NOXIOUS & PASTURE WEED FIELD PLOT DATA REPORT

Transcription

1 February 2012 NOXIOUS & PASTURE WEED FIELD PLOT DATA REPORT SDSU Weed Evaluation and Extension Demonstration Project Plant Science Department Cooperative Extension Service South Dakota State University Brookings, SD Supported by: South Dakota Weed and Pest Control Commission Mike Moechnig Extension Weed Specialist Darrell Deneke Extension IPM Coordinator Dave Vos Ag Research Specialist Leon J. Wrage Professor-Emeritus Jill Alms Sr. Ag Technician

2 The assistance from Extension Educators and Weed/Pest Supervisors in cooperating counties is acknowledged. Data reported in this publication are results from field tests that include labeled product uses, experimental products or experimental rates, combinations or other unlabeled uses for herbicide products. Refer to the appropriate weed control fact sheet available from county extension offices for herbicide recommendations. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1014, in cooperation with the USDA. Dr. Barry Dunn, Dean of the College of Agriculture, South Dakota State University, Brookings. SDSU is an Affirmative Action/Equal opportunity Employer (Male/Female) and offers all benefits, services, education and employment opportunities without regard for ancestry, age, race, citizenship, color, creed, religion, gender, disability, national origin, sexual preference, or Vietnam Era veteran status. 10/2011

3 TABLE of CONTENTS STATEWIDE NOXIOUS Canada Thistle: Canada Thistle Timing with Milestone-Clark County Canada Thistle Timing with Milestone & Aminocyclopyrachlor-Clark County Herbicide Timing for Canada Thistle Control Among Native Forbs-Roberts County Herbicide Application Timing for Canada & Bull Thistle Control and Forb Tolerance- Roberts County Canada Thistle Control Among Forbs with Milestone & Transline-Roberts County Fall Herbicide Application Timing for Canada Thistle Control-Clark County Bull & Canada Thistle Control Among Forbs-Roberts County Musk Thistle Control with Aminocyclopyrachlor-Deuel County Application Timing for Canada Thistle Control and Forb Tolerance-Roberts County Forb Tolerance to Milestone-Brookings County Fall Forb Planting after Milestone Application-Southeast Research Farm Spring Forb Planting after Milestone Application-Southeast Research Farm Fall Grass Seeding after Milestone Application-Southeast Research Farm Spring Grass Seeding after Milestone Application-Southeast Research Farm Leafy Spurge: Leafy Spurge Timing-Moody County Leafy Spurge Tordon or Plateau Dose Response-Moody County Leafy Spurge Control with Aminocyclopyrachlor-Moody County Leafy Spurge Control with Diflufenzopyr-Moody County Spring Leafy Spurge Control with Sharpen & Plateau-Beadle County Fall Applications for Leafy Spurge Control-Moody County Spring Leafy Spurge Control-Moody County LOCALLY NOXIOUS Yellow & Dalmatian Toadflax: Yellow Toadflax Control with Aminocyclopyrachlor-Edmunds County Yellow Toadflax Control with Aminocyclopyrachlor-Edmunds County Yellow Toadflax Application Timing-Edmunds County Yellow Toadflax Application Timing-Edmunds County Yellow Toadflax Control with Diflufenzopyr-Edmunds County Yellow Toadflax Control with Tordon Tank Mixes-Edmunds County Dalmatian Toadflax Control with Aminocyclopyrachlor-Meade County Dalmatian Toadflax Control with Aminocyclopyrachlor-Lawrence County Garlic Mustard: Garlic Mustard Control-Minnehaha County

4 Absinth Wormwood: Absinth Wormwood Control with Aminocyclopyrachlor-Beadle County Absinth Wormwood Control with Aminocyclopyrachlor-Beadle County Fall Absinth Wormwood Control-Beadle County Absinth Wormwood Control in Pasture-Beadle County Absinth Wormwood Control with Grazon-Beadle County St. Johnswort: St. Johnswort Control-Lawrence County Common Burdock: Common Burdock Control-Brookings County GENERAL WEED CONTROL Pasture/Grasslands: Gumweed Control in Pasture with Escort-Jerauld County Gumweed Control in Pasture-Jerauld County Aminocyclopyrachlor on Common Sunflower-Southeast Research Farm Aminocyclopyrachlor on Common Sunflower-Brookings County Aminocyclopyrachlor on Common Sunflower-Southeast Research Farm Switchgrass Injury from Glyphosate-Southeast Research Farm White Clover Tolerance to Pasture Herbicides-Southeast Research Farm Invasives: Spurge Flax Control in Grassland-Jackson County Sickleweed Control with Escort & Telar-Stanley County Turf: Bur Buttercup Control in Lawns-Lyman County Shelterbelt: Stinging Nettle Control-Brookings County

5 CANADA THISTLE TIMING with MILESTONE Clark County Treatment Timing %Cath 7/28/10 Grass 7/28/10 %Cath 8/3/11 Check e 0 a 0 c Milestone May 7 oz 67 d 0 a 69 b Milestone May 5 oz 83 b 0 a 80 ab Milestone July 7 oz 96 a 0 a 87 a Milestone July 5 oz 92 a 0 a 87 a Milestone August 7 oz 93 a 0 a 69 b Milestone August 5 oz 88 ab 0 a 76 ab Milestone September 7 oz 95 a 0 a 77 ab Milestone September 5 oz 81 b 0 a 69 b Milestone October 7 oz 93 a 0 a 73 b Milestone October 5 oz 74 c 0 a 66 b Applied: May 5/29/09 VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating July 7/21/09 (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) August 8/21/09 September 9/17/09 Cath=Canada thistle October 10/9/09 The objective of this study was to determine optimal times to control Canada thistle with Milestone. The evaluation this year was taken 2 years after application. Control at this time ranged from 66 87% with little difference between the 5 and 7 oz/a rates. The best control occurred after the July application, but control did not differ greatly among the different dates. Results from this study indicated that Canada thistle could be controlled with Milestone for nearly 2 years if applied anytime from late May to early October. 1

6 CANADA THISTLE TIMING with MILESTONE & AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR Clark County Treatment Timing %Cath 7/28/10 Grass 7/28/10 Check c 0 a 0 c Milestone May 7 oz 87 b 0 a 78 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS May 3.5 oz + 0.5% 99 a 0 a 88 a Milestone July 7 oz 99 a 0 a 94 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO July 3.5 oz + 1% 99 a 0 a 95 a Milestone August 7 oz 96 a 0 a 91 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO August 3.5 oz + 1% 99 a 0 a 93 a Milestone September 7 oz 99 a 0 a 93 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO September 3.5 oz + 1% 99 a 0 a 99 a Milestone October 7 oz 87 b 0 a 75 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO October 3.5 oz + 1% 93 a 0 a 88 a %Cath 8/3/11 Applied: May 5/29/09 VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating July 7/21/09 (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) August 8/21/09 September 9/17/09 Cath=Canada thistle October 10/9/09 The objective of this study was to compare Canada thistle control associated with Milestone or aminocyclopyrachlor, an herbicide found in the product Perspective, when applied at different times throughout the summer. Although product rates differed, a similar amount of active ingredient was used for each product. Herbicides were applied in 2009, so the 2011 evaluations represent control 2 years after application. Control was slightly greater for aminocyclopyrachlor when applied in late May or early October. Otherwise, control was similar between the two herbicides. The best time to apply Milestone was between July and September. It is interesting to note that both herbicides were effective in August when Canada thistle appears somewhat dormant. It is also interesting that control was still above 90% for several treatments 2 years after application. This trial was conducted in a pasture where Canada thistle control had been poor in past research trials at that site. In summer, results from this study demonstrated that Milestone and Perspective may be effective on Canada thistle if applied from May to October, but Perspective was slightly more effective at the earliest and latest application dates. 2

7 HERBICIDE TIMING FOR CANADA THISTLE CONTROL AMONG NATIVE FORBS Roberts County Treatment Timing %Cath Cover 6/9/10 %Forb Cover 6/9/10 %Cath Cover 7/25/11 %Forb Cover 7/25/11 Check a 29 a 1 a 2 a Milestone June 7 oz 2 b 6 b 1 a 2 a Milestone June 5 oz 1 b 5 b 1 a 4 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50 WG+MSO June 3.5 oz + 1% 2 b 3 b 1 a 2 a Milestone July 7 oz 1 b 6 b 1 a 3 a Milestone July 5 oz 4 b 9 b 1 a 1 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50 WG+MSO July 3.5 oz + 1% 1 b 4 b 2 a 1 a Milestone August 7 oz 3 b 7 b 2 a 2 a Milestone August 5 oz 5 b 10 b 1 a 1 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50 WG+MSO August 3.5 oz + 1% 1 b 4 b 1 a 1 a Milestone September 7 oz 4 b 7 b 1 a 1 a Milestone September 5 oz 2 b 6 b 2 a 1 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50 WG+MSO September 3.5 oz + 1% 6 b 10 b 1 a 5 a Applied: June 6/9/09 Cath=Canada thistle July 7/1/09 August 8/5/09 September 9/10/09 The objective of this study was to evaluate Milestone (aminopyralid) and aminocyclopyrachlor (a component of Perspective) effects on Canada thistle control and native forb tolerance. The numbers above are not % control, but rather % cover which is a visual approximation of the % ground covered by either Canada thistle or other forb species. Forb species included cudweed sagewort, stiff sunflower, prairie coneflower, Canada goldenrod, alfalfa, white prairie aster, wild rose, yarrow, blanketflower, horseweed (marestail), purple prairie clover, milkweed, and New England aster. The herbicide effects were evaluated for each of these species, but there were no treatment differences among each species so we just reported total forb cover for convenience. Canada thistle control and forb tolerance was similar between Milestone and aminocyclopyrachlor and the Milestone rate did not affect forb tolerance. In 2011, grass density increased resulting in low Canada thistle and forb cover, even in the untreated check. That may have masked some of the treatment affects. In summary, results from this study demonstrated that the effects of Milestone and aminocyclopyrachlor were similar on Canada thistle and native forb species. 3

8 HERBICIDE APPLICATION TIMING for CANADA & BULL THISTLE CONTROL and FORB TOLERANCE Roberts County Treatment Timing %Cath Cover 6/9/10 %Buth 6/9/10 %Forb Cover 6/9/10 %Cath Cover 7/25/11 %Forb Cover 7/25/11 Check a 0 c 25 ab 1.0 a 28 ab Milestone+NIS Bud 3 oz % 1.3 b 98 a 12 bcd 0.5 a 11 ab Milestone+NIS Bud 5 oz % 1.3 b 98 a 10 bcd 0.0 a 9 ab Stinger+NIS Bud 8 oz % 2.3 b 98 a 24 abc 0.5 a 19 ab Aminocyclopyrachlor 50 WG+NIS Bud 3.2 oz % 1.0 b 95 ab 27 a 0.8 a 7 b Stinger+NIS & Milestone+NIS Bud & Fall 8 oz % & 3 oz % 1.3 b 96 ab 7 d 0.3 a 13 ab Milestone+NIS Fall 3 oz % 1.0 b 90 ab 11 bcd 0.0 a 21 ab Milestone+NIS Fall 5 oz % 1.0 b 90 ab 11 bcd 0.3 a 26 ab Stinger+NIS Fall 8 oz % 1.3 b 88 ab 12 bcd 0.3 a 29 ab Aminocyclopyrachlor 50 WG+NIS Fall 3.2 oz % 1.0 b 86 b 9 cd 0.3 a 33 a Applied: Bud 7/1/09 Cath=Canada thistle Fall 9/29/09 Buth=Bull thistle The objective of this study was to evaluate different herbicide options to control Canada thistle but have a minimal effect on native forb species. Results above are % ground cover rather than % control. Percent ground cover is a visual estimation of the % ground covered by Canada thistle or forb plants. Forb species included cudweed sagewort, stiff sunflower, prairie coneflower, Canada goldenrod, sweet clover, white prairie aster, wild rose, yarrow, blanket flower, horseweed (marestail), purple prairie clover, milkweed, primrose, and New England aster. In 2010, aminocyclopyrachlor, a component of Perspective, resulted in equal or less total forb injury than Milestone (aminopyralid). Individual forb species were evaluated, but only total forb cover was presented above due to space limitations. In 2010, aminocyclopyrachlor applied in the fall resulted in more blanketflower survival than the other treatments (3% cover compared to %) but aminocyclopyrachlor applied in the spring resulted in much more horseweed than the other treatments (20% cover compared to 0.3 6%). Total forb cover was similar among herbicides in 2011, which was two years after the herbicide applications. In 2010, aminocyclopyrachlor seemed to cause more forb injury when applied in the fall than in the spring, but that relationship was reversed in Canada thistle control was similar among the herbicide treatments in each year. Grass and forb cover appeared to increase in 2011 resulting in low thistle ground cover, even in the untreated check. In summary, results from this study indicated that there was little difference in Canada thistle control or forb injury among some common Canada thistle herbicides. 4

9 CANADA THISTLE CONTROL AMONG FORBS with MILESTONE & TRANSLINE Roberts County Treatment %Cath Cover 6/9/10 %Forb Cover 6/9/10 %Cath Cover 7/25/11 %Forb Cover 7/25/11 Milestone+NIS 3 oz % 0.5 b 7 b 0 a 2 b Milestone+NIS 5 oz % 0.8 b 5 b 1 a 1 b Milestone+MSO 5 oz + 1 qt 0.8 b 6 b 0 a 1 b Milestone+Activator 90 7 oz % 1.0 b 8 b 1 a 2 b Transline+NIS 9.2 oz % 1.0 b 8 b 1 a 1 b Milestone+Transline+NIS 2 oz oz % 0.8 b 6 b 1 a 2 b Milestone+Transline+NIS 3 oz oz % 1.0 b 6 b 2 a 1 b Milestone+Transline+MSO 3 oz oz + 1 qt 1.0 b 8 b 1 a 1 b Milestone+Transline+NIS 4 oz oz % 1.0 b 8 b 1 a 1 b Milestone+Transline+NIS 5 oz oz % 0.8 b 7 b 1 a 2 b Check a 17 a 1 a 6 a Applied: 7/1/09 Cath=Canada thistle The objective of this study was to evaluate Milestone (aminopyralid), Transline (clopyralid), or mixtures of the two for Canada thistle control and native forb tolerance. Previous research has indicated Transline may be slightly safer on forb species, but Milestone may be more effective on thistles. Perhaps mixtures of these herbicides could result in greater forb tolerance without reducing Canada thistle control. Results above are % ground cover rather than % control. Percent ground cover is a visual estimation of the % ground covered by Canada thistle or forb plants. Forb species included alfalfa, stiff sunflower, prairie coneflower, Canada goldenrod, white prairie aster, wild rose, yarrow, blanket flower, horseweed (marestail), purple prairie clover, milkweed, primrose, gayfeather, wild bergamot, and New England aster. Ground cover of individual forb species was similar among herbicide treatments, so only total forb cover is shown. Grass cover seemed to increase in 2011 resulting in less Canada thistle and forb cover. Results from this study indicated that Canada thistle control and forb tolerance was similar between Milestone and Transline. 5

10 FALL HERBICIDE APPLICATION TIMING for CANADA THISTLE CONTROL Clark County Treatment Timing %Cath 8/3/10 Cath Plant/m 2 8/11/10 Cath Plant/m 2 8/11/11 Check c 3.4 a 4.0 a Stinger August 12 oz 93 a 3.7 a 1.3 bc Aminocyclopyrachlor August 3.5 oz 99 a 3.3 a 0.1 c 50WG Milestone August 7 oz 94 a 3.9 a 1.3 bc Stinger September 12 oz 65 b 3.6 a 3.5 a Aminocyclopyrachlor September 3.5 oz 98 a 2.4 a 0.1 c 50WG Milestone September 7 oz 97 a 3.2 a 0.3 c Stinger October 12 oz 68 b 3.7 a 3.1 ab Aminocyclopyrachlor October 3.5 oz 96 a 2.7 a 0.0 c 50WG Milestone October 7 oz 92 a 3.0 a 0.3 c Stinger November 12 oz 58 b 2.1 a 1.7 bc Aminocyclopyrachlor November 3.5 oz 99 a 0.8 a 0.1 c 50WG Milestone November 7 oz 89 a 3.5 a 1.2 bc Applied: August - 8/11/10 Cath=Canada thistle September 9/13/10 October 10/8/10 November 11/5/10 The objective of this study was to compare Milestone (aminopyralid), Stinger/Transline (clopyralid), and aminocyclopyrachlor (a component of Perspective) for thistle control and determine the optimal timing for each herbicide. In 2010, it appeared that Stinger resulted in the least Canada thistle control, but thistle densities were similar among treatments. However, in 2011, Canada thistle shoot densities were greatest in the Stinger treatments and similar between Milestone and aminocyclopyrachlor. Milestone and aminocyclopyrachlor could be applied any time between August and early November but Stinger control seemed to be greatest when applied in August or November. Results from this study suggest that Milestone and aminocyclopyrachlor may be more effective than Stinger (at 12 oz/a) for Canada thistle control and allow for more flexible application timing. 6

11 Treatment BULL & CANADA THISTLE CONTROL AMONG FORBS Roberts County %Cath 9/14/09 %Buth 9/14/09 %Cath 6/9/10 %Buth 6/9/10 %Forb Cover 6/9/10 %Cath Cover 7/24/11 %Forb Cover 7/24/11 Milestone+NIS 5 oz % 81 a 99 a 87 abc 95 a 14 a 0 a 2 bc 2,4-D Amine+NIS 1 qt % 69 a 99 a 81 bc 94 a 13 a 1 a 4 bc Aminocyclopyrachlor+ Ally XP+NIS Aminocyclopyrachlor+ Glean XP+NIS Aminocyclopyrachlor+ 2,4-D Amine+NIS 2 oz oz % 89 a 99 a 94 a 93 a 17 a 1 a 2 bc 2 oz oz % 94 a 99 a 94 a 96 a 14 a 1 a 1 bc 2 oz + 1 pt % 85 a 99 a 88 abc 93 a 15 a 2 a 1 c Check b 0 b 0 d 0 b 29 a 1 a 10 a Applied: 6/9/09 Cath=Canada thistle Buth=Bull thistle The objective of this study was to evaluate Canada thistle and bull thistle control in an area where native grasses and forbs (broadleaf plants) have been established. The site was seeded approximately two years prior to herbicide application in In 2011, the proportional ground covered by thistle shoots was only 1 2% which was similar among treatments. Much of the decline in thistle densities is likely due to crowding from the establishing native grasses. Forb cover also appeared to be declining which also appeared to be more greatly influenced by crowding rather than herbicide injury. Therefore, results from this study demonstrated that crowding from native grass can have a greater effect on forb populations than herbicides used for thistle control and can also reduce thistle populations. 7

12 Treatment 2011 MUSK THISTLE CONTROL with AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR Deuel County %Muth 9/11/11 %Goro 9/11/11 %Blvv 9/11/11 Smooth Brome 9/11/11 Kentucky Bluegrass 9/11/11 Perspective+NIS 1.5 oz % 93 b 99 a 99 a 0 a 0 a Perspective+NIS 2.5 oz % 97 a 99 a 99 a 0 a 0 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 2L+ 2,4-D Amine+NIS Aminocyclopyrachlor 2L+ 2,4-D Amine+NIS 2.5 oz + 10 oz % 92 b 99 a 99 a 0 a 0 a 4 oz + 16 oz % 97 a 99 a 97 a 0 a 0 a 2,4-D Ester 1.5 qt 99 a 99 a 99 a 0 a 0 a Escort XP 0.5 oz 99 a 99 a 10 b 0 a 0 a Check c 0 b 0 c 0 a 0 a Applied: 6/16/11 VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) Muth=Musk thistle Goro=Goldenrod Blvv=Blue vervain The objective of this study was to evaluate musk thistle control with Perspective (aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron) in a pasture. Nearly all treatments resulted in very good musk thistle and goldenrod control. Escort (metsulfuron) was the only treatment that did not control blue vervain. Grass tolerance was very good. Previous studies have indicated that Perspective can cause significant injury to some cool season grasses such as smooth brome, but brome injury was not apparent in this study. Kentucky bluegrass tolerance was also good which is consistent with previous research results. Therefore, results from this study demonstrated that Perspective may be an effective pasture herbicide. However, Perspective is not yet registered for use on pasture as grazing tolerance have not been established yet. 8

13 APPLICATION TIMING for CANADA THISTLE CONTROL and FORB TOLERANCE Roberts County Treatment Timing %Cath 6/7/10 %Forb Cover 6/7/10 %Cath Cover 7/25/11 %Forb Cover 7/25/11 Milestone+NIS July 3 oz % 83 a 61 a 1 a 24 a Milestone+NIS July 7 oz % 92 a 54 ab 1 a 19 a Milestone July 7 oz 92 a 28 abc 1 a 14 a Transline+NIS July 1 pt % 82 a 61 a 1 a 17 a Milestone+Transline+NIS July 3 oz+ 9 oz+ 0.25% 79 a 47 abc 1 a 21 a Milestone+NIS September 3 oz % 88 a 20 bc 1 a 25 a Milestone+NIS September 7 oz % 91 a 23 bc 1 a 28 a Milestone September 7 oz 88 a 31 abc 1 a 25 a Transline+NIS September 1 pt % 81 a 17 c 0 a 19 a Milestone+Transline+NIS September 3 oz+ 9 oz+ 0.25% 89 a 40 abc 1 a 15 a Milestone+NIS October 3 oz % 84 a 35 abc 1 a 17 a Milestone+NIS October 7 oz % 90 a 14 c 1 a 8 a Milestone October 7 oz 91 a 30 abc 1 a 8 a Transline+NIS October 1 pt % 80 a 30 abc 1 a 12 a Milestone+Transline+NIS October 3 oz+ 9 oz+ 0.25% 88 a 41 abc 1 a 13 a Check b 37 abc 1 a 16 a Applied: July 7/1/09 Cath=Canada thistle September 9/10/09 October 10/8/09 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Milestone (aminocyclopyrachlor) and Transline (clopyralid) application timing on Canada thistle control and forb (broadleaf plants) tolerance. Canada thistle cover (the estimated percent of the ground covered by Canada thistle leaves) declined greatly in all treatments in This was likely due to crowding from a dense canopy of native grass. This site was planted only about 2 years prior to the herbicide application. Canada thistle was quick to establish, but it appeared that the grasses eventually became more dense and began to crowd thistle. Forb cover, which was similar among herbicide treatments, declined in 2011 in several treatments. In conclusion, 2011 observations demonstrated the importance of a dense grass canopy for successful Canada thistle management but this may also reduce native forb populations. 9

14 Treatment Timing 2011 FORB TOLERANCE to MILESTONE Brookings County %Cath Cover 9/26/11 %Arnc Cover 9/26/11 %Neat Cover 9/26/11 %Mata Cover 9/26/11 %Prcf Cover 9/26/11 %Masf Cover 9/26/11 Check a 3.8 a 2.3 a 1.3 a 1.0 a 1.5 a Milestone July 5 oz 2.0 b 4.8 a 1.3 a 1.0 a 1.3 a 0.0 a Milestone+NIS July 5 oz % 0.8 b 3.0 a 1.0 a 1.8 a 1.3 a 0.5 a Telar XP+NIS July 2 oz % 1.8 b 6.0 a 0.3 a 0.0 a 0.5 a 0.0 a Milestone September 5 oz 33.8 a 7.3 a 1.8 a 1.5 a 1.5 a 0.3 a Milestone+NIS September 5 oz % 31.3 a 7.0 a 1.5 a 1.8 a 0.8 a 0.3 a Telar XP+NIS September 2 oz % 23.3 a 2.0 a 0.5 a 4.0 a 0.3 a 1.0 a Applied: July 7/1/11 Cath=Canada thistle September 9/26/11 Arnc=Arnica Neat=New England aster Mata=Marestail Prcf=Prairie coneflower Masf=Maximilian sunflower The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Milestone (aminopyralid) or Telar (chlorsulfuron) on native forb populations. Herbicides were applied in July 2011 and evaluated on the Sept. herbicide application date. Therefore, the evaluations for the Sept. applications indicate plant cover without July herbicide applications. Preliminary results demonstrated that the July applications greatly reduced Canada thistle cover but did not reduce the cover of the native forb (broadleaf) species. Evaluations will continue in

15 Treatment FALL FORB PLANTING after MILESTONE APPLICATION Southeast Research Farm Pupc height (cm) Prcf height (cm) Plcs height (cm) Blss height (cm) Camv height (cm) Wibm height (cm) Neat height (cm) Ilbf height (cm) Goax height (cm) Blfw height (cm) Milestone+NIS 3 oz % a 66 a 65 a 60 a 53 a 63 a 13 ab 51 ab 48 a Milestone+NIS 7 oz % 60 ab 46 a 68 a 63 a 53 a 49 a 4 b 43 ab 37 a Chaparral+NIS 3.3 oz % ab 62 a 64 a 57 a 63 a 43 a 25 a 39 ab 44 a Milestone VM Plus+NIS 6 pt % ab 55 a 67 a 60 a 44 a 48 a 8 b 39 ab 50 a Milestone VM Plus+NIS 8 pt % 59 ab 46 a 66 a 59 a 63 a 43 a 11 b 43 ab 46 a Milestone+Transline+NIS 3 oz oz % 68 a 49 a 69 a 69 a 60 a 11 b 38 ab 43 a Transline+NIS 9.2 oz % ab 59 a 69 a 60 a 56 a 81 a 17 ab 59 a 36 a Transline 1 pt ab 49 a 58 ab 60 a 67 a 64 a 15 ab 63 a 25 a Spike 80DF+NIS 10 oz % 58 ab 60 a 48 b 56 a 55 a 9 b 38 ab 38 a 11 Check b 58 a 55 ab 39 a 28 b 38 a Applied: 7/22/09 Pupc=Purple prairie clover Blss=Blackeyed Susan Neat=New England aster Prcf=Prairie coneflower Camv=Canada milkvetch Ilbf=Illinois bundleflower Plcs=Plains coreopsis Wibm=Wild bergamot Goax=Golden alexander Blfw=Blanketflower The objective of this study was to determine if native forb (broadleaf) species could be planted in the fall after a summer Milestone (aminopyralid) application. Densities were not affected (data not shown). Growth, as indicated by height measurements, of most forb species was not affected by the herbicide treatments. Illinois bundleflower seemed to be most sensitive to herbicides as high Milestone rates (greater than 3 oz/a) seemed to slightly reduce height. In conclusion, results from this study demonstrated that it may be possible to plant native forbs the fall after a summer Milestone application.

16 Treatment SPRING FORB PLANTING after MILESTONE APPLICATION Southeast Research Farm Pupc height (cm) Prcf height (cm) Plcs height (cm) Blss height (cm) Camv height (cm) Wibm height (cm) Neat height (cm) Ilbf height (cm) Goax height (cm) Blfw height (cm) Milestone+NIS 3 oz % 29 a 63 a 69 a 66 a 52 abc 43 a 70 a 10 c 37 a 48 a Milestone+NIS 7 oz % 37 a 50 a 58 a 65 a 60 ab 26 a 66 a 21 a 25 a 49 a Chaparral+NIS 3.3 oz % 45 a 58 a 72 a 61 a 40 bc 37 a 20 abc 29 a 43 a Milestone VM Plus+NIS 6 pt % 31 a 58 a 65 a 65 a 62 a 38 a 69 a 18 abc 33 a 34 a Milestone VM Plus+NIS 8 pt % 26 a 55 a 65 a 69 a 36 c 26 a 70 a 12 abc 21 a 44 a Milestone+Transline+NIS 3 oz oz % 37 a 59 a 65 a 68 a 52 abc 33 a 60 a 12 abc 21 a 49 a Transline+NIS 9.2 oz % 31 a 59 a 70 a 69 a 34 c 39 a 63 a 11 bc 21 a 44 a Transline 1 pt 38 a 60 a 72 a 66 a 52 abc 34 a 72 a 20 ab 23 a 41 a Spike 80DF+NIS 10 oz % 23 a 62 a 68 a 58 a 48 abc 33 a 54 a 16 abc 22 a 41 a 12 Check a 53 a 41 b 55 a 50 abc 53 a 17 abc 33 a 40 a Applied: 7/22/09 Pupc=Purple prairie clover Blss=Blackeyed Susan Neat=New England aster Prcf=Prairie coneflower Camv=Canada milkvetch Ilbf=Illinois bundleflower Plcs=Plains coreopsis Wibm=Wild bergamot Goax=Golden alexander Blfw=Blanketflower The objective of this study was to determine if native forb (broadleaf) species could be planted the spring after a summer Milestone (aminopyralid) application. Forb densities were not affected (data not shown). Forb growth, as indicated by shoot height, was also not affected by most herbicide treatments. Some legume species, such as Canada milkvetch and Illinois bundleflower, were affected by some treatments but it was difficult to identify a clear trend to explain the cause of the growth response. For example, Illinois bundleflower height was reduced by Milestone at 3 oz/a, but not 7 oz/a. Despite some of these differences, it seems that the results from this study demonstrated that it may be possible to plant forb species the spring after a summer Milestone application.

17 Treatment FALL GRASS SEEDING after MILESTONE APPLICATION Southeast Research Farm Bibs Biomass (g/m) Inwg Biomass (g/m) Ingr Biomass (g/m) Libs Biomass (g/m) Sogm Biomass (g/m) Swgr Biomass (g/m) Cawr Biomass (g/m) Grng Biomass (g/m) July Tordon+NIS 32 oz % 192 ab 235 bc 209 abc 86 abc 75 ab 131 a 513 a 28 a Milestone+NIS 7 oz % 177 ab 273 bc 358 a 114 abc 83 ab 167 a 532 a 39 a Milestone+Transline+NIS 3 oz + 9 oz % 176 ab 214 bc 333 ab 129 abc 117 ab 165 a 518 a 37 a Milestone+NIS 14 oz % 144 ab 236 bc 290 abc 92 abc 72 ab 171 a 497 a 32 a September Milestone+NIS 3 oz % 199 ab 250 bc 309 abc 58 abc 90 ab 177 a 517 a 52 a Milestone+NIS 7 oz % 204 ab 242 bc 264 abc 77 abc 87 ab 154 a 531 a 24 a Milestone+Transline+NIS 3 oz + 9 oz % 143 ab 242 bc 256 abc 103 abc 96 ab 131 a 474 a 49 a Milestone+NIS 14 oz % 94 b 324 abc 69 c 62 abc 85 ab 107 a 552 a 20 a Transline+NIS 16 oz % 187 ab 218 bc 218 abc 182 ab 80 ab 173 a 475 a 51 a Chaparral+NIS 3.27 oz % 159 ab 448 a 109 bc 210 a 171 a 107 a 631 a 46 a 13 Tordon+NIS 32 oz % 92 b 361 ab 77 c 20 c 47 b 149 a 601 a 15 a Spike 80DF 10 oz 295 a 171 bc 278 abc 72 abc 123 ab 127 a 119 b 29 a Check b 127 c 175 abc 35 bc 69 ab 150 a 213 b 20 a Applied: July: 7/22/09 Bibs=Big bluestem Sogm=Side-oats grama September: 9/22/09 Inwg=Intermediate wheatgrass Swgr=Switchgrass Ingr=Indiangrass Cawr=Canada wild rye Libs=Little bluestem Grng=Green needlegrass The objective of this study was to determine if native grass species could be planted the fall after summer (July) or fall (September) Milestone (aminopyralid) applications. Shoot biomass was measured at maturity in 2011, which was two years after the herbicide applications. Results indicated that Milestone and Transline (clopyralid) were the safest herbicides. Milestone at a 2X rate (14 oz/a) caused some injury to big bluestem and Indiangrass. Tordon (picloram) and Spike (tebuthiuron) were perhaps the most injurious. Therefore, results from this study demonstrated that several native grass species may be planted late in the fall (Nov.) after a July or Sept. application of Milestone or Transline.

18 Treatment SPRING GRASS SEEDING after MILESTONE APPLICATION Southeast Research Farm Bibs Biomass (g/m) Inwg Biomass (g/m) Ingr Biomass (g/m) Libs Biomass (g/m) Sogm Biomass (g/m) Swgr Biomass (g/m) Cawr Biomass (g/m) Grng Biomass (g/m) July Tordon+NIS 32 oz % 180 a 127 a 306 abc 85 b 51 a 182 ab 433 ab 7 a Milestone+NIS 7 oz % 277 a 157 a 273 abc 91 b 52 a 227 a 488 ab 20 a Milestone+Transline+NIS 3 oz + 9 oz % 270 a 185 a 224 bc 150 ab 87 a 162 ab 427 ab 15 a Milestone+NIS 14 oz % 233 a 226 a 345 abc 266 a 94 a 244 a 579 ab 10 a September Milestone+NIS 3 oz % 262 a 246 a 399 ab 129 ab 109 a 169 ab 469 ab 18 a Milestone+NIS 7 oz % 256 a 261 a 208 bc 128 ab 125 a 226 a 661 a 26 a Milestone+Transline+NIS 3 oz + 9 oz % 231 a 160 a 350 abc 120 ab 79 a 181 ab 447 ab 22 a Milestone+NIS 14 oz % 187 a 209 a 246 bc 115 ab 87 a 194 ab 479 ab 26 a Transline+NIS 16 oz % 276 a 243 a 508 a 182 ab 116 a 189 ab 584 ab 32 a Chaparral+NIS 3.27 oz % 271 a 202 a 174 bc 145 ab 116 a 194 ab 431 ab 19 a 14 Tordon+NIS 32 oz % 169 a 168 a 279 abc 65 b 65 a 252 a 372 ab 11 a Spike 80DF 10 oz 187 a 194 a 300 abc 146 ab 125 a 76 b 236 ab 5 a Check a 98 a 138 c 15 b 28 a 80 b 154 b 7 a Applied: July: 7/22/09 Bibs=Big bluestem Sogm=Side-oats grama September: 9/22/09 Inwg=Intermediate wheatgrass Swgr=Switchgrass Ingr=Indiangrass Cawr=Canada wild rye Libs=Little bluestem Grng=Green needlegrass The objective of this study was to determine if native grasses could be planted in the spring following a July or Sept. Milestone application. Indiangrass, little bluestem, and switchgrass seemed to be the most sensitive species to herbicide carryover. Tordon (picloram) applied in July or Sept. caused some injury to little bluestem. Milestone rates above 3 oz/a applied in Sept. resulted in some injury to Indiangrass. Spike (tebuthiuron) resulted in some switchgrass growth reduction. Although each herbicide in this trial was associated with growth reduction of at least one grass species, results from this trial demonstrated many native grass species may tolerate carryover to several herbicides that may be used for Canada thistle control.

19 LEAFY SPURGE TIMING Moody County Treatment Timing %Lesp 9/23/09 Smooth brome 9/23/09 Intermediate wheatgrass 9/23/09 %Lesp 6/8/10 Smooth brome 6/8/10 %Lesp 9/15/10 Smooth brome 9/15/10 %Lesp 6/29/11 Smooth brome 6/29/11 Check c 0 a 0 d 0 g 0 b 0 f 0 a 0 d 0 c Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO Flower 4 oz + 1% 95 a 10 a 31 bc 92 ab 44 a 81 b 5 a 70 b 29 b Tordon+2,4-D Ester Flower 1.5 pt + 1 qt 88 ab 5 a 8 d 80 cd 5 b 67 bc 0 a 18 d 0 c Plateau+MSO+28% N Flower 8 oz + 1 qt + 1 qt 88 ab 0 a 76 a 70 e 5 b 35 e 0 a 3 d 0 c Tordon+Plateau+2,4-D Ester+MSO Flower 1 pt + 4 oz + 1 qt +1 qt 89 ab 0 a 76 a 80 cd 5 b 72 bc 0 a 5 d 0 c Tordon+Overdrive Flower 1 pt + 4 oz 82 b 0 a 20 cd 81 cd 0 b 70 bc 0 a 11 d 0 c Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+ Overdrive+MSO Flower 2 oz + 4 oz + 1% 99 a 6 a 44 b 99 a 50 a 93 a 5 a 89 a 65 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO Fall 4 oz + 1% 90 b 24 b 73 bc 0 a 15 d 5 c Tordon+2,4-D Ester Fall 1.5 pt + 1 qt 74 de 0 b 64 bc 0 a 5 d 0 c Plateau+MSO+28% N Fall 8 oz + 1 qt + 1 qt 94 ab 5 b 76 b 0 a 3 d 0 c Tordon+Plateau+2,4-D Ester+MSO Fall 1 pt + 4 oz + 1 qt +1 qt 75 de 0 b 56 cd 0 a 0 d 0 c Tordon+Overdrive Fall 1 pt + 4 oz 63 f 0 b 48 d 0 a 0 d 0 c Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+ Overdrive+MSO Fall 2 oz + 4 oz + 1% 87 bc 3 b 68 bc 0 a 33 c 0 c 15 Applied: Flower 6/8/09 VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating Fall 9/23/09 (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) Lesp=Leafy Spurge The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimal herbicide application timing (spring vs fall) for leafy spurge control. Evaluations in 2011 indicated that aminocyclopyrachlor, part of the Perspective premix, resulted in much greater duration of control if applied in the spring rather than fall. In addition, control could be improved by cutting the aminocyclopyrachlor rate in half (2 oz rather than 4) and adding Overdrive (dicamba + diflufenzopyr). However, increased leafy spurge control was associated with increased smooth brome injury which was still visible 2 years after application. This location was also dominated by Kentucky bluegrass which was not injured by any herbicide treatment (data not shown). In conclusion, results from this study indicated that it may be best to apply Perspective in the spring rather than fall and tank mixes with Overdrive may be beneficial.

20 Treatment LEAFY SPURGE TORDON or PLATEAU DOSE RESPONSE Moody County %Lesp 6/1/10 Smooth Brome 6/1/10 %Lesp 9/15/10 Smooth Brome 9/15/10 %Lesp 6/29/11 Check e 0 d 0 h 0 a 0 c Tordon+NIS 10 oz % 31 d 0 d 8 g 0 a 0 c Tordon+NIS 20 oz % 55 c 1 d 26 f 0 a 0 c Tordon+NIS 40 oz % 82 b 6 d 46 e 0 a 1 c Tordon+NIS 60 oz % 94 ab 46 a 64 c 0 a 15 c Plateau+MSO+28% N 2 oz + 1 qt + 1 qt 53 c 4 d 44 e 0 a 3 c Plateau+MSO+28% N 4 oz + 1 qt + 1 qt 88 ab 18 c 55 d 0 a 3 c Plateau+MSO+28% N 8 oz + 1 qt + 1 qt 96 a 25 bc 75 b 0 a 30 b Plateau+MSO+28% N 12 oz + 1 qt + 1 qt 98 a 35 b 86 a 0 a 44 a Applied: 9/23/09 VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) Lesp=Leafy spurge The objective of this study was to generate dose response data for Tordon (picloram) and Plateau (imazapic) to identify optimal rates and anticipate the efficacy of future mixes. The 2010 and 2011 results indicated that Plateau appeared to be generally slightly more effective than Tordon. However, it should be noted that these herbicides were applied in the fall which is the optimal time for Plateau but Tordon is often more effective with spring applications. Control diminished greatly for each product two years after application. 16

21 Treatment Timing LEAFY SPURGE CONTROL with AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR Moody County %Lesp 9/23/09 Smooth brome 9/23/09 %Lesp 6/8/10 Smooth brome 6/8/10 %Lesp 9/15/10 Smooth brome 9/15/10 %Lesp 6/29/11 Smooth brome 6/29/11 Check d 0 c 0 f 4 c 0 e 0 a 0 c 0 a Aminocyclo. 50WG+MSO Flower 0.7 oz +1% 19 c 6 c 13 e 4 c 3 e 0 a 0 c 0 a Aminocyclo. 50WG+MSO Flower 2 oz + 1% 88 b 19 b 70 c 11 bc 46 d 0 a 5 c 0 a Aminocyclo. 50WG+MSO Flower 4 oz + 1% 97 a 30 b 88 b 29 abc 84 a 0 a 19 b 0 a Aminocyclo. 50WG+MSO Flower 6 oz + 1% 99 a 51 a 96 a 48 a 90 a 8 a 70 a 0 a Aminocyclo. 50WG+MSO Fall 0.7 oz +1% 10 e 0 c 0 e 0 a 0 c 0 a Aminocyclo. 50WG+MSO Fall 2 oz + 1% 43 d 11 bc 10 e 0 a 1 c 0 a Aminocyclo. 50WG+MSO Fall 4 oz + 1% 73 c 23 abc 56 c 0 a 0 c 0 a Aminocyclo. 50WG+MSO Fall 6 oz + 1% 86 b 38 ab 73 b 3 a 19 b 0 a Applied: Flower 6/8/09 VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating Fall 9/23/09 (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) Lesp=Leafy Spurge The objective of this study was to determine the optimal rates and application time (spring vs. fall) for aminocyclopyrachlor, an herbicide in the Perspective premix. In 2011, the spring applications were providing much greater control than the fall applications indicating spring may be the best time to apply Perspective for leafy spurge control. The high rate (6 oz of 50WG) was still providing 70% control two years after application. 17

22 LEAFY SPURGE CONTROL with DIFLUFENZOPYR Moody County Treatment %Lesp 9/23/09 Smooth brome 9/23/09 Intermediate wheatgrass 9/23/09 %Lesp 6/8/10 Smooth brome 6/8/10 %Lesp 9/15/10 Smooth brome 9/15/10 %Lesp 6/29/11 Smooth brome 6/29/11 Check d 0 b 0 d 0 d 0 c 0 d 0 d 0 c 0 c Plateau+MSO+AMS 6 oz + 1% lb 71 c 3 b 90 a 5 d 0 c 0 d 0 d 8 c 5 c Tordon+NIS 1.5 pt % 81 bc 10 b 13 cd 67 c 0 c 45 c 0 d 0 c 0 c Tordon+2,4-D Ester+NIS 1.5 pt + 1 qt % 81 bc 5 b 15 cd 80 b 0 c 44 c 0 d 0 c 0 c Tordon+Plateau+2,4-D Ester+MSO 1 pt+ 4 oz+ 1 qt+ 1% 84 abc 0 b 73 ab 79 b 20 b 55 c 0 d 6 c 0 c Tordon+Overdrive 1.5 pt + 4 oz 87 ab 3 b 0 d 83 b 0 c 67 b 0 d 8 c 0 c Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 4 oz + 1% 97 a 41 a 45 bc 96 a 66 a 88 a 25 c 75 b 59 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 5.5 oz + 1% 99 a 25 b 56 bc 99 a 69 a 89 a 33 bc 89 a 73 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+ Diflufenzopyr+MSO Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+ Diflufenzopyr+MSO 4 oz + 5 oz + 1% 4 oz + 10 oz + 1% 99 a 3 b 35 bcd 99 a 71 a 91 a 53 a 96 a 81 a 99 a 3 b 54 bc 99 a 66 a 93 a 41 ab 95 a 79 a Tordon+Diflufenzopyr+MSO 1.5 pt + 5 oz + 1% 93 ab 3 b 25 cd 92 a 16 bc 71 b 3 d 64 b 0 c Tordon+Diflufenzopyr+MSO 1.5 pt + 10 oz + 1% 95 ab 3 b 15 cd 93 a 0 c 75 b 0 d 70 b 0 c 18 Applied: 6/8/09 VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) Lesp=Leafy Spurge

23 Treatment SPRING LEAFY SPURGE CONTROL with SHARPEN & PLATEAU Beadle County Grass 8/2/10 %Lesp 8/2/10 %Lesp 9/9/10 %Lesp 7/22/11 Check b 0 d 0 c 0 e Sharpen+Induce+AMS 1 oz % lb 0 b 91 b 83 b 58 bc Plateau+Induce+AMS 4 oz % lb 18 a 97 a 94 a 59 bc Plateau+Induce+AMS 6 oz % lb 16 a 77 c 73 b 54 c Plateau+Sharpen+Induce+AMS 4 oz + 1 oz % lb 21 a 98 a 98 a 68 abc Applied: 6/22/10 =Visual Crop Response Rating (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) Lesp=Leafy Spurge 19

24 Treatment FALL APPLICATIONS for LEAFY SPURGE CONTROL Moody County %Lesp 6/1/10 %Lesp 9/15/10 Smooth Brome 9/15/10 %Lesp 6/29/11 Smooth Brome 6/29/11 Plateau+MSO 8 oz + 1 qt 96 a 76 a 0 a 9 b 0 a Tordon+MSO 1 qt + 1 qt 74 e 20 f 0 a 3 b 0 a Tordon+Plateau+MSO 1.3 pt oz +1 qt 82 b-e 60 cd 0 a 0 b 0 a Tordon+Plateau+Diflufenzopyr+MSO 1.3 pt oz oz +1 qt 93 abc 78 a 0 a 5 b 0 a Plateau+MSO 4.3 oz + 1 qt 85 a-d 68 abc 0 a 3 b 0 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 4 oz % 93 abc 77 a 0 a 29 a 0 a Check f 0 g 0 a 0 b 0 a Applied: 9/23/09 VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) Lesp=Leafy spurge 20

25 Treatment SPRING LEAFY SPURGE CONTROL Moody County %Lesp 9/15/10 Smooth Brome 9/15/10 %Lesp 6/29/11 Smooth Brome 6/29/11 Tordon+2,4-D Amine+Plateau+NIS 1 pt + 1 qt + 4 oz % 84 b 0 b 6 b 0 b Plateau+MSO 4.3 oz + 1 qt 10 de 0 b 18 b 0 b Milestone+Plateau+MSO 5 oz oz + 1 qt 48 c 0 b 83 a 0 b Tordon+ Milestone+Plateau+MSO 0.5 pt + 5 oz oz + 1 qt 56 c 0 b 8 b 0 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 2L+MSO 8 oz + 1 qt 97 a 70 a 85 a 71 a Check e 0 b 0 b 0 b Applied: 6/8/10 VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) Lesp=Leafy spurge 21

26 YELLOW TOADFLAX CONTROL with AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR Edmunds County Treatment %Yetf 8/25/10 %Yetf 8/24/11 Check e 0 e Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 0.5 oz + 1% 48 d 10 d Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 2.5 oz + 1% 68 c 69 c Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 4 oz + 1% 85 b 89 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 5.5 oz + 1% 93 a 93 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 7 oz + 1% 98 a 99 a Applied: 8/25/09 Yetf=Yellow toadflax 22

27 YELLOW TOADFLAX CONTROL with AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR Edmunds County Treatment %Yetf 8/24/11 Check d Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 0.5 oz + 1% 50 c Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 2.5 oz + 1% 85 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 4 oz + 1% 95 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 5.5 oz + 1% 98 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO 7 oz + 1% 99 a Applied: 8/25/10 Yetf=Yellow toadflax 23

28 YELLOW TOADFLAX APPLICATION TIMING Edmunds County Treatment Timing %Yetf 8/25/10 %Yetf 8/24/11 Check e 0 e Tordon+Telar XP+COC August 1 qt oz % 25 d 38 a-e Tordon+COC August 1 qt % 16 d 5 cde Telar XP+COC August 1.25 oz % 70 c 55 a-d Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO August 5 oz + 1% 90 a 79 a Tordon+Telar XP+COC September 1 qt oz % 25 d 63 ab Tordon+COC September 1 qt % 16 d 3 de Telar XP+COC September 1.25 oz % 18 d 10 b-e Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO September 5 oz + 1% 80 b 60 ab Tordon+Telar XP+COC October 1 qt oz % 23 d 23 b-e Tordon+COC October 1 qt % 25 d 58 abc Telar XP+COC October 1.25 oz % 25 d 5 cde Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO October 5 oz + 1% 83 b 64 ab Applied: August 8/13/09 Yetf=Yellow toadflax September 9/25/09 October 10/9/09 24

29 YELLOW TOADFLAX APPLICATION TIMING Edmunds County Treatment Timing %Yetf 8/24/11 Check g Tordon+Telar XP+COC August 1 qt oz % 53 d Tordon+COC August 1 qt % 15 f Telar XP+COC August 1.25 oz % 15 f Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO August 5 oz + 1% 97 a Tordon+Telar XP+COC September 1 qt oz % 76 bc Tordon+COC September 1 qt % 80 bc Telar XP+COC September 1.25 oz % 28 e Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO September 5 oz + 1% 98 a Tordon+Telar XP+COC October 1 qt oz % 84 b Tordon+COC October 1 qt % 70 c Telar XP+COC October 1.25 oz % 16 f Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+MSO October 5 oz + 1% 97 a Applied: August 8/25/10 Yetf=Yellow toadflax September 9/13/10 October 10/13/10 25

30 YELLOW TOADFLAX CONTROL with DIFLUFENZOPYR Edmunds County Treatment %Yetf 8/25/10 %Yetf 8/24/11 Check d 0 e Telar XP+MSO 2 oz + 1% 55 c 18 d Tordon+MSO 2 qt + 1% 63 c 38 c Aminocyclopyrachlor+MSO 4 oz + 1% 86 a 80 b Tordon+Telar XP+MSO 1 qt oz + 1% 58 c 39 c Aminocyclopyrachlor+Telar XP+MSO 4 oz oz + 1% 91 a 83 b Tordon+Diflufenzopyr+MSO 1.5 pt + 10 oz + 1% 75 b 80 b Tordon+Diflufenzopyr+MSO 1.5 pt + 5 oz + 1% 63 c 40 c Aminocyclopyrachlor+ Diflufenzopyr+MSO 4 oz + 10 oz + 1% 95 a 95 a Aminocyclopyrachlor+ Diflufenzopyr+MSO 4 oz + 5 oz + 1% 95 a 96 a Applied: 8/25/09 Yetf=Yellow toadflax 26

31 YELLOW TOADFLAX CONTROL with TORDON TANK MIXES Edmunds County Treatment %Yetf 8/24/11 Tordon+COC 1 qt + 1% 72 a Tordon+2,4-D Ester+COC 1 qt + 1 qt + 1% 80 a Tordon+Overdrive+COC 1 qt + 5 oz + 1% 78 a Tordon+Overdrive+COC 1 qt + 8 oz + 1% 81 a Tordon+Telar XP+COC 1 qt oz + 1% 57 b Check c Applied: 8/25/10 Yetf=Yellow toadflax 27

32 Treatment DALMATIAN TOADFLAX CONTROL with AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR Meade County %Datf 8/26/10 %Datf Stand Reduction 8/26/10 %Datf 6/23/11 Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 3 oz % 40 ab 64 ab 53 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 4 oz % 70 ab 67 ab 92 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 5 oz % 80 ab 75 ab 99 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 6 oz % 72 ab 77 ab 99 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+Escort XP+NIS 4.9 oz oz % 76 ab 85 a 92 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+Telar XP+NIS 5 oz oz % 87 ab 93 a 95 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 2L+2,4-D Amine+NIS 8 oz + 2 pt % 84 ab 88 a 98 a Telar XP+NIS 1.3 oz % 33 b 45 b 13 c Tordon+NIS 1 qt % 90 a 92 a 98 a Check c 0 c 0 d Applied: 7/14/10 Datf=Dalmatian toadflax 28

33 2011 DALMATIAN TOADFLAX CONTROL with AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR Lawrence County Treatment %Datf 10/9/11 Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 3 oz % 72 c Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 4 oz % 72 c Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 5 oz % 91 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+Telar XP+NIS 3.6 oz + 1 oz % 88 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 2L+2,4-D Amine+NIS 8 oz + 2 pt % 99 a Telar XP+NIS 1.3 oz % 91 b Check d Applied: 6/23/11 Datf=Dalmatian toadflax 29

34 GARLIC MUSTARD CONTROL Minnehaha County Treatment Gamu Seedling Density (ft 2 ) 5/8/08 Gamu Seedling Density (ft 2 ) 5/4/09 Gamu Seedling Density (ft 2 ) 4/28/10 Check a 18 a 9 a 7 a Gamu Seedling Density (ft 2 ) 5/19/11 Plateau+MSO+28% N 4 oz+ 1 qt+ 1 qt 24 a 22 a 10 a 4 a Plateau+MSO+28% N 6 oz+ 1 qt+ 1 qt 25 a 21 a 7 a 6 a Journey+MSO+28% N 8 oz+ 1 qt+ 1 qt 17 a 11 a 3 a 2 a Journey+MSO+28% N 16 oz+ 1 qt+ 1 qt 7 a 7 a 6 a 3 a Escort XP+NIS 0.5 oz+ 0.25% 7 a 2 a 4 a 2 a Escort XP+NIS 1 oz+ 0.25% 9 a 4 a 5 a 5 a Maverick+NIS 1 oz+ 0.25% 13 a 5 a 4 a 3 a Maverick+NIS 2 oz+ 0.25% 21 a 19 a 7 a 8 a Oust XP+NIS 0.25 oz+ 0.25% 21 a 14 a 10 a 6 a Oust XP+NIS 0.5 oz+ 0.25% 37 a 18 a 5 a 10 a Valor+NIS 1 oz+ 0.25% 18 a 11 a 6 a 4 a Valor+NIS 3 oz+ 0.25% 13 a 12 a 3 a 4 a Goal 2XL+NIS 1 pt+ 0.25% 9 a 12 a 4 a 4 a Goal 2XL+NIS 2 pt+ 0.25% 8 a 7 a 3 a 3 a Applied: 4/27/07 Gamu=Garlic mustard 5/8/08 5/4/09 4/28/10 5/19/11 30

35 ABSINTH WORMWOOD CONTROL with AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR Beadle County Treatment %Abww 8/2/10 %Abww 9/9/10 %Abww 6/3/11 %Abww 7/22/11 Check b 0 d 0 c 0 d Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 0.5 oz % 14 b 5 cd 5 c 0 d Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 1 oz % 16 b 13 c 55 b 34 c Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 2 oz % 69 a 72 b 75 a 61 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 3 oz % 81 a 87 a 78 a 64 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 4 oz % 88 a 96 a 94 a 78 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+2,4-D Ester+NIS 1 oz + 1 qt % 85 a 86 a 83 a 65 b Applied: 6/22/10 Abww=Absinth wormwood 31

36 Treatment 2011 ABSINTH WORMWOOD CONTROL with AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR Beadle County %Abww 7/22/11 Check c Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 0.5 oz % 0 c Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 1 oz % 18 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 2 oz % 23 b Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 3 oz % 58 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 4 oz % 57 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+2,4-D Ester+NIS 1 oz + 1 qt % 68 a Applied: 6/14/11 Abww=Absinth wormwood 32

37 FALL ABSINTH WORMWOOD CONTROL Beadle County Treatment Timing %Abww 6/3/11 Check b Redeem+NIS October 1.5 pt % 85 a Milestone+2,4-D Ester October 1.8 oz + 1 qt 96 a 2,4-D Ester October 1 qt 93 a 2,4-D Ester October 2 qt 90 a 2,4-D Amine October 1 qt 89 a Redeem+NIS November 1.5 pt % 74 a Milestone+2,4-D Ester November 1.8 oz + 1 qt 92 a 2,4-D Ester November 1 qt 81 a 2,4-D Ester November 2 qt 87 a 2,4-D Amine November 1 qt 80 a Applied: October 10/8/10 Abww=Absinth wormwood November 11/5/10 33

38 ABSINTH WORMWOOD CONTROL in PASTURE Beadle County Treatment %Abww 8/2/10 %Abww 9/9/10 %Abww 6/3/11 Forefront+Activator pt % 53 d 83 a 84 ab Forefront+Activator 90 2 pt % 80 ab 96 a 85 ab Grazon+Activator 90 2 pt % 76 ab 91 a 81 abc Grazon+Activator 90 3 pt % 88 a 96 a 83 ab Pasturall+Activator pt % 30 fg 77 ab 68 bc Pasturall+Activator 90 2 pt % 58 cd 93 a 90 a 2,4-D Amine+Activator 90 1 qt % 38 ef 55 c 65 c 2,4-D Ester+Activator 90 1 qt % 56 cd 90 a 68 bc Check h 0 d 0 d Applied: 7/8/10 Abww=Absinth wormwood 34

39 2011 ABSINTH WORMWOOD CONTROL with GRAZON Beadle County Treatment Carrier Rate %Abww 7/22/11 %Corw 7/22/11 Grazon+Activator 90 1 pt % 20 gal/a 0 d 95 b Grazon+Activator 90 2 pt % 20 gal/a 3 d 99 a Grazon+Activator 90 3 pt % 20 gal/a 12 d 99 a Grazon+Activator 90 2 pt % 4 gal/a 23 cd 99 a Imprelis+Telar XP+Activator oz + 1 oz % 20 gal/a 63 ab 99 a Imprelis+Telar XP+Activator oz + 2 oz % 20 gal/a 90 a 99 a Check d 0 c Applied: 6/14/11 Abww=Absinth wormwood Corw=Common ragweed 35

40 2011 ST. JOHNSWORT CONTROL Lawrence County Treatment Timing %Stjw 10/9/11 Check c Milestone Fall 6 oz 65 b Escort XP+NIS Fall 1 oz % 58 b Aminocyclopyrachlor+NIS Fall 2 oz % 80 a Aminocyclopyrachlor+NIS Fall 4 oz % 90 a Milestone Spring 6 oz Escort XP+NIS Spring 1 oz % Aminocyclopyrachlor+NIS Spring 2 oz % Aminocyclopyrachlor+NIS Spring 4 oz % Applied: Fall 9/15/11 Stjw=St. Johnswort Spring - 36

41 2011 COMMON BURDOCK CONTROL Brookings County Treatment %Cobd 7/30/11 %Stne 7/30/11 %Hosu 7/30/11 Check c 0 c 0 b Milestone 3 oz 98 a 99 a 33 a GF pt 99 a 99 a 20 ab Escort XP+NIS 1 oz % 72 b 99 a 43 a Garlon 3A 1 qt 96 a 99 a 37 a Stinger 11 oz 99 a 20 b 13 ab 2,4-D Amine 1 pt 99 a 99 a 43 a Applied: 6/4/11 Cobd=Common burdock Stne=Stinging nettle Hosu=Honeysuckle 37

42 2010 GUMWEED CONTROL IN PASTURE with ESCORT Jerauld County Treatment %Ccgw 7/28/10 %Corw 7/28/10 %Ccgw 9/9/10 %Corw 9/9/10 Escort+NIS oz % 99 a 93 b 99 a 70 c Escort+NIS 0.25 oz % 99 a 99 a 99 a 75 bc Escort+2,4-D Amine+NIS 0.25 oz pt % 99 a 99 a 99 a 88 abc Escort+2,4-D Amine+Banvel+NIS 0.25 oz pt pt % 99 a 99 a 99 a 99 a Check c 0 e 0 d 0 e Applied: 6/15/10 Ccgw=Curlycup gumweed Corw=Common ragweed 38

43 Treatment 2010 GUMWEED CONTROL in PASTURE Jerauld County %Ccgw 7/28/10 %Corw 7/28/10 Grass 7/28/10 %Ccgw 9/9/10 %Corw 9/9/10 Forefront+Activator pt % 99 a 99 a 0 a 98 a 99 a Forefront+Activator 90 2 pt % 99 a 99 a 0 a 99 a 99 a Grazon+Activator 90 2 pt % 99 a 99 a 0 a 99 a 99 a Grazon+Activator 90 3 pt % 98 a 99 a 0 a 99 a 99 a Pasturall+Activator pt % 93 b 99 a 0 a 93 b 99 a Pasturall+Activator 90 2 pt % 96 a 99 a 0 a 98 a 99 a 2,4-D Amine+Activator 90 1 qt % 99 a 99 a 0 a 98 a 99 a 2,4-D Ester+Activator 90 1 qt % 98 a 99 a 0 a 98 a 98 a Check c 0 b 0 a 0 c 0 b Applied: 6/15/10 =Visual Crop Response Rating (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) Ccgw=Curlycup gumweed Corw=Common ragweed 39

44 Treatment AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR on COMMON SUNFLOWER Southeast Research Farm %Cosf 7/10/10 Switchgrass 7/10/10 %Cosf 7/6/11 Switchgrass 7/6/11 Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 1 oz % 63 e 0 b 99 a 0 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 2 oz % 83 d 0 b 99 a 0 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 3 oz % 96 ab 37 a 99 a 0 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+NIS 4 oz % 99 a 35 a 99 a 0 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+Escort XP+NIS 1.33 oz oz % 86 d 7 b 99 a 0 a Weedmaster+NIS 1 qt % 91 bcd 3 b 99 a 0 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 50WG+Telar XP+NIS 1.58 oz oz % 95 abc 8 b 99 a 0 a Aminocyclopyrachlor 2L+2,4-D Amine+NIS 2.8 oz oz % 88 cd 3 b 99 a 0 a Milestone+NIS 4 oz % 63 e 0 b 99 a 0 a Check f 0 b 0 b 0 a Applied: 6/24/10 Sunflower 6-10 in. VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating (0=no injury; 100=complete kill) Cosf=Common sunflower 40