Footnotes. Guidelines for the writing of footnotes:

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1 1 Guidelines for the writing of footnotes: It is essential to reference your source material as you make use of it in your main essay. There are THREE different functions for footnotes. (See links.) The main difference between the presentation of the footnotes and a Bibliography is: In a Bibliographic entry, you are giving the EDITION of the material you have used indicated by the last numbered page of the text. In a footnote entry, you are giving the EXACT LOCATION of the material you have referred to given by the page number. The footnotes enable an examiner to check that you are not plagiarising your material.

2 2 A Guide to Writing are extremely useful when writing an essay. They have THREE main functions in a piece of writing: 1. To acknowledge the PRIMARY or SECONDARY sources you have used in your research in other words, to give FULL details about the book/article/website that you ve directly quoted from your own essay or whose factual information you have referred to. for primary sources give FULL bibliographic details including the exact location of the quote or information: eg. Morality depended upon an understanding of the feelings of others 1 1 McCALL -SMITH, Alexander, The Sunday Philosophy Club, London, Abacus, 2008 [2004], p Note: No need to give FULL bibliographic details if you are quoting a universally known text such as those by Shakespeare. In this case, in your first footnote, say that these details can be found in the main Bibliography at the end of the essay. eg. To be or not to be: that is the question... 1 Hamlet, III.i.56. (See Bibliography.)

3 3 for secondary sources give the full details of the source: eg. The critic Davies explains how Hume s idea of causality involves the assumption of the uniformity of Nature. 1 1 DAVIES, Stephen, Hume s Theory of Causality: A Brief Introduction, in P. Coombes (ed.), The Philosophy of David Hume, Oxford, OUP, 2001, p To point out the wider research you ve done around your topic, but which you can t incorporate in your main essay because of space limitations. You must give the full bibliographic details of the text(s) to which you have referred: eg. Samuels goes on to explain that Hamlet s introverted nature is the symptom of a psychic trauma. 1 1 SAMUELS, Paul, Hamlet: A Study in the Unconscious, Cambridge, CUP, Studies in Shakespeare Series, 2000, p An alternative view is given by Peters. See, PETERS, Charles, Chapter Studies, 4: The Unbound Ego, in The Deconstruction of Ego in Shakespeare s Hamlet, Washington, Harvard University Press, 1999, pp

4 4 3. To add extra information to, or express a short reflection on, a point you ve made in the main body of your essay that you haven t got space or time to expand on in the main essay or that would end in you digressing from your main subject. You must be as brief as you can. There is no need to give any bibliographic details here: eg. The blood imagery in Poe s Tell-tale Heart is symptomatic of the narrator s mental degeneration and fascination with the idea of murder. 1 1 One might also reflect on the allusion to Shakespeare s Macbeth in the mention of the damned spot, which suggests the unconscious stirrings of the Lady Macbeth s guilt. Note: can be placed either at the end of your essay, or at the bottom of each page the preferred placement for your essays is at the BOTTOM of each page.

5 5 REMEMBER: Standard codes for using in footnotes The first time you quote an author and his work, you must give FULL bibliographic details. Subsequent references to the SAME author and his work can be abbreviated using the following Latin code words. See examples on the following page: Code Meaning Rule op. cit. text quoted Use when referring to the same work by (opere previously the same author, but on a different page citato) of the essay (Fig. 1 & Fig. 3) Use also when quoting the same work by the same author on the same page, but only after a reference to another work Ibidem Idem. (abbr. of Ibidem) Ibid. (abbr. for Idem.) Id. (abbr. of Ibid.) Notes: The same as above The same as above The same as above The same as above (Fig. 2) Use when referring to the same work by the same author on the same page immediately after you ve given details of that work Use only immediately after having used Ibidem You could also write Ibidem Use only immediately after having used Idem. You could write Idem. Use only immediately after having used Ibid. You could also write Ibid. 1. Id. can be used as an abbreviation for Ibidem and so by-pass the need for Idem. and Ibid., but the most common usage is of either Idem. or Ibid. you can choose but be consistent. 2. Make sure all he punctuation is correct in your footnotes, especially in the many abbreviations of Ibidem.

6 6 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx. 1 Xxxxxxxxxx x xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxx x xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Page 1 Page 2 Xxxx xxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxx x. Xxxx xxxxxxxx x xxxxx xxxxxxx xx. Xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx. 2 Xxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx x. Xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxx. 3 Xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxx x. Xxx xxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx x xxxxxx. 4 Xxxxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xx xxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx. 5 Page 3 Xxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx. 6 Xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxx x x xxxxxxx x. 7 Xxxxxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxx. Xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx x xx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx x. Xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxxx. 8 Xx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx x xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxx x. Xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx x xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx x. 9 Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxx xxxxx xxxxxxx xx xxxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xx. 10 Xxxxxx xxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx SMITH, Albert, The Economics of Art, op. cit., p Ibidem, p. 7. PETERS, Jeff, Art and Aesthetics, Oxford, OUP, 2004, p SMITH, Albert, The Economics of Art, op. cit., p Ibidem, p Idem., p Ibid., p. 77. Id., p SMITH, Albert, The Economics of Art, London, Felix Press, 1999, p SMITH, Albert, The Economics of Art, op. cit., PETERS, Jeff, Art and Aesthetics, op. cit., p. p

7 7 Writing Using Word 2003: Place your cursor at the end of the word or sentence or quote you want to write about make sure you place it OUTSIDE any punctuation marks. Click onto the insert menu at the top of your screen and choose the Footnote option. Make sure the Footnote and Autonumber options are already clicked and that the Footnote option reads: Bottom of page. Click OK and this will immediately take you to the bottom of the page where the number 1 will appear and a flashing cursor. Enter your text and when you ve finished writing your footnote click back into the main text of your essay and continue writing it. Every time you want to add another footnote, repeat the above procedure the numbering will work automatically. Even if you decide to go back later on and want to add another footnote between footnotes 5 and 6, you can do this the document will automatically re-number itself.

8 8 Writing Using Recent Versions of Word: Place your cursor at the end of the word or sentence or quote you want to write about make sure you place it OUTSIDE any punctuation marks. Click the References tab on the main window. Find the section labelled and click the symbol labelled Insert Footnote (AB 1 ) this will immediately take you to the bottom of the page where the number 1 will appear and a flashing cursor. Enter your text and when you ve finished writing your footnote click back into the main text of your essay and continue writing it. Every time you want to add another footnote, repeat the above procedure the numbering will work automatically.