Hebraisk Poesi / Hebrew Poetry
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1 Hebraisk Poesi / Hebrew Poetry
2 Clues to Understanding Hebrew Poetry 1. Poetic language 2. Poetic structure 3. Form criticism (genres) 4. Poetic devices Ps 98http:// 4:08 6:57 4:15 4:20
3 Session objectives 1. Gain an introduction to the nature of poetry in the Hebrew Bible, including its common features and forms 2. Identify the diverse genres of poetry in the Hebrew Bible 3. Understand common poetic devices 4. Analyze individual poems
4 Clue #1: Language Poetry is to be more than a head thing. It is a heart language. (Contact, show 2:20-3:30)
5 Special language Poetry is a special kind of language Horace The aim of a poet is either to instruct or delight a reader, or preferably to do both. ~Horace (65-8 BC), Roman lyric poet and satirist
6 Poetry Defined The art which uses words as both speech and song to reveal the realities that: o the senses record, o the feelings salute, o the mind perceives, and o the shaping imagination orders. Babette Deutsch Three basic qualities of poetry: o a particular content, o a particular form, and o a particular effect.
7 Poetry Prose Continuum 1. Terseness (short and tight) 2. Elevated speech (figurative language) Poetry Prosaic poetry Poetic prose Prose James Kugel Adele Berlin
8 Terseness & Elevated Speech Terseness: Coleridge said, poetry is the best words in the best order. There are no extraneous words in poetry. Similarly, Hebrew poetry is often characterized by its brevity (few words). Elevated speech: o Hebrew poetry often makes extensive use of figurative language, such as metaphor, simile, and personification. o Word Play: Just as English poetry often uses rhyme or word play to link different lines, make connections between certain themes or ideas, or simply to delight the ear of the reader, so Hebrew poetry uses language to similar effect
9 Compare Prose and Poetry Compare excerpts from the prose and poetry versions of the story of Jael and Sisera in the book of Judges. Prose: "He [Sisera] said to her [Jael], 'Please let me have a little water because I am thirsty.' And she opened the skin of the milk, and she gave him a drink. And she covered him." (Judges 4:19) Poetry: "Water he asked; milk she gave. She brought curds in a grand bowl." (Judges 5:25)
10 Clue #2: Poetic Structures Poetry Psalm 116 Prose Judges 1
11 Clue #2: Poetic Structures Vocabulary o Colon (singular) /cola (plural) The fundamental poetic unit in Hebrew poetry It is the smallest independent unit. Appear in bicola and tricola Bicolon: Psalm 95:6 O come, let us worship and bow down, let us kneel before the LORD, our Maker! Tricolon: Psalm 95:7 For he is our God, and we are the people of his pasture, and the sheep of his hand. Wrap around hang Start of second and third cola
12 Structure continued Strophe or stanza o A group of bicola or tricola Verse is the reference numbers and not a term for a unit of poetry o The verse number may or may NOT correspond to a unit of poetry { { {
13 Parallelism or Seconding Bishop Robert Lowth in Oxford ( ) o Parallelism Synonymous: repeated in different, but equivalent terms Antithetic: sentiments are opposed to sentiments Synthetic: all such as do not come within the two former classes Kugel critiques Lowth s parallelism as having a disastrous effect. Coins seconding or afterwardness
14 Clue #3: Form Criticism Form criticism was originally developed for Old Testament studies by Hermann Gunkel. Form criticism is a method of biblical criticism that classifies units of scripture by literary pattern and then attempts to trace each type to its period of oral transmission Hermann Gunkel ( ) "form criticism." Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
15 Clue #3: Form Criticism 2. Lament 1. Torah Creation Psalms genre circle 3. Thanksgiving 4. Song of Trust Other Genres: Royal, Zion, Enthronement, Wisdom, etc.
16 Work in pairs and identify the genre. Ps 27 Ps 69 Ps 111 Ps Lament 3. Thanksgiving 1. Torah Creation Psalms genre circle 4. Song of Trust)
17 Rhyme & Meter Rhyme is not a significant feature Meter: scholars still argue! o Except on the qinah (dirge) meter (Lamentations) (3/2, i.e. 3 accented vowels in the first colon and 2 in the second colon of a bicolon)
18 Parade of Poetic Devices Assonance (in Hebrew) o Sound similarity: the similarity of two or more vowel sounds or the repetition of two or more consonant sounds, especially in words that are close together in a poem. o Example: Floating down, the sound resounds around the icy waters underground ~ Pink Floyd Example: Ps 18:27 For you deliver a humble [ānî] people; But the haughty eyes [ ềnayim] you bring down.
19 Parade of Poetic Devices Gender-matched parallelism (in Hebrew) o In Hebrew, nouns are designated as feminine or masculine Example: Habakkuk 3:3 His glory [m.] covered the heavens [m.] And the earth [f.] was full of his praise [f.]
20 Parade of Poetic Devices Acrostic (in Hebrew) o A composition in which the first letter of each line forms a word or phrase or an alphabet sequence Example Ps 119 o 22 stanzas of 8 strophes, each beginning with that letter of the aleph-bet
21 Parade of Poetic Devices Abstract to concrete o The move from the general to the specific and vice versa Example: Ps 18:24 Therefore, the Lord has recompensed me according to my righteousness, According to the cleanness of my hands in his sight.
22 Parade of Poetic Devices Chiasmus/Chiasm/Chiastic structure o (often not carried in English translation) o From the Greek letter X (chi) o A B B A o Example: Song of Songs 6:3 I am my beloved's and my beloved is mine;
23 Parade of Poetic Devices Concentric when more than two pairs o A B C C B A or A B C X C B A o Example: Psalm 58:6 A O God B break C their teeth in their mouth; C the fangs of the lions B break out A O LORD.
24 Parade of Poetic Devices Ellipsis o The omission of an implied word: especially when what is omitted can be understood from the context. o Example: Ps 24:1 The earth is the LORD's and all that is in it, the world, and those who live in it; is the LORD's
25 Parade of Poetic Devices Hendiadys o A figure of speech with and o Expressing an idea through two words linked by and, instead of by a grammatically more complex form. o Everyday examples of hendiadys are the expressions nice and soft, rather than nicely soft.
26 Parade of Poetic Devices Inclusio or envelope figure ( bookends ) o Here an element at the beginning of a text is repeated at the end of the unit, to recall the beginning and in so doing underscore the initial word of the psalm. o This is especially common in psalms of praise. Example: Ps 1:1 and Ps 2:11c; Blessed/Happy
27 Parade of Poetic Devices Merismus o Two polar or opposite terms are placed in parallel to that together they convey the notion of totality Example: Psalm 91:5 You will not fear the terror of the night, Nor the arrow that flies by day,
28 Parade of Poetic Devices Synecdoche o Where the whole is represented by a part Example: crown in Ps 21:3 o For you meet him with rich blessings; you set a crown of fine gold on his head. or scepter in Ps 110:2 o The LORD sends out from Zion / your mighty scepter. Rule in the midst of your foes. to speak of the whole dominion of the king.
29 Parade of Poetic Devices Mysterious Selah o 71 occurrences in Psalms and 3 in Habakkuk o Musical interlude for strings in Septuagint (Greek translation of Hebrew Bible, LXX )
30 Poetic Devise Exploration Look at Psalm Identify bicola and tricola. 2. Look for the poetic devises used. See how many you can identify! 3. What might have the psalmist been trying to accomplish?
31 Parade of Poetic Devices Why use poetic devices?
32 Parade of Poetic Devices Why use poetic devices? o Intensification, the power of poetry o Particularization, looking at the details o Expanding, engaging imagination o Defining meaning, clarifying for deeper understanding
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