Les definicions de folklore

Transcription

1 Les definicions de folklore Leach, Maria i Jerome Fried (dir.) (1972: ). Folklore. Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend. Funk & Wagnalls. New York.

2 Your pages have so often given evidence of the interest which you take in what we in England designate as Popular Antiquities, or Popular Literature (Though by-the-bye it is more a Lore than a Literature, and would be most aptly described by a good Saxon compound, Folklore, the Lore of the People). (Ambrose Merton, The Athenaeum, 1846) William John Thoms ( ) Què vol dir, exactament, lore? I folk? A quin saber i a quina gent ens referim?

3 1 Aspectes de la cultura no material TRADICIONAL i/o POPULAR [folk] ± ORAL / BAIX / COL LECTIU / ANTIC ESCRIT / ELEVAT / INDIVIDUAL / MODERN Concepte clàssic: correspon a la proposta de Thoms (1846) DIEC: Conjunt de tradicions, de creences, de llegendes i de dites populars; llur estudi

4 2 Aspectes de la cultura no material i material Folklore consists of materials that are handed on traditionally from generation to generation without a reliable ascription to an inventor or author [ ] The materials handed on traditionally may be physical objects, ideas, or words. (Archer Taylor, 402) DRAE: 1. Conjunto de creencias, costumbres, artesanías, etc., tradicionales de un pueblo. 2. Ciencia que estudia estas materias.

5 3 La literatura oral Folklore can be defined as verbal art. [ ] Like literature, folklore is an art form related to music, the dance, and the graphic and plastic arts, but different in the medium of expression which is employed. (William R. Bascom, 398) Tota la literatura oral és folklore: inclou, doncs, el que coneixem com a literatura popular.

6 4 Totes les formes de la vida i la cultura connotades per la tradició A wider meaning of folk life, more familiar in Europe and Latin America, covers the entire culture of a folk group, usually a rural group whose mode of life is rather different from that of its urban counterpart. (George Herzog, 400) Els que som de poble vivim el folklore de manera quotidiana. (Josep Sánchez Cervelló, 20/06/13)

7 Objeccions An insistence on the purity of all folklore texts can be destructive in terms of folklore scholarship. Because of the advent of modern means of communication, folklorists who insist upon this criterion [la transmissió oral] actually saw off the branch they are sitting on. (Dan Ben-Amos, 1972). There are still some folklorists who mistakenly identify the folk with peasant society or rural groups. If one were to accept this narrow conception of folk, then by definition one would have to conclude that city dwellers were no folk and hence city dwellers could have no folklore. An equally fallacious view is that folklore was produced by a folk in the hoary past and the folklore still extant today consists solely of fragmentary survivals. According to this incorrect view, the folk of today produce no folklore; rather, contemporary folk are forgetting more and more folklore, and soon folklore will have died out completely. (Alan Dundes, 1965) Some traditions are folklore, but not all folklore is traditional. (Dan Ben- Amos, 1972).

8 5 El criteri de l ús I favor a conservative definition. [ ] Beyond this point one finds materials which may be treated in folkloristic fashion games, cat s cradle, ceremonies, witchcraft, to illustrate but which in themselves do not, as I see it, necessarily constitute folklore. Outside the central literary core, folklore is best defined in terms of treatement rather than in terms of inherent nature. (George M. Foster, 399) Folklore might be defined not as applying to certain branches of lore rather than others, nor to certain kinds of people rather than others but in terms of the ways in which it is adquired, used and transmitted. [ ] These things are folklore, so long as they are acquired, used, and transmitted in the manner of folklore. When they cease to be, or before they are, used in this way they are not. (M. Harmon, ) Mamie Harmon ( )

9 Observacions marginals (o no tant ) Folklore is always the delight of children because it is the poetic wisdom of the childhood of the race. It is also the pleasure of the old who are wise enough to renew their youth by rebaptism in the eternal simplicities in completing the circle of life. There is also, beside the juvenile, a strong feminine element in folklore, because its origin antedates the emergence of reason and belongs in the instinctive and intuitional areas. It is irrational and highly imaginative. (Charles Francis Potter, 401) But it suffers from the difficulty which arises whenever any attempt is made to define the folk. It is doubtful that the uneducated or illiterate can be considered apart from other persons, and the hypohtesis which establishes the existence of such a folk identity would be almost impossible to validate. (Marian W. Smith, 402)

10 Redefinició del concepte de folk: Alan Dundes ( ) any group of people whatsoever who share at least one common factor. It does not matter what the linking factor is it could be a common occupation, language or religion but what is important is that a group formed for whatever reason will have some traditions which it calls its own. In theory a group must consist of at least two persons, but generally most groups consist of many individuals. A member of the group may not know all others members, but he will probably know the common core of traditions belonging to the group, traditions which help the group have a sense of group identity. (Alan Dundes, 1965).

11 Reorientació pragmàtica [Folklore] is a social interaction via the art media and differs from other modes of speaking and gesturing. This distinction is based upon sets of cultural conventions, recognized and adhered to by all the members of the group [ ]. it is a definite realistic, artistic, and communicative process. The locus of conventions marking the boundaries between folklore and nonfolklore is in the text, texture and context of the forms. (Dan Ben-Amos, 1972). Dan Ben-Amos Both the performers and the audience have to be in the same situation and be part of the same reference group. This implies that folklore communication takes place in a situation in which people confront each other face to face and relate to each other directly. (Dan Ben- Amos, 1972).

12 Reorientació pragmàtica Josep Maria Pujol ( ) El folklore no és més que un tipus especial de comunicació que s utilitza en determinades situacions difícils, delicades o potencialment conflictives que es produeixen entre persones que estan en contacte directe. [ ] consisteix a dir les coses d una manera diferent de com les diríem en una situació normal. Consisteix a dirles d una manera que podríem anomenar artística [ ] Sempre que no utilitzem la comunicació en funció essencialment informativa, fem folklore. (Josep Maria Pujol, 1989).

13 Hans Moser (1962): Folklorismus (folklorisme):

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15 Unes festes sense ball de bot no serien unes festes de debò. (

16 Sant Jaume a Manacor (1)

17 Sant Jaume a Manacor (2)