On notes, references and in particular academic honesty, or everything you always wanted to know about plagiarism

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1 On notes, references and in particular academic honesty, or everything you always wanted to know about plagiarism by Mark Rutgers 1

2 Structure Academic Integrity: Scientific ethics: main issues Writing, citing & plagiarism How to do it properly: examples 2

3 Academic Honesty When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it. When you rely on someone else s work, you cite it. When you use their words, you quote them openly and accurately, and you cite them, too. When you present research materials, you present them fairly and truthfully. That s true whether the research involves data, documents, or the writing of other scholars. Lipson, C. (2008). Doing Honest Work in College. 2 nd ed. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago press, p.3 3

4 Merton s Four Essential Values Universalism Communism Disinterestedness Organized skepticism Merton, Robert K. (1973), "The Normative Structure of Science", in Merton, Robert K., The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 4

5 The Singapore Statement on Research Integrity 5

6 The Dutch Code: De Nederlandse Gedragscode Wetenschapsbeoefening. Principe van goed wetenschappelijk onderwijs en onderzoek, VSNU 2012 Five core values: 1. carefulness (zorgvuldigheid) 2. reliability (betrouwbaarheid) 3. controlability (controleerbaarheid) 4. impartiality (onpartijdigheid) 5. independence (onafhankelijkheid) 6

7 1. Carefulness Principle: Scientific activities are done carefully. Increasing output pressure should not diminish this. 7

8 Core Issues Informed Consent FFP Minimizing Harm, Maximizing Benefit Protecting privacy Protecting others, Minimizing harm and increasing the sum of good (M. Israel & I. Hay (2006). Research Ethics for Social Scientists. London, etc.: Sage. p.2) 8

9 2. Reliability Principle: The reputation of reliability of the sciences is supported and strengthened by the actions of every scientist. A scientist is reliable in the execution of his research and reporting on it, as well as in the displaying his knowledge in education and publications. 9

10 Informed Consent Getting permission for research: Informed Consent requires a person to be able to make a clear assessment of the facts, implications, and future consequences of being involved in the research project. Informed consent: this is the most critical part in SSH research and a very detailed informed consent is a crucial requirement in SSH research (Guidance Note for Researchers and Evaluators of Social Science and Humanities Research (2010), draft, European Commission, p. 17). 10

11 3. Controllability Principle: Presented information can be checked (controlled). If research results are made public, is presented clearly on what these are based, what they have been derived from and where they can be checked. 11

12 Data storage Four important oppositions: 1. In Good faith vs. in Bad faith 2. Good/almost good vs. bad practice 3. Scientific controversy vs. Scientific fraud 4. Serious misbehaviour (FFP) vs. Not sticking to all norms. (Zorgvuldig en integer omgaan met wetenschappelijke onderzoeksgegevens (2012) Advies vna de KNAW-Commissie Onderzoeksgegevens [cie. Schuyt]. Amsterdam: KNAW). 12

13 4. Impartiality Principle: The scientist is guided in his research activities by no other interest than the scientific interest. He is always prepared to be held accountable in this respect. 13

14 5. Independence Principle: Scientists carry out their work in academic freedom and independence. As far as restrictions are unavoidable they are made visible. 14

15 Omissions? Protection of privacy Minimal Harm, Maximal benefit 15

16 Academic writing Academic or professional: Writing is at the heart of any science / study Proof, arguments, knowledge 16

17 Reporting There are many texts that can help you improve your writings and reporting skills. Just two examples: Teitelbaum, H. (2003), How to Write a Thesis. 5 th ed. -: Thomson. Becker, H.S. (2007). Writing for social scientists. How to start and finish your thesis, book, or article. 2 nd ed. Chicago & London: University of Chicago press. 17

18 Fraud Criminal deception, use of false representation to gain un just advantage: dishonest artifice or trick Sykes, J.B. 1976, The concise oxford dictionary, 6th ed., Oxford, Claredon Press, p

19 Fraud Using any aid during exam Attempting to copying from another student during an exam Letting someone else take your exam Making up data, changing data, omitting (unwellcome) data Also: submitting work twice ( again ) 19

20 Plagiarism The act of appropriating the literary composition of another author, or excerpts, ideas, or passages therefrom, and passing the material off as one's own creation Plagiarism, visited , 20

21 Plagiarism Copying anothers text Failing to properly indicate origin of ideas Self-plagiarism 21

22 Dutch law Dutch copyright law (auteursrecht) article 15: allows citation in a scientific publication, if, the length of the citation is appropriate to the purpose and if the source (if known) is explicitly mentioned. article 31: punishment of maximum of 6 month prison and fine of Euro 22

23 In case of fraud/plagiarism: Sanctions: Examination/paper marked as invalid, exclusion from next exam opportunity Exclusion from multiple/all exams for up to 12 months (and no thesis support) Ending of enrolment at UvA 23

24 Science & Society Academic & Professional De Nederlandse Gedragscode Wetenschapsbeoefening. Principe van goed wetenschappelijk onderwijs en onderzoek, VSNU 2012 Starting points: Academic freedom and autonomy Integrity as an essential precondition for trust in the sciences. Principles between scientist and between science and society Zorgvuldig en integer omgaan met wetenschappelijke onderzoeksgegevens (2012) Advies van de KNAW-Commissie Onderzoeksgegevens. Amsterdam: KNAW. The leading values of the sciences are different of those of other social sectors. (p. 76) 24

25 Tools: Annotation: mentioning in the text of the source In text Foot notes End notes Bibliography / references Alphabatic list of sources 25

26 Full Refernce Always: author(s) year full title (edition) publisher place 26

27 Many styles APA: American Psychological Association MLA: Modern Language Association Chicago: Chicago University Press ASA: American Sociological Association APSR: American Political Science Review Harvard style 27 g.htm

28 APA in-text annotation One author: (Becker, 1987: 66) Two authors: (Long & Jones, 2004: 89-94) Two authors or more: (Lyons et al, 2001: 45). 28

29 Books Surname, first name or initials (year of publication). Title of book. place of publication: publisher. Example: Brubaker, R. (1984). The limits of rationality. An essay on the social and moral thought of Max Weber. London: George Allen & Unwin. 29

30 Book chapter Surname, first name or initials (year of publication). Title of chapter. In authors/editor (Eds.) Title of book (pages). place of publication: publisher. Example: Hekman, S. J. (1994). Weber and postpositivist social theory. In A. Horowitz & T. Maley(Eds.), The barbarism of reason: Max Weber and the twilight of enlightenment (pp ). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 30

31 Another example Weber, M. (1985b). Wissenschaft als beruf [Science as a vocation]. In J. Winckelmann (Ed.), Gesammelte aufsätze zur wissenschaftslehre (6th ed., pp ). Tübingen, Germany: Mohr/Siebeck. (Original work published 1919). 31

32 Journal articles Surname, first name or initials year of publication, Title of article, Title of journal, Vol., No., pp. Example: Levine, D. N. (1981). Rationality and freedom: Weber and beyond. Sociological Inquiry, 51,

33 Web page with author Web Journal: Surname, first name or initials (year of publication). Title of the article, Title of periodicle, vol., pp. Retrieved date from source/url. Other: Surname, first name or initials (year of publication). Title of article. Retrieved date from source/url. Example: Albanese, A (2009). Fairer compensation for air travellers, media release, 29 January, Minister for Local Government, viewed 30 January 2009, < 33 es/2009/ January/AA007_2009.htm>.

34 Web page without author Site, Title, year, date you visited the site, complete URL. Example: University of Queensland Library 2009, Mechanical engineering subject guide, University of Queensland Library, viewed 6 February 2009, < le= Mechanical+Engineering>. 34

35 Purpose of Annotation Give credit where due, show respect Protect copyright / authorship Make information verifiable Support your claims/arguments Simply the honerable and right thing to do! Ethics of Scientific Publication!! 35

36 How and when to use other s work? Paraphrasing Quoting 68DADBF5C01A914D 36

37 Examples In the case of moral action, something is done for its own sake, as if I do not want to do anything else (Kant, 1785/1981a, p. 75). As Kant (1785/1997) stated, it represents the practical necessity of a possible action as a means to achieving something else that one is willing (p. 25). Weber (1972) said that purpose-rational action is neither affectual nor traditional. 37

38 Example Weber is generally understood as epistemologically a (neo-) Kantian, and his ideas shared some powerful structural affinities with Kantianism (Lenhardt,1994, p. 22) Weber, however, studied works of Kant at an early age, and in his works one finds several references to Kant (Dassen, 1999). 38

39 Example As indicated on the GSSS website, the GSSS offers a wide range of Dutch and English taught programmes in the social sciences.¹ 1) GSSS, visited on , 39

40 Bibliography / References 1) Academic work always contains a bibliography 2) The list of references is in alphabetical order 3) The bibliography is complete (and not over complete) 40

41 Have a (close) look at how the authors you are reading anyway are making an argument, quote others, paraphrase, make references, and so on! 41

42 A reminder Writing is hard, but can be very rewarding Trial & Error is an essential part of learning Fraud & Plagiarism is not 42

43 Academic Honesty When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it. When you rely on someone else s work, you cite it. When you use their words, you quote them openly and accurately, and you cite them, too. When you present research materials, you present them fairly and truthfully. That s true whether the research involves data, documents, or the writing of other scholars. Lipson, C. (2008). Doing Honest Work in College. 2 nd ed. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago press, p.3 43