cohesion 6/28/2018 Items that may function as referring expressions componential cohesive devices: relating components of clauses

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1 Classification of cohesive devices (Hasan 1985) cohesion continued 1 componential Referring expressions, e.g. - personal pronouns; - demonstratives; comparatives; Substitution & ellipsis Lexical sense relations: General: repetition; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; meronymy Instantial (text-specific): equivalence; naming; semblance organic conjunction; adjacency pairs continuatives componential cohesive devices: relating components of clauses Grammatical componential cohesive devises i) referring expressions ii) substitution iii) ellipsis 3 Items that may function as referring expressions personal pronouns he, she, it, they, them etc etc; demonstrative pronouns definite article the temporal (time) expressions this, that, these, those; now; then locative (place) expressions here; there expressions of comparison same, another, similar, different etc -er; -est 4 personal pronouns in English demonstrative pronouns in English speaker speaker only I, me, my, mine, myself singular this Speech roles speaker plus we, us, our, ours, ourselves near person Other roles addressee you, your, yours, yourself/ves specific singular human plural they, them, themselves generalised one, ones, oneself male she, her, hers, female herself non-humanit, its, itself he, him, his, himself 5 Demonstrative pronoun remote plural these singular that plural those 6 1

2 Temporal & locative referring expressions in English Demonstrative expression temporal near now remote then Referring expressions typically occur in nominal groups so to find the referring expressions, find the nominal groups near here locative remote there 7 8 Identify the nominal groups containing a referring expression 1 1 In the dark womb [[where I began]] My mother s life made me a man. 2 Through all the months of human birth Her beauty fed my common earth. 3 I cannot see, << 4 // 5 >> But through the death of some of her. 4 nor (can I) breathe, 5 nor (can I)stir, 2 6 Down in the darkness of the grave She cannot see the life [[she gave.]] 7 For all her love, she cannot tell 8 Whether I use it ill or well, 9 Nor (can she) knock at dusty doors 10 to find Her beauty dusty in the mind. Interpret the referring expressions (find the nearest interpretation) the dark womb [[where I began]] I My mother s life I (1) me my (1) 2 the months of human birth Her beauty Mother (1) my common earth. me (1) 3 I my (2) the death of some of her. her (2) 4 (I) I (3) 5 (I) I (4) 2 6 the darkness of the grave She her (3) the life [[she gave.]] she (6) 7 her love she (6) she her (6) 8 I I (5) it life (6) 9 (she) she (7) 10 Her beauty she (9) the mind. cataphoric exophoric anaphoric In the dark womb [[where I began]] My mother s life made me a man. 1 2 Through all the months of human birth Her (=mother's) beauty fed my common earth. 1 3 I cannot see, << // >> But through the death of some of her (=mother). 1 4 nor (can I) breathe, 1 5 nor (can I) stir, 2 6 Down in the darkness of the grave She (=mother) cannot see the life [[she (=mother) gave.]] 2 7 For all her (=mother's) love, she (=mother) cannot tell 2 8 Whether I use it (=life) ill or well, 2 9 Nor knock at dusty doors 2 10 to find Her (mother's) beauty dusty in the mind If the grave s gates could be undone, 3 12 She (=mother) would not know her (=mother's) little son, 3 13 I am so grown If we (=I, mother) should meet, 3 15 She (=mother) would pass by me in the street, 3 16 Unless my soul s face let her (=mother) see My sense of [[what she (=mother) did 12for me.]] 2

3 4 17 What have I done 4 18 to keep in mind My debt to her (=mother) and womankind? 4 19 What woman s happier life repays Her (=mother) for those months of wretched days? 4 20 For all [[my mouthless body leeched]] 4 21 Ere Birth s releasing hell was reached? 5 22 What have I done, << // >> In thanks to that dear woman (=mother) dead? 5 23 or (What have I) tried, 5 24 or (What have I) said 5 25 Men triumph over women still, 5 26 Men trample women s rights at will, 5 27 And man s lust roves the world untamed O grave, keep shut 6 29 lest I be shamed. 13 CLM text showing referring expressions in chains 14 CLM text showing referring expressions interpreted in chains Key: Cataphoric (structural) Exophoric 15 Stanza beginning 16 For further discussion see Halliday 1994, Introduction to Functional Grammar p Key: Cataphoric (structural) Exophoric 17 Stanza beginning 18 3

4 Further grammatical componential cohesive devices: relating components of clauses substitution There are a small number of words which we can use as substitutes for other words, groups or even clauses. ii) substitution iii) ellipsis one so do the same 19 not 20 I d like a large glass of lime juice I ll have the same the same spkr A: I d like a large glass of lime juice B: I ll have the same = nominal group substitute the same presupposes the entire NG that it substitutes for, i.e. a large glass of lime juice nominal substitution One as a substitute the nominal group that a substitute replaces may have as its Head (Thing): a noun (usually non-human) A: I d like a large glass of lime juice B: I ll have the same Do you think we could have a small fish sandwich? Let s have one while we re waiting. an adjective: The children were very cross; their mother was the same a fact: She said it was impossible and he said the same

5 One as a substitute 48 Mother OK.. What would you like to drink, Stephen? 49 Stephen Um orange juice.. 50 and I want a little vitamin C tablet.. 51 Yeah that one.. do as a substitute Jack plays football and his son does too Do substitutes for the verbal group one/ones presupposes only the Thing in the NG. do as a substitute occurs in the verbal group in the place where the lexical verb occurs verbal group substitution The verbal substitute needs to be distinguished from the general verb "do" and the pro-verb "do" e.g. i) general verb: e.g. do a dance; do wonders; I don t think so. not, so as substitutes Are you coming? ii) pro-verb: an unidentified or unspecified process: e.g. What do you do for a living? Why not? not, so as substitutes substitute for an entire clause clausal substitution Is he coming? e.g. A: Is he coming? B: I think so e.g. A: Is he coming? B: no, he said not I think he s coming (so=positive) He said he s not coming (not = I believe so He said so Perhaps so I think so If so, (you'd better go) positive I believe not He said not Perhaps not. I think not If not, (you'd better go) negative negative)

6 Substitutes are place-holding devices This means that when we recover the group or clause that they are substituting for, we must drop the substitute, e.g. Is he coming? Find the substitutes in the following and say what it is that they substitute for I believe so I believe so I believe he is coming I believe so X he is coming AUSTRALIA needs 44 runs tonight to complete a 3-0 sweep of the Test series against South Africa but may have to do it without Justin Langer. complete AUSTRALIA needs 44 runs tonight to complete a 3-0 sweep of the Test series against South Africa but may have to do complete it without Justin Langer. 33 many of the people who went through the horror of a decade ago are still feeling vulnerable. They want the positives of their past 10 years highlighted, not the negatives, and they don't want to be reminded of the event by seeing old photos, especially pictures of Martin Bryant, or hearing the sound of helicopters overhead. A no-fly zone over Port Arthur has been declared for tomorrow and Saturday. I think we can all understand that sensitivity. As individuals, we may feel the same. =that sensitivity many of the people who went through the horror of a decade ago are still feeling vulnerable. They want the positives of their past 10 years highlighted, not the negatives, and they don't want to be reminded of the event by seeing old photos, especially pictures of Martin Bryant, or hearing the sound of helicopters overhead. A no-fly zone over Port Arthur has been declared for tomorrow and Saturday. I think we can all understand that sensitivity. As individuals, we may feel the same. 34 that sensitivity Should we avoid talk of death and mayhem on Anzac Day? Should we conspire not to mention Hitler, even on his birthday on April 20? Should the media acknowledge there are widows out there who might weep for their lost ones on these days of remembrance and, as a result, agree not to mention the war? =they shouldn t Of course not. But this comparison may highlight one of the major differences between the Port Arthur massacre and, say, the casualties of war. Should we avoid talk of death and mayhem on Anzac Day? Should we conspire not to mention Hitler, even on his birthday on April 20? Should the media acknowledge there are widows out there who might weep for their lost ones on these days of remembrance and, as a result, agree not to mention the war? Of course not they shouldn t. But this comparison may highlight one of the major differences between the Port Arthur massacre and, say, 35 the casualties of war. Journalists write for ordinary people, not judges and lawyers playing semantic games, and do so under pressure and in conditions that those in their lofty legal eyries would never understand. =write for ordinary people Journalists write for ordinary people, not judges and lawyers playing semantic games, and do so write for ordinary people under pressure and in conditions that those in their lofty legal eyries would never understand. 36 6

7 One positive sign this week was a television story showing a NSW health officer wearing a surgical mask and encouraging us all to do the same this winter to ward off the ordinary flu. =wear =a surgical mask blaming the media won't do. This was and is a legitimate story that had to be covered." That neatly sums up the dilemma and inherent contradiction. It wouldn't have happened but for the media feeding it, yet it's right for the media to do exactly that. =feed One positive sign this week was a television story showing a NSW health officer wearing a surgical mask and encouraging us all to do the same wear a surgical mask this winter to ward off the ordinary flu. 37 blaming the media won't do. This was and is a legitimate story that had to be covered." That neatly sums up the dilemma and inherent contradiction. It wouldn't have happened but for the media feeding it, yet it's right for the media to do exactly that feed it. 38 ellipsis This cohesive device is like substitution but what is substituted is Ø. He ought to be back by now Yes. I suppose he ought ( ) ellipsis As with substitution, nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis occurs nominal ellipsis A: Which do you like best, the new electric trains or the old diesel trains? B: Oh the new (electric). the word functioning as Deictic or Numerative or Epithet or Classifier is upgraded from pre-modifier to Head, i.e. the new electric trains Deictic Epithet Classifier Thing Pre-modifier Head the new electric Deictic Epithet Classifier Pre-modifier Head 41 7

8 Verbal Ellipsis The verbal group consists of: a lexical verb finite (auxiliary/modal) polarity modal aux. lexical verb I can't open this The lexical verb or the finite may be presupposed by ellipsis but polarity must always be explicitly expressed. C M C I can't open this Can't you? No Can you? negative polarity clausal Ellipsis most commonly associated with the question-answer process in dialogue. yes/no interrogatives WH- interrogatives WH- ellipsis clausal ellipsis 48 Mother OK.. What would you like to drink, Stephen? 49 Stephen Um orange juice.. = I would like orange juice to drink therefore two types of clausal ellipsis: 45 yes/no ellipsis C I can't open this M Can't you? C No =I can t open it when we recover ellipsis we need only insert the recovered wording 46 Task: recover any items presupposed by substitution & ellipsis in the following text extract Stephen This is a boat that flies 209 Mother A boat that flies! =(that is) A boat that flies! 210 Stephen Yeah 211 Mother Is it a hydroplane? 212 Stephen Yes =Yes ( It is a hydroplane) 213 Mother A hydroplane is a plane that can land on the water 214 Stephen Yes 215 Mother Or is it a hydrofoil? 216 Stephen No 217 It s a hydrofoil 218 This is - that's the water 219 and it saves people 220 Mother Does it? =Does it (save people)? 221 Stephen Yes =Yes ( it saves people) 222 Every person that's um that's got drowned (It saves) every person that's um 223 Mother Oh that's got drowned 48 8

9 224 Mother There's a helicopter that goes up and down the beaches in summer watching out for people 225 It's called a rescue helicopter 226 Stephen Oh that's [? mine] 227 Mother I think it mainly watches um for sharks 228 but it might also rescue people 229 if they're a long way out from the beach and in trouble 230 It's a good idea isn't it? 231 Stephen this is one a rescue helicopter 1 El Niño is an oceanic & atmospheric phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean. 2 During this event unusually warm ocean conditions appear along the western coast of Ecuador and Peru, 3 and these cause climatic disturbances of different degrees of severity. 4 Geographers originally used the term 5 to describe the warm southward current [[that appears in the region every December]], 6 but now they reserve it for occurrences [[that are exceptionally intense & persistent.]] 7 These occur every three to seven years 8 (=these) and can affect climates around the world for more than a year. 9 Because a fluctuation in air pressure and wind patterns in the southern Pacific accompanies El Niño, 10 geographers call the phenomenon the El Niño Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. substitute Normally, the waters of the western tropical Pacific are warm 12 and the air pressure over these waters is quite low. 13 Moist air rises in the region, (=rising moist air) 14 and causes the clouds and heavy rainfall characteristic of South East Asia, New Guinea, and northern Australia. 15 In the eastern Pacific, by contrast, the water is cold 16 and air pressure is high. 17 These conditions create the typically arid situation along coastal South America. 18 The trade winds blow from east to west, (= (trade winds) ) 19 and push sun-warmed surface waters westward. 20 This brings cold water to the surface in the east During El Niño, however, the conditions are reversed: 22 the wet weather conditions [[that are normally present in the western Pacific]] move to the east, 23 and the arid conditions [[that are common in the east]] appear in the west. 24 This brings heavy rains to South America 25 (this) and can cause droughts in south-eastern Asia, India, and southern Africa. 52 Identify the referring expressions in the El Nino text; Interpret these referring expressions 53 1 El Niño is an oceanic & atmospheric phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean. 2 During this event unusually warm ocean conditions appear along the western coast of Ecuador and Peru, 3 and these cause climatic disturbances of different degrees of severity. 4 Geographers originally used the term 5 to describe the warm southward current [[that appears in the region every December]], 6 but now they reserve it for occurrences [[that are exceptionally intense & persistent.]] 7 These occur every three to seven years 8 and (these) can affect climates around the world for more than a year. 9 Because a fluctuation in air pressure and wind patterns in the southern Pacific accompanies El Niño, 10 geographers call the phenomenon the El Niño Southern Oscillation, or 54 ENSO. 9

10 RE interpretation phoricity 1 the (Pacific Ocean) exophoric 2 this (event) El Nino (1) anaphoric the (western coast) of Ecuador and Peru cataphoric 3 these unusually warm ocean conditions anaphoric 4 the (term) El Nino (1) anaphoric 5 the (warm..current) [[that appears in the region every December]] cataphoric the (region) the western coast of E. & Peru (2) anaphoric 6 they geographers (4) anaphoric it the term (4) anaphoric 7 these occurrences [[that are exceptionally intense & persistent.]] (6) anaphoric 8 (these) these( 7) anaphoric the (world) Pacific, Ecuador, Peru anaphoric 9 the (south Pacific) Pacific Ocean (1) anaphoric 10 the (phenomenon) El Nino (9) anaphoric 55 the (ENSO) the phenomenon anaphoric RE interpretation phoricity 11 the (waters) of the western tropical Pacific cataphoric the ( Pacific) Pacific Ocean (1) anaphoric 12 the (air pressure) over these waters cataphoric these (waters) waters of the western Pacific (11) anaphoric 13 the (region) western tropical Pacific (12) anaphoric 14 the (clouds.) [[characteristic of SE Asia, NG & N. Aust]] cataphoric 15 the (eastern Pac.) western Pacific (13) anaphoric the (water) waters (11) anaphoric 17 these (conditions) cold water (15), high air pressure (16) anaphoric the ( situation) along coastal South America cataphoric 18 the (trade winds) exophoric 19 the (trade winds) trade winds anaphoric 20 This clause anaphoric the (surface) exophoric the (east) westward (19) anaphoric 56 RE interpretation phoricity 21 the (conditions) the conditions (17) anaphoric 22 the (..conditions) [[that are normally present in the WP]] cataphoric the (east) the east (20) anaphoric 23 the ( conditions) [[that are common in the east]] cataphoric the (west) the east (23) anaphoric 24 This reversed conditions (21-22) anaphoric 25 (this) reversed conditions (21-22) anaphoric 57 1 El Niño is an oceanic & atmospheric phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean. 2 During this event (=El Nino) unusually warm ocean conditions appear along the western coast of Ecuador and Peru, 3 and these (=unusuallu warm ocean conditions) cause climatic disturbances of different degrees of severity. 4 Geographers originally used the term (=El Nino) 5 to describe the warm southward current [[that appears in the region every December]], 6 but now they (=geographers) reserve it (=the term) for occurrences [[that are exceptionally intense & persistent.]] 7 These (=intense & persistent occurrences) occur every three to seven years 8 and (these=intense & persistent occurrences) can affect climates around the world for more than a year. 9 Because a fluctuation in air pressure and wind patterns in the southern Pacific (= Pacific Ocean) accompanies El Niño, 10 geographers call the phenomenon (=El Nino) the El Niño Southern 58 Oscillation, or ENSO. 11 Normally, the waters of the western tropical Pacific are warm 12 and the air pressure over these waters (=of the western Pacific) is quite low. 13 Moist air rises in the region (=western tropical Pacific), 14 and (rising moist air) causes the clouds and heavy rainfall characteristic of South East Asia, New Guinea, and northern Australia. 15 In the eastern Pacific (=western Pacific), by contrast, the water (=waters 11) is cold 16 and air pressure is high. 17 These conditions (=cold water, high pressure) create the typically arid situation along coastal South America. 18 The trade winds blow from east to west, 19 and (trade winds) (=trade winds18 ) push sun-warmed surface waters westward. 21 During El Niño, however, the conditions are reversed: 22 the wet weather conditions [[that are normally present in the western Pacific]] move to the east, 23 and the arid conditions [[that are common in the east]] appear in the west. 24 This brings heavy rains to South America 25 and (this) can cause droughts in south-eastern Asia, India, and southern Africa. 20 This (=cl18-19) brings cold water to the surface in the east (=westward)

11 lexical relations Lexical cohesion e.g. tall tall lanky short synonymy antonymy Often, the words in a text contribute to its cohesion because the words we sandwich food hyponymy choose are often related in some way body skin meronymy 61 general sense relations 62 hyponymy: the kind of relation meronymy: the part to whole relation superordinate food superordinate body fruit vegetables meat grain skin head legs apples bananas root leaf animal fish rice wheat carrot yam co-hyponyms co-meronyms feet knees e.g. apples are a kind of fruit 63 e.g. skin is a part of the body 64 Classification of cohesive devices (Hasan 1985) lexical versus grammatical cohesion componential Referring expressions, e.g. - personal pronouns; - demonstratives; comparatives; Substitution & ellipsis Lexical sense relations: repetition; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; meronymy 65 grammatical items (e.g. referring expressions & substitutes) = words whose meaning is not fully explicit; the meaning is made fully explicit only when we find the interpretative source of these items lexical items = words that carry explicitly their own meaning 66 11

12 lexical relations in a text 1 We sit in a corner, my friends and I In a house filled with the roaring of the Docks and harbours of our ancestors, and the Colours of the sun which burned their fields. 2 The old men talk at the tables, 3 Remembering old times. 4 We know them Not, 5 nor (do we know) the language that they speak. 6 Yet we are relatives, only two generations apart. 7 We watch the television, 8 glued to the screen, 9 Not knowing the meaning of the lotus seeds We unseeingly eat. 10 They are just more candy to us. 67 corner 1 house 1 docks 1 harbours 1 ancestors 1 relatives 6 old 2 old 3 talk 2 speak 5 know 4 know 5 knowing 9 television 7 screen 8 Sense relation meronymy meronymy hyponymy repetition synonymy repetition meronymy 68 Task: analyse the lexical relations in The Ant & the Chrysalis 69 1 While running nimbly around in search of food, 2 an Ant discovered a Chrysalis [[that was very near its time of change]]. 3 The Chrysalis moved its tail, 4 and thus (the Chrysalis) attracted the attention of the Ant. 5 Seeing for the first time 6 that it was alive, 7 the ant cried disdainfully, 8 "What a sad fate is yours, you poor, pitiable creature! 9 While I can run hither and thither, at my pleasure, 10 you are imprisoned here in your shell, 11 and (you) can only move a joint or two of your scaly tail." 12 The Chrysalis heard all this, 13 but (the Chrysalis) did not reply. 14 A few days later, <<15>> nothing but the shell remained. 15 when the Ant passed that way again, 16 Suddenly he was fanned by the gorgeous wings of a beautiful Butterfly. 17 "Behold in me your much-pitied friend!" 18 said the Butterfly "Boast now of your powers [[to run and climb.]] The cohesive devices - referring expressions, substitutes, ellipsis, and lexical selections all link parts or components of messages (clauses). For this reason Hasan (1985) classifies them together as componential cohesive devices 71 Classification of cohesive devices (Hasan 1985) componential Referring expressions, e.g. - personal pronouns; - demonstratives; comparatives; Substitution & ellipsis Lexical sense relations: General: repetition; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; meronymy Instantial (text-specific): equivalence; naming; semblance organic conjunction; adjacency pairs continuatives 12

13 Organic cohesive devices Adjacency pairs Q & A; etc Conjunctions that are used cohesively (not structurally) Continuatives, e.g. Oh, well, yes How are you? adjacency pairs question answer; invitation response; inform acknowledge; greeting - response etc adjacency pairs these provide cohesion in spoken language; a serious break in cohesion occurs if the second part of the pair is not given, e.g. if an answer to a question is not provided. Do you like cheese? Stephen This is a boat that flies statement 209 Mother A boat that flies! acknowledgement 210 Stephen Yeah Mother Is it a hydroplane? question 212 Stephen Yes answer 213 Mother A hydroplane is a plane that can land on statement the water 214 Stephen Yes acknowledgement 215 Mother Or is it a hydrofoil? question 216 Stephen No answer 217 It's a hydroplane This is - that's the water statement 219 and it saves people 220 Mother Does it? acknowledgement question 221 Stephen Yes.. 76 answer 1 Karen What's that? 2 Mother It's a torch 3 but it doesn't work 4 because it hasn't got any batteries in it 5 Karen Show me command 6 Mother No refuse 7 OK, just wait a minute comply 8 Karen Why doesn't it work?.. question 9 Mother Well the batteries are stuck 10 Karen Show me command 11 Show me command 12 Show me command 13 Mother Don't break it command 14 Karen No comply answer question answer 77 cohesive conjunctions cohesive conjunctions mark the relations between spans of text, i.e. one span of text elaborates, extends or enhances another, earlier span 78 13

14 conjunctive relations 1 elaboration 1. elaboration events expressed in one part of the text are related to those in another in that the later span of text re-presents the first in order to exemplify it or to clarify it, e.g. 64 M it's got very thick skin, this passionfruit, hasn't it? 65 C why has it.. Mummy? 66 M well it's probably taken a very long time to grow 67 see, they don't usually grow in winter. 68 I mean, it's too cold for passionfruits now 69 they don't like the cold weather extension events are related additively, adversatively or alternatively, i.e. one event is in addition to another, or in spite of another, or as an alternative to another, e.g. 81 extension For the whole day he climbed up the steep mountainside, almost without stopping. b) And in this time he met no one (additive) c) Yet he was hardly tired (adversative) d) Instead, he felt quite energised (alternative) 82 3 enhancement events are related spatio-temporally, comparatively or causally, e.g. enhancement a) For the whole day he climbed up the steep mountainside, almost without stopping. b) So by night time the valley was far below (causal) c) Then he sat down to rest (temporal) d) Similarly, his companions rested (comparative)

15 the conjunctions that are used to cohesively relate parts of a text are listed in the following slides elaborating apposition clarification expository exemplificatory corrective distractive dismissive particularising resumptive summative verifactive that is; I mean; in other words; to put it another way for instance; for example; thus or rather; at least; to be precise; by the way; incidentally in any case; anyway; in particular; more especially as I was saying; to get back to the point; to resume in short; to sum up; in conclusion actually; as a matter of fact; in fact Extending Addition Variation positive negative adversative replacive subtractive alternative and; also; furthermore; in addition; besides; moreover nor; and not or; or else; though; yet; however; on the other hand; nevertheless; despite; at any rate only; instead; rather; on the contrary; apart from that; except for that alternatively 87 enhancing temporal simple complex following simultaneous preceding conclusive immediate interrupted repetitive specific durative terminal punctiliar then; next; afterwards; first.. second(ly); last etc just then; at the same time before that; previously finally; in the end; last of all at once; thereupon; straightaway soon; after a while next time; on another occasion next day; an hour later; that morning meanwhile; all that time until then; up to that point at this moment 88 enhancing manner comparison causalconditional matter means general specific positive negative positive likewise; similarly negative in a different way thus; thereby; by such means so; then; therefore; consequently; hence; because of that; for result in consequence; as a result reason on account of this; for that reason purpose for that purpose; with this in view condition + then; in that case/event; under the circumstances condition - otherwise; if not concessive yet; still; though; despite this; however; even so; nevertheless here; there; as to that; in that respect 89 in other respects; elsewhere continuatives now; of course; well; anyway; surely; after all 90 15

16 Continuatives in the mother child conversation 208 Stephen This is a boat that flies 209 Mother A boat that flies! 210 Stephen Yeah Mother Is it a hydroplane? 212 Stephen Yes 213 Mother A hydroplane is a plane that can land on the water 214 Stephen Yes 215 Mother Or is it a hydrofoil? 216 Stephen No 217 It's a hydroplane This is - that's the water 219 and it saves people 220 Mother Does it? 221 Stephen Yes.. 91 Organic cohesion in the Ant text 92 cl conjunction meaning 1 While running nimbly around in search of food 2 an Ant discovered a Chrysalis that was very near its time of change 3 The Chrysalis moved its tail 4 and thus (the Chrysalis) attracted the attention of the Ant thus causal 5 Seeing for the first time 6 that it was alive 7 the Ant cried disdainfully 8 Poor pitiable animal! What a sad fate is yours! 9 While I can run hither & thither at my pleasure 10 and (I can ) even ascend the tallest tree 11 if I wish 12 you are imprisoned here in your shell 13 and (you) have power only to move a joint or two of your scaly tail 14 The Chrysalis heard all this but (the Chrysalis) did not reply 16 A few days later << >> nothing but the shell remained 17 when the Ant passed that way again 18 Wondering 19 what had become of its contents 20 the Ant suddenly felt himself [[shaded //& fanned by the gorgeous wings of a beautiful Butterfly]] 21 Behold in me your much-pitied friend said the Butterfly 22 Boast now of your powers to run & climb 23 Then the Butterfly rose in the air 24 and (the Butterfly) was soon lost to the sight of the Ant forever 25 being borne along & aloft on the summer breeze conjunction meaning later temporal now temporal then temporal 94 16