Romeo. Juliet. and. William Shakespeare. Materials for: Language and Literature Valley Southwoods High School

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1 Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare Materials for: Language and Literature Valley Southwoods High School

2 All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players... (from Shakespeare s As You Like It)

3 About The Bard... Nobody knows Shakespeare s true birthday. The closest we can come is the date of his baptism on April the 26th, By tradition and guesswork, William is assumed to have been born three days earlier on April the 23rd, a date now commonly used to celebrate the famous Bard's birthday. Color coding was used to advertise the type of play to be performed - a black flag meant a tragedy, white a comedy, and red a history. The average number of actors required for a Shakespearean comedy is 18. For the tragedies, it's 27. Histories require 35. Shakespeare, one of literature s greatest figures, never attended a university. The Bard lost a play. The play Cardenio that has been credited to the Bard and which was performed in his life, has been completely lost to time. Today we have no written record of its story whatsoever. Shakespeare's surviving works add up to a staggering 884,647 words and 118,406 lines. At the start of the play after collecting money from the audience, the admission collectors put the boxes in a room backstage - the box office. Shakespeare s grave reads: Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbeare To dig the dust enclosed here; Blest be the man that spares these stones, And curst be he that moves my bones. William never published any of his plays. We read his plays today only because his fellow actors John Hemminges and Henry Condell, posthumously recorded his work as a dedication to their fellow actor in 1623, publishing 36 of William s plays. This collection known as The First Folio is the source from which all published Shakespeare books are derived and is an important proof that he authored his plays. In Shakespeare s time copyright did not exist! Rival theater companies would send their members to attend plays to produce unauthorised copies of plays - notes were made and copied as quickly as possible. The Bard's will gave most of his property to Susanna, his first child and not to his wife Anne Hathaway. Instead his loyal wife infamously received his "second-best bed. The Bard's second best bed wasn t so bad, it was his marriage bed; his best bed was for guests.

4 "What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet." (from Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet)

5 William Shakespeare I. Popularity and fame A. He was not of an, but for all. (Ben Jonson) B. Considered the best who ever lived C. Understood themes (joy, fear, hope, passion, hate, weakness) D. Responsible for adding as many as words to the English language II. Biography A. Early years 1. Birth a. Date: April, b. Location: 2. Family a. (his father) was a shopkeeper and also a town official b. (his mother) was the daughter of a gentleman (landowner) 3. Schooling: allowed to go to school until the age of when his father lost money and William had to be taken out of school; he was apprenticed to a 4. Marriage / family a. Wife: (26 years old; daughter of a nearby farmer) b. Children: (1) (born in 1583) (2) and (twins born in 1585) 5. The Lost Years ( to ) a. Thought to have stayed at home with children, possibly taught school b. By 1590, records show that William is living in London (family still at home) B. Career 1. Theater companies a. Lord Company: William was a shareholder in this acting company and he was both acting and writing plays b. The Men: after the death of Queen, her cousin James renames the company and makes it the official company of the king 2. Fame a. Wrote plays (***controversy still today whether he wrote them all) b. Type of works (1) (Henry V, Richard III) (2) (A Midsummer Night s Dream, As You Like It) (3) (Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar) C. Final years 1. Retirement in Stratford; he was very and 2. Death: April, (*** died on his )

6 The Elizabethan Era I. The Renaissance A. Meaning: (from French) B. Dates: to C. Education: schools taught mainly and D. Queen Elizabeth I 1. Reign: to (45 years) 2. England becomes the dominant world power a. Exploration (power on the sea and its navy) b. flourished (literature, painting, theater, music) c. Classical rediscovered II. The Globe Theatre (the Wooden O ) A. Location and history 1. Built in 2. Competed against several rival, and closings because of the B. Characteristics 1. Shape: a -sided frame with a central yard open to the 2. No : scenes flowed swiftly from one to the other without interruption 3. No : plays were held in the afternoon (any darkness would have to be imagined (and often was cued by descriptions Shakespeare put into his plays) 4. Little : there was not enough time to change sets 5. Expensive : most of the money was spent on these for each play 6. All women s parts were played by : it was considered indecent and scandalous for any woman to perform on a stage 7. Cost of admission: the paid one penny but had to stand in the open yard for the entire play; the first floor gallery paid either three or six cents (which were considered the best seats), and the second and third floor galleries paid two pennies admission

7 Drama I. Necessary elements for a play A. B. C. II. Difficulties and Suggestions for reading A. : which is not how it was meant to be experienced (readers have to create scenes and characters in their own minds, imagine costumes and emotions) B. A lot of : unrhymed iambic pentameter and figurative language may be difficult for many students C. : language and meanings of words have changed in the last 400 years (the sidenotes in the play will help you with these archaic words and expressions) D. Romeo and Juliet is written in both: 1. (spoken mostly by common people and occasionally Mercutio) 2. (spoken by the majority of characters...a sign of higher status) E. Reading the lines: we have all heard people ruin a good poem by mechanically pausing at the end of each line, whether or not the meaning of the line called for a pause. Lines of poetry are either: 1. (has some form of punctuation at its end) 2. (has no punctuation at its end; the meaning is always completed in the line(s) that follow) III. Dramatic tragedy A. Definition: a literary work dealing with very serious and important themes, in which a dignified figure meets, usually through some personal or weakness or it may result from beyond human B. Play plot structure: every Shakespearian play consists of acts, which correspond to the classic plot structure studied with short stories: Climax Rising Action Falling Action Exposition Resolution C. Act of a Shakespearean play will reveal whether the play is a comedy or a tragedy

8 IV. Drama / poetry terms: you are required to know the following 25 essential drama terms! act: a major unit of action in a play, similar to a chapter in a book - depending on length, plays can have as many as five acts aside: a comment made to the audience or to another character which other characters on stage supposedly don't hear archaic: old-fashioned; words that have disappeared from common use blank verse: iambic pentameter that does not rhyme classical allusion: reference to classic mythology couplet: two consecutive lines that rhyme dialogue: written conversation between two or more characters - used in all forms of literature, but most important in drama drama: literature in which plot and characters are developed through dialogue and action; a play (includes stage plays, radio plays, movies, TV) dramatic irony: a situation the audience knows about but characters on stage do not foil: a person or thing that makes another seem better by contrast foreboding: a premonition of something evil or harmful iambic pentameter: 10 syllables per line of iambic meter: unstressed/stressed five times U/U/U/U/U/ inversion: words that are in an unusual order (reversals / Yoda-talk) low humor: also called bawdy humor, intended to appeal mostly to the groundlings monologue: a character giving a long, uninterrupted speech in the presence of others on stage motive: a conscious or unconscious need, drive, etc. that incites a person to some action or behavior oxymoron: words together in a line that have opposite meanings pun: a humorous play on a word with two meanings or two words that sound alike with two meanings scene: a small unit of a play in which there is no shift of location or time soliloquy: one character alone on stage (or who believes he's alone), speaking his mind and heart to the audience sonnet: a 14 line poem with a very specific rhyme scheme (ababcdcdefefgg), rhythm (10 syllables per line and iambic pentameter meter), and contains 3 quatrains and 1 couplet (Shakespearean) stage directions: notes in the script of a play to tell the actors when and where to come on stage, move around, or go off stage subtext: thoughts we imagine characters have as they speak their lines tragedy: a serious play with a sad or disastrous ending turning point: the crisis

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