Evolution of Technology

Transcription

1 Brainworx Academy Evolution of Technology Damien Roux Defense of Mastery Ms. Sabedra, Mr. Jimenez, Ms. Johnson, Mr. Kusy, Mr. Welsh 12 December 2018

2 Roux 1 Damien Roux Defense of Mastery Panel Defense of Mastery 12 December 2018 Evolution of Technology Findings of the Research: During the process of research for the topic of the Evolution of Technology, there were a lot of key information. There were a lot of information for World History, like from life before the Industrial Revolution. What was life during the Industrial Revolution was another thing. I did a survey on 100 students from Excel and Imagineit on their opinion on what was the most important industry during the revolution. During the process of research things about how Hollywood helped Hitler and the Nazi s spread the message to the youth of Germany were found. The zoetrope and the cinematographe was one of the inventions that really sparked the revolution of film. In Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, he talked about how the world can change with the amount of technology that is evolving in the present. The conclusions that was done was that at first the Nazi s threatend to stop playing movies that were made in the U.S. in Germany. That meant that Hollywood had to do what Hitler said and had to follow Hitler s regulations on what can be played and what can not be played. Hollywood did this so they could not lose the profit that was made in Germany before Hitler came to power.

3 Roux 2 Having previously thought that there wasn t any controversy in the film industry. The Industrial Revolution had a lot of pros compared to what was previously thought. There were thoughts that the revolution was harmful to society because of the working conditions and other factors. One of the pros were that it help mass produce goods that were necessary like, for example iron, textiles, minerals, etc. In Brave New World the conclusions that was made was with the advancement of technology we can have a world where everyone is happy and there isn t any hate in the world. In the World State which is the name of the society in Brave New World, Community, Identity, Stability is the motto. Great lengths are taken to develop a sense of community among the people in the World State: We have the World State now. And Ford's Day celebrations, and Community Sings, and Solidarity Services. (Chapter 3). Each of these events are designed to conjure a sense of loyalty towards the caste to which the citizen belongs and to the greater society. The Arch-Community-Songster of Canterbury is similar to an archbishop in the Catholic church to monitor community services. Basically, everyone belongs to everyone else in the World State. Emotions are limited because, When the individual feels, the community reels. Before the birth of technology, life was oppressive and chores took most of the day and since immense opportunities are being provided by technologies they make humans live life easier. Evaluations of Sources: Things that were discarded had either no references or any source of evidence, therefore, they were not creditable. For example I found a slideshow on prezi.com, I found it creditable at first because it had good information, but I saw that there wasn t any sources or references listed. One site that was found was another one that wasn t creditable because it also didn't have any

4 Roux 3 sources of where they got their information. That site was from the University of Texas at Austin. The primary sources that were used was for quotes from famous inventors and authors. For one of the quotes that were used was Steve Jobs s quote Things don't have to change the world to be important. This quote represents the present day of technology because according to the article Steve Jobs, the man, the influence and the power by Penn State, they state that Steve Jobs had the influence to get people moving for him. He also had the power as the APPLE founder to hold people accountable. That's true because without Steve Jobs and Apple who knows what our lives will be like. A secondary source that was the most useful was on a article about the Industrial Revolution. This was the most useful because it had most of the facts and notes that was needed for the research that needed to be done for World History. This site has been marked it as a strong CRAAP rating because it was sited, it had all the necessary references, and the facts stated was reliable. Another one was one from the Penn State and it was about Steve Jobs and how he change the world we live in. Also it explained how Steve Jobs influenced the younger generations to keep changing the world with new was of doing things. The first strongest source was the article about Steve Jobs called Steve Jobs, the man, the influence and the power. by Nicole a student in Penn State. The second one was the article about hollywood helping Hitler called The Chilling History of How Hollywood Helped Hitler. by Ben Urwand. Finally, the last one is about the Industrial Revolution on history.com called Industrial Revolution by the History.com Editors. Before the steam engine, steam trains and all the new technology that was invented, majority of the population was at home on farms. Also

5 Roux 4 they made their own clothing and got materials from the government to make clothing to be able to sell them after they were made. Content Connections: Before the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, most people lived in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rustic shops, using hand tools or simple machines. Before the invention of the steam engine, raw materials and finished goods were hauled and distributed via horse-drawn wagons, and by boats along rivers and canals. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special- purpose machinery, factories and mass production. Generally, the iron and textile industries were dominant as well as the development of steam engines, played central roles during the Industrial Revolution. With the industrial revolution it came with improved systems of transportation, communication, and banking. A number of factors contributed to britain s role as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution: Britain had deposits of coal and iron ore which proved beneficial for industrialization Britain was a politically stable Which meant that colonies could serve as a source for raw materials and a marketplace for manufactured goods As a demand for British goods increased, merchants needed to find a way to have more cost-effective methods of production. Which then lead to mechanization and the factory system. The textile industry was primarily transformed by industrialization because before factories and

6 Roux 5 machines were a thing textiles were mainly manufactured at people s homes, as I previously stated. There were some inefficiencies with this system because workers would set their own schedules which proved difficult for merchants to regulate. Around 1764, James Hargreaves ( ) invented the the Spinning Jenny. Jenny was short for engine in the 1700 s and that is how it got its name. The Spinning Jenny was a machine that enable an individual to produce multiple spools of threads simultaneously. By the time of Hargreaves death in 1778, there were an approximate of 20,000 Spinning Jenny s in use in Britain. The power loom was also invented to mechanize the process of weaving cloth and it was developed in the 1780 s by Edmund Cartwright ( ). Advancements in the iron industry also played a concrete role in the Industrial Revolution. Abraham Darby ( ) in the 18th century, discovered a cheaper, easier method to produce cast iron using coke-fueled (as opposed to charcoaled fired) furnace. In the 1850 s, Henry Bessemer a British engineer developed the first inexpensive process for mass- producing steel. Both iron and steel were essential materials, used to make appliances, tools and machines, to ships, buildings, and infrastructure. The steam engine was also integral to industrialization and in 1712, Thomas Newcomen ( ) developed the first practical steam engine. The steam engine was primarily used for pumping water out of mines. By the 1770 s, James Watt ( ) had improved Newcomen s work, and the steam engine went on to power machinery, locomotives and ships during the Industrial Revolution. Also the transportation industry went through a lot of changes with technology during the Industrial Revolution too. American, Robert Fulton ( ) built the first commercially

7 Roux 6 successful steam boat. By the mid 19th century, steamships were carrying merchandise across the Atlantic. As the steamboat was gaining publicity so was the steam train. The steam train was made by British engineer Richard Trevithick ( ) established the first ever railway steam locomotive. In 1830, Liverpool and Manchester Railway became the first to offer regular passenger services. Around 1820, John McAdam ( ) refined the way railroads were constructed. This resulted in more smoother, more durable, and less muddy railroads. Britain had more than 60,000 miles of track done by Industrialization brought a greater quantity of processed goods and raised the standard of living for many people, especially for the people of the middle class. While industrialization brought an increase volume of mass manufactured products, it also resulted in often harsh employment and living conditions. On the other hand, life for the poor has continued to be a challenge due to the Industrial Revolution. Wages for who labored in in factories were low and at times could be dangerous and tiresome. For those who were unskilled had little job security and could be easily replaceable. Children were also part of the labor force and majority of them worked long hours. A lot of them worked highly hazardous tasks as for example cleaning the machinery. In the early 1860 s an estimated one-fifth of the workers in Britain s textile industry were younger than 15. Which for us nowadays is very unlikely to happen. With industrialization was going on craftspeople were replaced with machines. Urban, industrialized areas were unable to keep up with the pace of arriving workers from the countryside. Which resulted in overcrowded housing that were polluted and unsanitary.

8 Roux 7 Working conditions improved later in the 19th century as the government established various labor reforms and workers gained the right to reform trade unions. The British enacted legislation to prohibit the export of their technology, but had little success in this regard. Industrialization spread throughout Europe to countries like Belgium, France, and Germany, and to the United States. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world s leading Industrial region. The zoetrope was invented in 1834 by William George Horner. He named it the Deadalum or wheel of the devil. Then the Deadalum was forgotten for around 30 years, then was found in 1867 by William F. Lincoln in the U.S. and Milton Bradley in England. Lincoln then renamed it the zoetrope and the zoetrope got its name from the greek words zoo for animal life, trope for things that turn. Sallie Gardner at a Gallop, also known as The Horse in Motion, is a sequence of photographs consisting of a galloping horse, the result of a photographic experiment by Eadweard Muybridge on June 15, The series consists of 24 photographs shot in rapid succession that were shown on a zoopraxiscope. The zoöpraxiscope is an early device for displaying moving images and is considered an important predecessor of the movie projector. It was released throughout Muybridge was commissioned by Leland Stanford, the industrialist and horseman, who was interested in gait analysis. Leland Stanford then eventually founded Stanford University. The purpose of the shoot was to determine whether a galloping horse ever lifts all four feet completely off the ground during the bearing; at this speed, the human eye cannot break down the action. The photographs showed that all four feet are indeed

9 Roux 8 sometimes simultaneously off the ground, though this occurs only when the feet are "gathered" beneath the body. The Kinetoscope or the Kinetograph, is an early motion picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was designed for films to be viewed by one person at a time through a peephole at the top of the device. The Kinetoscope was not a movie projector, but introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent of video. The Kinetograph created the illusion of movement by sending a strip of punctured film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter. A prototype for the Kinetoscope was shown to a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs on May 20, The first public demonstration of the Kinetoscope was held at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences on May 9, Instrumental to the birth of American movie culture, the Kinetoscope also had a major impact in Europe. The Cinematographe was first invented and patented as the "Cinématographe Léon Bouly" by French inventor Léon Bouly on February 12, Bouly coined the term "cinematograph," from the Greek for "writing in movement." Due to a lack of finances, Bouly was unable to develop his ideas properly and maintain his patent fees, so he sold his rights to the device and its name to the Lumière brothers. The Lumière brothers made their first film, Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory ( Sortie de l'usine Lumière de Lyon ). The film was publicly screened at L'Eden, the world's first and oldest cinéma, located in La Ciotat in southeastern France, on September 28, The first commercial, public screening of cinematographic films happened on 28 December 1895 at Salon Indien du Grand Café in Paris and was organised by the Lumière

10 Roux 9 brothers. This history-making presentation featured ten short films, including their first film, Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory. Each of these early films is 17 meters long (approximately 56 feet), which, when hand cranked through a projector, runs approximately 50 seconds. The Cinématographe was also exhibited at the Paris Exposition of The Jazz Singer was the first ever movie made with sound. It was about Young Jakie Rabinowitz (Bobby Gordon) that loves jazz and ragtime, and wants to be a performer. But his father (Warner Oland) is a cantor, and he orders his son to carry on the family tradition. Jakie tries his hand anyway, only to be discovered by neighbor Moisha Yudelson (Otto Lederer) and kicked out of the house. A decade later, an older Jakie (Al Jolson) has followed his dream, changed his name and found love with performer Mary (May McAvoy), but he still wants to win his father over. The Jazz Singer was first premiered in 1927 and it was directed by Alan Crosland. There were many negatives when it came to film. There were many conflicts and events that happened that changed the world. The article The Chilling History of How Hollywood Helped Hitler (Exclusive) shows one of things that happened throughout history and throughout the history of film. In the article it explained that the Nazis threatened to exclude American movies (more than 250 played in Germany after Hitler took power in 1933) unless the studios cooperated. Before World War I, the German market had been the world's second largest, and even though it had shrunk during the Great Depression, the studios believed it would bounce back and worried that if they left, they would never be able to return. Hollywood regularly ran scripts and finished movies by German officials for approval. When they objected to scenes or dialogue they thought made Germany look bad, criticized the Nazis or dwelled on the

11 Roux 10 mistreatment of Jews, the studios would accommodate them -- and make cuts in the American versions as well as those shown elsewhere in the world. Historians have long known about American companies such as IBM and General Motors that did business in Germany into the late 1930s, but the cultural power of movies -- their ability to shape what people think -- makes Hollywood's cooperation with the Nazis a particularly important and chilling moment in history. -- Andy Lewis. The Nazis, who had recently increased their representation in the Reichstag from 12 to 107 seats, took advantage of the national indignation toward All Quiet on the Western Front. The movie showed that German troops retreat from the French. The people who were watching the movie, they shouted: "German soldiers had courage. It's a disgrace that such an insulting film was made in America!" with the cause of the riots, the projectionist was forced to switch off the film. Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels gave a speech from the front row of the balcony in which he claimed that the film was an attempt to destroy Germany's image. Citizen kane was about a reporter that is assigned to decipher newspaper magnate Charles Foster Kane's (Orson Welles) dying words, his investigation gradually reveals the fascinating portrait of a complex man who rose from obscurity to staggering heights. Though Kane's friend and colleague Jedediah Leland (Joseph Cotten), and his mistress, Susan Alexander (Dorothy Comingore), shed fragments of light on Kane's life, the reporter fears he may never penetrate the mystery of the elusive man's final word, "Rosebud." Citizen Kane is still regarded one of the best movies to ever exist, even though the message that was sent to the audience was disturbing and racist. That is why nowadays we have restrictions that has to do with things like hatred, racism, etc.

12 Roux 11 I conducted a survey of 100 students of both Excel and Imagine It. The question that I wanted to be answered was what was the most important industry during the industrial revolution? The students that I surveyed were from Ms. Lovett's Graphic Design class. I did a 1 degree of freedom two way table. Then I calculated the Chi- Square of the data that I collected. For the rows I put Excel Students and Imagine It Students, then for the column I put Iron Industry and Textile Industry. My hypothesis was that the Iron Industry was the most important because it had a more of an impact than the other two Industries. The Null Hypothesis that I will be testing is there is no difference between Excel students and Imagine It students with respect to their choice of Industry. The data that I collected is as follows, 26 Excel Students thought that the Iron Industry was most important and 30 thought that the Textile Industry was most important. For Imagine It Students 19 choose the Iron Industry and 25 for the Textile Industry. I calculated the Chi- Square of the data and I got a Steven Paul Jobs was an American inventor, designer and entrepreneur who was the co-founder, chief executive and chairman of Apple Computer. Apple's revolutionary products, which include the ipod, iphone and ipad, are now seen as guiding the evolution of modern technology. Steve Jobs was born in 1955 to two University of Wisconsin graduate students who gave him up for adoption. While Jobs was always a smart and innovative thinker, when he was little he was filled with frustrations over formal schooling. Jobs was a prankster in elementary school because he was bored, and his fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high school a proposal that his parents refused. After high school, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland,

13 Roux 12 Oregon. He dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes at the school. In 1976, when Jobs was just 21, he and Steve Wozniak started Apple Computer in the Jobs family garage. They funded their entrepreneurial venture by Jobs selling his Volkswagen bus and Wozniak selling his beloved scientific calculator. Jobs and Wozniak are credited with revolutionizing the computer industry with Apple by adjusting the technology and making machines smaller, cheaper, intuitive and accessible to everyday consumers. The Apple I earned the corporation around $774,000. Three years after the release of Apple's second model, the Apple II, the company's sales increased by 700 percent to $139 million. In 1980, Apple Computer became a publicly traded company, with a market value of $1.2 billion by the end of its very first day of trading. Jobs looked to marketing expert John Sculley of Pepsi-Cola to take over the role of CEO for Apple. The next several products from Apple suffered significant design flaws, however, resulting in recalls and consumer disappointment. IBM suddenly surpassed Apple in sales, and Apple had to compete with an IBM/PC-dominated business world. In 1984, Apple released the Macintosh. But despite positive sales and performance superior to IBM's PCs, the Macintosh was still not IBM-compatible. Sculley believed Jobs was hurting Apple, and the company's executives began to phase him out. Not actually having had an official title with the company he co-founded, Jobs was pushed into a more marginalized position and thus left Apple in In the future there are so many possibilities for something revolutionary to happen. One thing that can happen is test tube babies. Test tube babies have been talked for so many years, but nothing has been concrete. In the novel Brave New World, babies are conceived and children

14 Roux 13 are raised according to strict guidelines to produce the stratified society under social control. Bokanovsky's process is a specific method of human cloning that results in identical humans with particular abilities and characteristics. Each fertilized egg divides into a set of identical embryos from which children grow into a 'Bokanovsky Group.' This process helps ensure the classes of human that form the basis of this society, designed to fill specific roles. We can have something like the Bokanovsky's system in the future. This can be revolutionary because it can bring a new wave of human life and new way of intelligence to the world. Another thing that can be revolutionary is the way we transport from place to place. This form of transport is called the Hyperloop One and it might happen in the upcoming years. Hyperloop is a new mode of transportation that moves goods and people quickly, safely, on-demand and direct from origin to destination. Passengers or cargo are loaded into the hyperloop vehicle and accelerate gradually via electric propulsion through a low-pressure tube. The vehicle floats above the track using magnetic levitation and glides at airline speeds for long distances due to ultra-low aerodynamic drag. Virgin Hyperloop One systems will be built on columns or tunneled below ground to avoid dangerous grade crossings and wildlife. It s fully autonomous and enclosed, eliminating pilot error and weather hazards. It s safe and clean, with no direct carbon emissions. The hyperloop will be fast, the systems that they are building will accelerate with the same tolerable G forces as that of taking off in a Boeing 747. With hyperloop people will be accelerating and decelerating gradually and,

15 Roux 14 depending on the route and there s no turbulence. Their goal is to have this done by mid 2020, but later on in the future it can be a system of transport that everyone in the world can use. The tubes are constructed out of thick, strong steel and are very difficult to puncture or buckle. They are designing and constructing the tube and pods explicitly to handle down to 100 Pa of pressure or more (equivalent to air pressure at 200,000 feet above sea level), changes in air pressure, and to safely tolerate small leaks, holes, and even breaches without suffering from reduced structural integrity. If there was a leak or breach in our tube in an operational system air would leak into the tube. The affected vehicles would slow down due to the additional air pressure, or require a power boost to get them to the next station. The pods will be built to withstand even sudden air pressure changes safely. We will also have the ability to section off parts of the route and re-pressurize sections in the case of a significant emergency. Every pod will have emergency exits if needed, but mostly pods will glide safely to the next portal (station) or egress point in the event of an emergency. Additionally, we are building sensors throughout the system to notify of any leaks or breaches and we would be able to identify and perform maintenance to resolve any leaks quickly. Conclusions: The research that was done could have been more elaborated with more research on the way life was before the Industrial Revolution. Also with how the Film Industry operated back in the 1700 s s and 40 s. The resolution of the photoshop collage wasn t right, at first it was 72 ppi (pixels per inch) then it was changed to 300 ppi so it could come out more clearly.

16 Roux 15 Work Cited editors, histroy.com. Industrial Revolution. History.com, A&E Television Networks, Urwand, Ben. The Chilling History of How Hollywood Helped Hitler (Exclusive). The Hollywood Reporter, The Holly wood Reporter, 1 Aug. 2013, Nicole, and Ryan J Soule. Home. SiOWfa15 Science in Our World Certainty and Controversy, 23 Mar. 2016, Steve Jobs. Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 11 Sept. 2018, Facts & Frequently Asked Questions. Hyperloop One, Huxley, Aldous. "Brave New World". Penguin, 2009.