears to play a role (the difference between phonaesthemes and pseudo phonaesthemes)
36 The effect would be more convincing if it used the same target words across conditions What s the the relationship between frequency and phonaesthemic priming? Does iconicity play a role in mental representations of words with phonaesthemes?
37 Used 10 different sets of 6 words each with purported phonaesthemes Manipulated conditions within items and ppts, so each target presented in 4 conditions Baseline Meaning Form Phonaestheme *Current collaborative work with `Oiwi Parker Jones, Oxford
38 Phonaestheme Meaning Examples sn- MOUTH, NOSE snicker, snore, snot, snout wh- PRODUCING NOISE whisper, whine, whirr, wheeze tr- WALK tread, tromp, trudge, trot fl- MOVE THROUGH THE AIR fly, flail, flit, flit, fling sw- LONG, ARCING MOVEMENT swing, sweep, swoop, swipe cl- HOLD TIGHTLY cling, clasp, clamp, clutch spr- SPREADING OUT spread, spray, sprawl, sprout bl- ROUND, EXPANDING blimp, blob, bloat, bloom st- HARD, STRAIGHT staff, stalk, stick, sturdy gl- LIGHT, VISION glisten, gleam, glow, glaze
39 For instance, cl Targets (and primes in phonaestheme condition): cling, clasp, clench, claw, clutch, clamp Baseline prime: a random word from one of the other 9 phonaestheme sets (sw, fl, gl, sw, etc.) Meaning prime: hold Form prime: clean Primes matched for length and frequency across conditions
40 If frequency matters, then it could be Type frequency Type cue validity Token frequency Token cue validity
41 Average RT
42 Average RT
43 Average RT
44 Effect size (phonaestheme meaning) R=0.52; p=0.12
45 Effect size (phonaestheme meaning) R=0.33; p=0.34
46 Effect size (phonaestheme meaning) R=0.59; p=0.o7
47 Effect size (phonaestheme meaning) R=0.40; p=0.26
48 least phonaesthemic priming sw spr bl st gl tr sn wh cl fl most phonaesthemic priming Effect size (phonaestheme meaning)
49 Phonaestheme Meaning Examples tr- WALK tread, tromp, trudge, trot sn- MOUTH, NOSE snicker, snore, snot, snout wh- PRODUCING NOISE whisper, whine, whirr, wheeze cl- HOLD TIGHTLY cling, clasp, clamp, clutch fl- MOVE THROUGH THE AIR fly, flail, flit, flit, fling sw- LONG, ARCING MOVEMENT swing, sweep, swoop, swipe spr- SPREADING OUT spread, spray, sprawl, sprout bl- ROUND, EXPANDING blimp, blob, bloat, bloom st- HARD, STRAIGHT staff, stalk, stick, sturdy gl- LIGHT, VISION glisten, gleam, glow, glaze
50 vision, silent motion shape sw spr bl st gl tr sn wh cl fl noisy motion, vocal tract Effect size (phonaestheme meaning)
51 Frequency may play a broad role in how phonaesthemes are realized in the mental lexicon, but is not a good predictor of phonaesthemic priming Iconicity (sound symbolism) may be a better predictor of phonaesthemic priming, and may be brought to bear even on speeded lexical decisions
52 Phonaesthemes are a place where the sign is non arbitrary in two ways They might display iconicity They systematize the lexicon They systematize mental representations of words and affect low level lexical processing There are similar phenomena across languages (Japanese mimetics, Austronesian roots, etc.); iconicity and lexicon systematicity appear to be design features of language
53 Thank you
54 Extracted all words (955) starting with the ten onsets from the Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English 2 raters made independent yes/no phonaestheme judgments for each word did it share the purported meaning for the relevant phonaestheme? 95.3% agreement, Cohen s kappa = 0.84, which is almost perfect agreement (Landis & Koch, 1977) Of 955 words, 141 (14.7%) were judged by both raters to share the purported phonaestheme meaning.
55 Type frequency number of words with a given onset judged by both raters to share the relevant phonaesthemic meaning Cue validity number of such words / total word types with the same onset
56 118 words with cl onset Type frequency: 12 words judged to have phonaesthemic meaning by both raters Type cue validity: 12/118 = 10.2%
57 Took the raw frequency of each word with each onset from the BNC (part of speech tagged) Token frequency for each onset, number of tokens of words judged as sharing the phonaesthemic meaning Token cue validity token frequency / token frequency of all words sharing the onset
58 Token frequency: the 12 cl words judged to share the phonaesthemic meaning have a sum token frequency of 2,294 Token cue validity: 2,294/174,183 = 0.013%
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