Galileo Galilei had an openminded approach to knowledge claiming that hed never met a man so ignorant that he couldnt learn something from him

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2 Many scientific discoveries significantly change people s understanding of the world. A large number of the most famous scientists have made such discoveries. Q1 Below are some quotes from famous scientists. All quotation marks from the direct speech have been removed, along with some punctuation. Rewrite the sentences with correct punctuation. Be careful some require direct speech and some indirect speech! Imagination is more important than knowledge said Albert Einstein Galileo Galilei had an openminded approach to knowledge claiming that hed never met a man so ignorant that he couldnt learn something from him Another humble scientist Isaac Newton said if I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants The earth also is spherical stated Nikolaus Kopernikus since it presses upon its centre from every direction Charles Darwin the author of The Origin of Species once said that he was not apt to follow blindly the lead of other men Ptolemaeus tells us that the heavens and Earth are spherical in shape. The Earth lies in the middle of the heavens he said very much like its centre Q2 Identify the quotes above as either direct speech, indirect speech or both.

3 Q3 Convert the indirect quotes in Question One to direct speech, then place them in the speech bubbles beside the correct scientist below. Also, convert the quotes that were direct speech to indirect speech and place each in a box beside the correct scientist. Isaac Newton Galileo Galilei. Nikolaus Kopernikus Charles Darwin Albert Einstein Claudius Ptolemaeus Q4 Highlight the quote that more recent scientific knowledge has proven to be false.

4 Gravity is the force that pulls two objects together. The mass of the Earth means that we are drawn towards it. This is why objects fall to the ground when dropped. Luke is writing a short article on people s beliefs about gravity. His teacher asks him to Q1! underline each instance of indirect speech. Has he done this correctly? Sir Isaac Newton is credited with the discovery of gravity. It is believed that an apple fell from a tree and hit him on the head, thus giving him the idea for gravity. If you asked him, he would tell you that it didn t happen quite like that. Isaac himself said that if [he has] done the public any service, it is due to [his] patient thought. This tells us that the discovery of gravity was probably not due to a single moment of inspiration. Newton drew inspiration from the work of those before him. Newton himself said that Plato was his friend and Aristotle was his friend, but his greatest friend was truth. He found science to be more logical than people, claiming that he could calculate the motions of the heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people. Q2 Help Luke out by correctly underlining the indirect speech. Sir Isaac Newton is credited with the discovery of gravity. It is believed that an apple fell from a tree and hit him on the head, thus giving him the idea for gravity. If you asked him, he would tell you that it didn t happen quite like that. Isaac himself said that if [he has] done the public any service, it is due to [his] patient thought. This tells us that the discovery of gravity was probably not due to a single moment of inspiration. Newton drew inspiration from the work of those before him. Newton himself said that Plato was his friend and Aristotle was his friend, but his greatest friend was truth. He found science to be more logical than people, claiming that he could calculate the motions of the heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.

5 NAP - ###### Q3 Explain why each of the lines you underlined in Question Two are indirect speech. Q4! HISTORICAL QUOTES Thoughts of the Great Rulers A: B: C: Decide whether each of the following books would contain mostly direct speech, mostly indirect speech or a mixture of both. Justify each of your answers. SPACE ADVENTURE A Story of Action and Drama SPEECHES: MARTIN LUTHER KING Word-for-Word Transcripts 100 THOUGHTS IN 100 MINUTES A Collection of Famous One-Liners D A B C F G H E DOUG S DRAGON DANGER A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY D: E: F: G: H:

6 Vestigial traits are useless features in the bodies of animals that are left over from evolution. The process of discovering and reporting these traits to the science community, as with any scientific discovery, occurs in a number of steps. Q1 Meet some scientists researching vestigial traits who are in various stages of discovery. Some are described with direct speech, and some with indirect speech. Convert the scientists remarks from the type of speech given to the other (e.g. direct to indirect). I have come to the conclusion, said Andrews, as he turned to face the group, that the strange bones near the back of the whale s skeleton actually do represent vestigial back legs. He paused before explaining. These indicate that the whale s ancestor walked on land. Darwin began to speculate on many vestigial traits in humans. He wrote in his journal, as for goosebumps, it is highly likely that they are a leftover from our haired ancestors when the weather grew cold, goosebumps would cause body hair to become raised, trapping heat.

7 Hunched over her desk, Maxwell all of a sudden leaped out of her chair, shouting for her assistant in excitement. She had figured out the connection! The reason emus have their small, useless wings, she explained in a rush, is because they are descended from the flying birds called ratites. In his report, Russell wrote, The familiar tailbone at the end of the human spine the bone that causes pain should a person sit down too fast on a hard surface is the last bone left of our ancestors true tails.

8 Q2! With your new knowledge on vestigial traits and the scientific process, complete the crossword below! Across 2. To discover new things, scientists have to do. 6. These famous extinct animals are thought to have been wiped out by a comet or volcano. 7. In our ancestors, goosebumps raised hairs to trap. 8. Another small, flightless bird from New Zealand. Down 1. The first name of Darwin, who first proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. 3. The process describing the changes in traits of living things over time. 4. The flying ancestor of the emu. 5. Scientists usually present their findings in a written research.

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10 Firstly, thank you for your support of Mighty Minds and our resources. We endeavour to create highquality resources that are both educational and engaging, and results have shown that this approach works. To assist you in using this resource, we have compiled some brief tips and reminders below. About this resource This Mighty Minds Fundamentals Lesson focusses on one subtopic from the NAPLAN Tests and presents this skill through a theme from the Australian Curriculum (History, Science or Geography). This lesson is also targeted at a certain skill level, to ensure that your students are completing work that is suited to them. How to use this resource Our Fundamentals Lessons are split into two main sections, each of which contain different types of resources. The student workbook contains The main title page; and The blank student worksheets for students to complete. The teacher resources section contains This set of instructions; The Teacher s Guide, which offers information that may be needed to teach the lesson; The Item Description, which gives a brief overview of the lesson and its aims, as well as extension ideas; The student answer sheets, which show model responses on the student worksheets to ensure that answers to the questions are clear; The teacher s answer sheets, which provide a more detailed explanation of the model responses or answers; and Finally, the end of lesson marker. We suggest that you print the student workbook (the first set of pages) for the students. If students are completing this lesson for homework, you may also like to provide them with the student answer pages. Feedback and contacting us We love feedback. Our policy is that if you us with suggested changes to any lesson, we will complete those changes and send you the revised lesson free of charge. Just send your feedback to resources@mightyminds.com.au and we ll get back to you as soon as we can.

11 Speech is often annotated, both directly and indirectly. It is essential that your students master the conventions of each. Direct Speech Direct speech is directly quoted record of exactly what is or has been said. Any words spoken must be surrounded by inverted commas ( ), which are also called speech marks or quotation marks. e.g. Can I please go to the movies tonight? asked Bella. The beginning of direct speech is treated like the beginning of a new sentence, so should always be capitalised. If the direct speech is broken up into multiple sections within the same sentence, only the start of the sentence is capitalised, e.g. Bella asked, Can I please go to the movies tonight? e.g. All my friends are going, she continued, and I don t start school till 11 tomorrow. If the end of the direct speech does not signal the end of the sentence, end it with a comma, question mark or exclamation mark as required not a full stop. If the direct speech does signal the end of the sentence, end it with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Be sure to remind students that any punctuation accompanying the direct speech must also be placed inside the inverted commas. e.g. Alright, Mum relented, but can you please buy milk and bread on the way home? When an introductory or explanatory clause precedes direct speech, it must be separated from the speech with a comma after it. This includes when the clause comes in the middle of the sentence. e.g. Bella replied, I won t forget! e.g. Did you know, said Bella, that I have two free tickets to see The Adjustment Bureau? New speakers need a new line. Indirect Speech Indirect speech is simply a report of what was said a paraphrased version. As such, it does not require any inverted commas. It also does not necessarily have to be word for word. e.g. Bella asked if she could please go to the movies. When writing indirect speech, the tense almost always has to be changed to past tense. e.g. Direct speech: Can I please go to the movies tonight? Indirect speech: Bella asked if she could please go to the movies.

12 Item Description Please note: any activity that is not completed during class time may be set for homework or undertaken at a later date. Scientist Says, Gravitational Grammar and Surprising Skeletons Activity Description: In this activity, students will be required to demonstrate knowledge of the correct grammatical conventions of direct speech, identify indirect speech, distinguish between direct and indirect speech, and convert direct speech to indirect and vice-versa. In Activity One, Scientist Says..., students are required to correct various quotes from famous scientists that have grammatical inaccuracies, including lack of quotation marks for direct speech. They are then required to demonstrate an understanding of the quotes by highlighting the one which has been proven incorrect by modern science. In Activity Two, Gravitational Grammar, students must read a short article and decide whether the indirect speech in the article is correctly underlined. They are then presented with a blank copy of the same article and asked to underline each instance of indirect speech themselves, and then justify their reasoning. Finally, students are presented with a variety of book titles and asked to deduce whether each would contain mostly direct or indirect speech and justify their answers. In Activity Three, Surprising Skeletons, students are presented with four instances of either direct or indirect speech and asked to rewrite each in the other form. Then, they are required to complete a crossword relating to the theme of the previous question. Purpose of Activity: To develop students knowledge of the distinctions between, and conventions of, direct and indirect speech through a variety of engaging activities. KLAs: English, Science CCEs: Recognising letters, words and other symbols (α1) Interpreting the meaning of words or other symbols (α4) Translating from one form to another (α7) Classifying (β30) Interrelating ideas/ themes/ issues (β31) This Item Description is continued on the next page...

13 Item Description continued This Item Description is continued from the previous page. Scientist Says, Gravitational Grammar and Surprising Skeletons CCEs (cont d): Generalising from information (β38) Analysing (θ43) Judging/ evaluating (θ45) Justifying (θ48) Using correct spelling, punctuation, grammar (π9) Explaining to others (π26) Expounding a viewpoint (π27) Suggested Time Allocation: This lesson is designed to take approximately one hour to complete 20 minutes per activity. Teaching Notes: A highlighter is recommended for Activity One, Scientist Says..., though is not necessary; students without a highlighter may simply circle the appropriate quote in pencil. Students should be reminded that although the word speech implies that the direct and indirect speech distinction applies to spoken word only, this is not truly the case these terms can also apply to written text, which is direct if a direct quote, and indirect if paraphrased. Should students struggle to identify indirect speech in the article in Activity Two, Gravitational Grammar, ask them to recall how indirect speech is distinguished from direct speech being a paraphrased account of something that was said which lacks quotation marks and keep this knowledge in mind when searching for instances of indirect speech. Likewise, should students have difficulty deducing the likely prevalent type of speech from the book titles in Activity Two, encourage them to consider the conventions of the books likely genres. They should also think about whether these genres make more frequent use of the active (indicating direct speech) or passive (indicating indirect speech) voice. As an extension activity, students may wish to explore the differences between direct and indirect speech further by searching for texts of varying genres such as academic journals, children s and young adult fiction and biographies. Then, students can investigate the dominant type of speech used, if any, and consider the potential relationship between this and the purpose of the genre. This Item Description is continued on the next page...

14 Item Description continued This Item Description is continued from the previous page. Scientist Says, Gravitational Grammar and Surprising Skeletons Follow Up/ Class Discussion Questions: Are you able to name any examples of text types in which direct speech would not be appropriate? Why is this? Can you do the same for indirect speech? Do the two forms of speech create distinct moods? What impression does each give you? As you saw in Activity One, Scientist Says..., scientists often have much to say about topics not directly related to science, such as Einstein s assertion that imagination is more important than knowledge. Do you think famous scientists opinions on things unrelated to their field of study be considered more seriously than the opinions of the public? Why or why not? There is a widely-held belief that Newton first began to create his theories on gravity when an apple fell on his head. However, you saw in Activity Two, Gravitational Grammar, that he says this is false. Many other myths about famous scientists are popular, such as the myth that Einstein failed mathematics in school. Why do you think these myths became so widely believed? How can we tell whether a common belief is true?

15 NAP - ###### Many scientific discoveries significantly change people s understanding of the world. A large number of the most famous scientists have made such discoveries. Q1 Below are some quotes from famous scientists. All quotation marks from the direct speech have been removed, along with some punctuation. Rewrite the sentences with correct punctuation. Be careful some require direct speech and some indirect speech! Imagination is more important than knowledge said Albert Einstein Imagination is more important than knowledge, said Albert Einstein. (Direct speech) Galileo Galilei had an openminded approach to knowledge claiming that hed never met a man so ignorant that he couldnt learn something from him Galileo Galilei had an open-minded approach to knowledge, claiming that he d never met a man so ignorant that he couldn t learn something from him. (Indirect speech) Another humble scientist Isaac Newton said if I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants Another humble scientist, Isaac Newton, said, If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. (Direct speech) The earth also is spherical stated Nikolaus Kopernikus since it presses upon its centre from every direction The earth also is spherical, stated Nikolaus Kopernikus, since it presses upon its centre from every direction. (Direct speech) Charles Darwin the author of The Origin of Species once said that he was not apt to follow blindly the lead of other men Charles Darwin, the author ofthe Origin of Species, once said that he was not apt to follow blindly the lead of other men. (Indirect speech) Ptolemaeus tells us that the heavens and Earth are spherical in shape. The Earth lies in the middle of the heavens he said very much like its centre Ptolemaeus said that the heavens and Earth are spherical in shape. The Earth lies in the middle of the heavens, he said, very much like its centre. (Direct and indirect speech) Q2 Identify the quotes above as either direct speech, indirect speech or both.

16 NAP - ###### Q3 Convert the indirect quotes in Question One to direct speech, then place them in the speech bubbles beside the correct scientist below. Also, convert the quotes that were direct speech to indirect speech and place each in a box beside the correct scientist. Isaac Newton Galileo Galilei I have never met a man so ignorant that I couldn t learn something from him. I am not apt to follow blindly the lead of other men. Albert Einstein once stated that imagination is more important than knowledge. Nikolaus Kopernikus reasoned that the Earth is spherical, as he observed that it presses upon its centre from every direction. Isaac Newton explained that if he had seen further it was only by standing on the shoulders of giants. The heavens and Earth are spherical in shape, and the Earth lies in the middle of the heavens, very much like its centre. Nikolaus Kopernikus Charles Darwin Albert Einstein Claudius Ptolemaeus Q4 Highlight the quote that more recent scientific knowledge has proven to be false.

17 Scientist Says... Question One: Students were provided with a list of quotes with most of the punctuation removed. They were asked to rewrite the quotes with the correct punctuation. Model Response: Imagination is more important than knowledge said Albert Einstein Imagination is more important than knowledge, said Albert Einstein. (Direct speech) Galileo Galilei had an openminded approach to knowledge claiming that hed never met a man so ignorant that he couldnt learn something from him Galileo Galilei had an open-minded approach to knowledge, claiming that he d never met a man so ignorant that he couldn t learn something from him. (Indirect speech) Another humble scientist Isaac Newton said if I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants Another humble scientist, Isaac Newton, said, If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. (Direct speech) The earth also is spherical stated Nikolaus Kopernikus since it presses upon its centre from every direction The earth also is spherical, stated Nikolaus Kopernikus, since it presses upon its centre from every direction. (Direct speech) Charles Darwin the author of The Origin of Species once said that he was not apt to follow blindly the lead of other men Charles Darwin, the author of The Origin of Species, once said that he was not apt to follow blindly the lead of other men. (Indirect speech) Ptolemaeus tells us that the heavens and Earth are spherical in shape. The Earth lies in the middle of the heavens he said very much like its centre Ptolemaeus said that the heavens and Earth are spherical in shape. The Earth lies in the middle of the heavens, he said, very much like its centre. (Direct and indirect speech) Question Two: In this question, students were required to identify each of the quotes from Question One as either direct or indirect speech. The answers are marked in the model response above. Students should have identified that, in this question, all the quotes that had quotation marks contained direct speech. Indirect speech was harder to identify. Content clauses, such as...said that..., indicate indirect speech. This answer guide is continued on the next page...

18 ...This answer guide is continued from the previous page. Question Three: Students were asked to convert the indirect quotes from Question One into direct speech and write each quote in the speech bubble of the correct scientist. They were also asked to convert the direct quotes into indirect speech and put each of these into the box next to the correct scientist. To convert indirect speech to direct speech, students should have added quotation marks. To convert direct speech to indirect speech, students should have used reporting verbs; and, while correct, students should have tried to avoid only using said that for each quote. Students answers may vary slightly, depending on the reporting verbs that they use. Model Responses: Nikolaus Kopernikus reasoned that the Earth is spherical, as he observed that it presses upon its centre from every direction. Note the use of reasoned rather than just said, as it is more appropriate and descriptive. Isaac Newton explained that if he had seen further it was only by standing on the shoulders of giants. Again, note the use of explained rather than said. I have never met a man so ignorant that I couldn t learn something from him. He was changed to I and had was changed to have. I am not apt to follow blindly the lead of other men. He was changed to I. Albert Einstein once stated that imagination is more important than knowledge. Again, note the use of stated rather than said. The heavens and Earth are spherical in shape, and the Earth lies in the middle of the heavens, very much like its centre. This was the most difficult to convert into direct speech, as the student s original answer should have identified it as containing both direct and indirect speech. Students had to distinguish between the two to determine which aspect to change. Question Four: Students were required to identify which quote represented a belief that has since been disproved by science. The only two quotes which actually related directly to scientific theories were those of Nikolaus Kopernikus and Claudius Ptolemaeus. Of these, Claudius Ptolemaeus quote states that the Earth is the centre of the heavens. Modern science has proven that this is not the case.

19 NAP - ###### Gravity is the force that pulls two objects together. The mass of the Earth means that we are drawn towards it. This is why objects fall to the ground when dropped. Q1! Luke is writing a short article on people s beliefs about gravity. His teacher asks him to underline each instance of indirect speech. Has he done this correctly? Sir Isaac Newton is credited with the discovery of gravity. It is believed that an apple fell from a tree and hit him on the head, thus giving him the idea for gravity. If you asked him, he would tell you that it didn t happen quite like that. Isaac himself said that if [he has] done the public any service, it is due to [his] patient thought. This tells us that the discovery of gravity was probably not due to a single moment of inspiration. Newton drew inspiration from the work of those before him. Newton himself said that Plato was his friend and Aristotle was his friend, but his greatest friend was truth. He found science to be more logical than people, claiming that he could calculate the motions of the heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people. No, he has not underlined the indirect speech correctly. Q2 Help Luke out by correctly underlining the indirect speech. Sir Isaac Newton is credited with the discovery of gravity. It is believed that an apple fell from a tree and hit him on the head, thus giving him the idea for gravity. If you asked him, he would tell you that it didn t happen quite like that. Isaac himself said that if [he has] done the public any service, it is due to [his] patient thought. This tells us that the discovery of gravity was probably not due to a single moment of inspiration. Newton drew inspiration from the work of those before him. Newton himself said that Plato was his friend and Aristotle was his friend, but his greatest friend was truth. He found science to be more logical than people, claiming that he could calculate the motions of the heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.

20 Q3 Explain why each of the lines you underlined in Question Two are indirect speech. The first underlined sentence uses the content clause tell you that, before describing what Newton would tell you. Even though it is not something he actually said, it is still indirect speech. The second underlined sentence uses the content clause said that, before going on to describe what Newton said. The third underlined sentence uses the content clause claimed that, before going on to describe what Newton claimed. Q4! HISTORICAL QUOTES Thoughts of the Great Rulers Decide whether each of the following books would contain mostly direct speech, mostly indirect speech or a mixture of both. Justify each of your answers. SPACE ADVENTURE A Story of Action and Drama SPEECHES: MARTIN LUTHER KING Word-for-Word Transcripts 100 THOUGHTS IN 100 MINUTES A Collection of Famous One-Liners D A B C F G H A: Direct it s a book full of quotes, so it will have little if any indirect speech. B: Both it s a fiction book, so there will be talking between characters and paraphrasing. C: Direct it is a book containing directly-copied, word for word speeches. D: Direct the title says it features quotes from famous authors. E DOUG S DRAGON DANGER A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY E: F: Indirect biographies are usually passive, though there may also be some direct speech. Direct a book of one-liners will be full of short quotes. G: Both like Space Adventure, this sounds like a fiction story containing both speech types. H: Indirect histories are written passively, and direct speech is used only occasionally.

21 Gravitational Grammar Question One: Students were presented with a paragraph from an article. The article had various sections underlined, which supposedly corresponded to each element of indirect speech. Students were asked to read the article, and consider whether the underlined sections correctly identified each instance of indirect speech. Students should have identified that the underlined sections did not correctly identify indirect speech. Model Response: No, he [the student writing the article] has not underlined the indirect speech correctly. Question Two: Here, students were presented with a blank copy of the same article, (no underlines), and asked to correctly underline each instance of indirect speech. Model Response: Sir Isaac Newton is credited with the discovery of gravity. It is believed that an apple fell from a tree and hit him on the head, thus giving him the idea for gravity. If you asked him, he would tell you that it didn t happen quite like that. Isaac himself said that if [he has] done the public any service, it is due to [his] patient thought. This tells us that the discovery of gravity was probably not due to a single moment of inspiration. Newton drew inspiration from the work of those before him. Newton himself said that Plato was his friend andaristotle was his friend, but his greatest friend was truth. He found science to be more logical than people, claiming that he could calculate the motions of the heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people. Note that some variation is acceptable in precisely what is underlined in the students answers. For example, some may not underline the explanatory clauses such as he would tell you, Newton himself said that and claiming that, rather choosing to underline only the elements which were indirectly spoken without the preamble. This is perfectly acceptable. However, all students should have identified the three instances of indirect speech. Question Three: In this question, students were asked to explain why each of the sentences they underlined in Question Two contained indirect speech. Students should have referred to the reported verbs that indicated indirect speech, as how they identified their answers. A model response is shown on the following page. This answer guide is continued on the next page...

22 ...This answer guide is continued from the previous page. Question Three (cont d): Model Response: The first underlined sentence uses the content clause tell you that, before describing what Newton would tell you. Even though it is not something he actually said, it is still indirect speech. The second underlined sentence uses the content clause said that, before going on to describe what Newton said. The third underlined sentence uses the content clause claimed that, before going on to describe what Newton claimed. Question Four: Students were presented with an image of several books. They were asked to deduce, from the books titles, whether the book was likely to contain mostly direct speech, mostly indirect speech, or a combination of both types of speech, as well as justify their answers. The books titles and subtitles should have provided students with enough information to deduce the predominant type of speech. Model Response: A. Historical Quotes: Thoughts of the Great Rulers Direct it s a book full of quotes, so it will have little if any indirect speech. B. Space Adventure: A Story of Action and Drama Both it s a fiction book, so there will be talking between characters and paraphrasing. C. Speeches: Martin Luther King: Word-for-Word Transcripts Direct it is a book containing directly-copied, word for word speeches. D. Leather-Bound A4 Writing Journal Featuring Quotes of Famous Authors Direct the title says it contains quotes from famous authors. E. Marie Curie: A Biography Indirect biographies are usually passive, though there may also be some direct speech. F. 100 Thoughts in 100 Minutes: A Collection of Famous One-Liners Direct a book of one-liners will be full of short quotes. G. Doug s Dragon Danger Both like Space Adventure, this sounds like a fiction story containing both speech types. H. A History of Philosophy Indirect histories are written passively, and direct speech is used only occasionally.

23 NAP - ###### Vestigial traits are useless features in the bodies of animals that are left over from evolution. The process of discovering and reporting these traits to the science community, as with any scientific discovery, occurs in a number of steps. Q1 Meet some scientists researching vestigial traits who are in various stages of discovery. Some are described with direct speech, and some with indirect speech. Convert the scientists remarks from the type of speech given to the other (e.g. direct to indirect). I have come to the conclusion, said Andrews, as he turned to face the group, that the strange bones near the back of the whale s skeleton actually do represent vestigial back legs. He paused before explaining. These indicate that the whale s ancestor walked on land. Darwin began to speculate on many vestigial traits in humans. He wrote in his journal, as for goosebumps, it is highly likely that they are a leftover from our haired ancestors when the weather grew cold, goosebumps would cause body hair to become raised, trapping heat. Darwin began to speculate on many vestigial traits in humans. He wrote in his journal that it is highly likely that goosebumps are a leftover from our haired ancestors - when the weather grew cold, goosebumps would cause their body hair to become raised, trapping heat. Andrews explained to the group that he had come to the conclusion that the strange bones near the back of a whale skeleton are vestigial back legs. After a pause, he explained that the vestigial legs indicate that the whale s ancestor walked on land.

24 NAP - ###### Hunched over her desk, Maxwell all of a sudden leaped out of her chair, shouting for her assistant in excitement. She had figured out the connection! The reason emus have their small, useless wings, she explained in a rush, is because they are descended from the flying birds called ratites. Hunched over her desk, Maxwell all of a sudden leaped out of her chair. She shouted for her assistant in excitement. She had figured out the connection! The reasons emus have their small, useless wings, she explained in a rush, is because they are descended from the flying birds called ratites. In his report, Russell wrote, The familiar tailbone at the end of the human spine the bone that causes pain should a person sit down too fast on a hard surface is the last bone left of our ancestors true tails. Russell wrote in his report that the tailbone at the end of the human spine, which causes pain if a person sits down too fast on a hard surface, is the last bone left of our ancestors true tails.

25 NAP - ###### Q2! With your new knowledge on vestigial traits and the scientific process, complete the crossword below! Across 2. To discover new things, scientists have to do. 6. These famous extinct animals are thought to have been wiped out by a comet or volcano. 7. In our ancestors, goosebumps raised hairs to trap. 8. Another small, flightless bird from New Zealand. Down 1. The first name of Darwin, who first proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. 3. The process describing the changes in traits of living things over time. 4. The flying ancestor of the emu. 5. Scientists usually present their findings in a written research. R A T D I N O S A U R S T E R E P R T R E S E A R C H V O L T K I W I C A R L H E A T S O N

26 Surprising Skeletons Question One: In this question, students were introduced to statements from four real and fictional scientists. Each scientist presented information in a different situation, including recording it in a journal, presenting it to an audience and explaining it to an assistant. As such, some scientists used direct speech and some indirect speech. Students were asked to convert the speech from whichever type was presented to the other type - for example, from direct to indirect. To do this, students must first have identified the type of speech presented. The converted speech should have included the correct grammatical features, such as quotation marks and other grammatical features of dialogue where necessary. Note that students answers will undoubtedly vary somewhat from the model responses provided, simply because they may opt for a different word choices. As long as students successfully converted the speech correctly, their answers should be marked as correct. Model Response: Darwin began to speculate on many vestigial traits in humans. He wrote in his journal, as for goosebumps, it is highly likely that they are a leftover from our haired ancestors when the weather grew cold, goosebumps would cause body hair to become raised, trapping heat. Darwin began to speculate on many vestigial traits in humans. He wrote in his journal that it is highly likely that goosebumps are a leftover from our haired ancestors - when the weather grew cold, goosebumps would cause their body hair to become raised, trapping heat. This is originally given in direct speech, because a direct (though false) quotation from Darwin s journal is used. Thus, students were required to convert it to indirect speech. I have come to the conclusion, said Andrews, as he turned to face the group, that the strange bones near the back of the whale s skeleton actually do represent vestigial back legs. He paused before explaining. These indicate that the whale s ancestor walked on land. Andrews explained to the group that he had come to the conclusion that the strange bones near the back of a whale skeleton are vestigial back legs. After a pause, he explained that the vestigial legs indicate that the whale s ancestor walked on land. This is originally given in direct speech, because Andrews exact dialogue is provided in quotation marks. Thus, students were required to convert it to indirect speech. Hunched over her desk, Maxwell all of a sudden leaped out of her chair, shouting for her assistant in excitement. She had figured out the connection! The reason emus have their small, useless wings, she explained in a rush, is because they are descended from the flying birds called ratites. This answer guide is continued on the next page...

27 ...This answer guide is continued from the previous page. Question One (cont d): Hunched over her desk, Maxwell all of a sudden leaped out of her chair. She shouted for her assistant in excitement. She had figured out the connection! The reasons emus have their small, useless wings, she explained in a rush, is because they are descended from the flying birds called ratites. This is originally given in indirect speech, because though it is clear Maxwell has spoken her exclamations, they are only paraphrased here and her exact words are not used. Thus, students were required to convert to indirect speech. In his report, Russell wrote, The familiar tailbone at the end of the human spine the bone that causes pain should a person sit down too fast on a hard surface is the last bone left of our ancestors true tails. Russell wrote in his report that the tailbone at the end of the human spine, which causes pain if a person sits down too fast on a hard surface, is the last bone left of our ancestors true tails. This is originally given in direct speech, as once again, quotation marks are used to indicate active dialogue. Thus, students were required to convert to indirect speech. Question Two: In this question, students were required to complete a crossword relating to the theme of the previous question. Model Response:

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