& Why Copyright C ounts

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1 IP AWARENESS TEACHING RESOURCE Creative Collaboration & Why Copyright C ounts Applying Fair Go Principles to Filmmaking A resource to assist students to: Learn about copyright Learn the basic terminology of filmmaking Develop their knowledge and understanding of the complex and collaborative process of filmmaking Apply fair go principles of social justice to create and edit a short film See Page Two for Suggested Curriculum Link Primary: Years 3-6 Secondary: Years 7-10

2 Curriculum Connections SUBJECT AREA CIVICS & CITIZENSHIP MEDIA STUDIES PHOTOGRAPHY & DIGITAL MEDIA INFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY / ʽALL MY OWN WORKʼ ENGLISH HUMAN SOCIETY & ITS ENVIRONMENT LEARNING OUTCOMES Demonstrates an awareness of rights and responsibilities in society Understands their influence on their own society and culture Understands creative & cultural implications of new media technologies Considers ethical issues such as copyright & plagiarism in making photographic & digital media work Understands the legal context of ethical practices such as copyright law and intellectual property rights Acknowledges the work of others Applies knowledge of ethical practices to the context of the internet Responds to and composes texts in different technologies Thinks critically and interpretively about information, ideas and arguments to respond to and compose texts Uses, reflects on and assesses individual and collaborative skills for learning Investigates rights, responsibilities and decisionmaking processes and determines ways in which they should interact with others Explains why Australians value fairness and socially just principles Identifies examples of Australian culture, e.g. music, literature, art Outlines attitudes and behaviours that contribute to social cohesion Examines different ways of being a good citizen Investigates consumer rights and responsibilities 2

3 Teacher s Guide to using the Print Unit OVERVIEW Students view short film competition entries, define copyright & read hand- outs outlining stages of the filmmaking process. Students view a 30- second copyright campaign & brainstorm how their behaviours can make a difference. LESSON OUTLINE This unit can be used to raise awareness of the issue of rights and responsibilities, and enable students to see themselves as citizens whose behaviours do make a difference. The unit includes a lesson plan designed to assist primary and secondary school students to learn about copyright, the complex and collaborative process of filmmaking and the value of respecting the rights of the creator. The Student Resource Pack is designed for a second follow- up lesson, taking students through the filmmaking process, from the formulation of a key message and script writing to storyboarding, filming and editing. At the end of this lesson, students will be equipped to make their own 60- second film for entry in the My Story My Content competition. Teachers may choose to allow class time for students to work on the production of their own films in groups or, alternatively, suggest they engage in the filmmaking activity in their own time at home. TIME Activities 1-7 = one x minute lesson Activities 8-12 = one x minute lesson, with option to run as a unit using class time for students to make their own 60- second film. RESOURCES Teacher s Notes, including film industry & piracy fact sheet Online link to 2013 My Story My Content competition entries Online link to My Story My Content competition website/entry details Online link to a 30- second film Student Resource Pack, including: The Vocabulary of Filmmaking Types of Shots Types of Angles Camera Movement Sample Script Sample Storyboard Storyboard Template Schedule Template Notes on Picture & Sound Editing Advice & Options re Music Links to Useful Sites & Resources MY STORY MY CONTENT The My Story My Content Short Film Competition is an initiative of IP Awareness and Australian Teachers of Media (ATOM). It provides an opportunity for students to demonstrate their creativity and understand why creativity both theirs and others is worth protecting. FORMAT PDF Print Unit may be copied free of charge under NEALS. 3

4 ACTIVITIES SEQUENCE 1. Open link on Smart board: and introduce students to the My Story My Content competition an opportunity to make a film and enter a competition for the chance to win a variety of prizes, including screening of their own film 2. Use link to play a sample of the 2013 competition entries: secondary- finalists/ 3. Write the word copyright on the board and review students understanding of the meaning of the term. Include key findings/ideas on the board 4. Use link to play Thank You campaign: /campaigns/2012- thankyou as an example of how a story can be told in a 30- second film 5. Class discussion about the creative content of the sample film/s played at the beginning of the lesson. Point out that the music as well as the script are the property of the creators 6. Discuss the notion of a fair go is it fair if the people who wrote and/or played the music used in a film are not acknowledged/paid for their work? 7. Discuss students online habits and how their behaviours can make a difference. Brainstorm ideas for the My Story My Content competition theme: Making Movies Making a Difference and point out that as creators, students and everyone involved in the process of making their 60- second entry owns the film 8. Explain that once they have settled on an idea they need to write a script for the actor/s in their film. Go through the one minute of film = one page script formula 9. Hand out Storyboard Template and explain that once the script is written, filmmakers often use a storyboard to plot the sequence of scenes to be filmed 10. Hand out the Vocabulary of Filmmaking and project onto Smart board. Go through camera angles, shots & movement; lighting; and editing (including voice over, music & graphics) processes 11. Distribute Music to Your Ears and remind students to acknowledge other artists work they choose to include in their film 12. Wish students luck! ASSESSMENT While designed as a prelude to students making their own 60- second film for the My Story My Content competition, this lesson raises issues that can be developed further and assessed in a number of ways in follow- up work, such as through the print unit Is it all my own work? or creative challenge can you create a documentary and complete the copyright requirements? A Student Resource Pack including everything you need to know to make a 60- second film is also available on this website. FOLLOW- UP Go to and for more information and resources on copyright and intellectual property issues. Additional teaching resources, with clear curriculum links, are available at 4

5 Fact Sheet Stealing is stealing, whether you use a computer command or a crowbar, and whether you take documents, data or dollars. It is equally harmful to the victim whether you sell what you have stolen or give it away. Carmen Ortiz Chief Prosecutor, Boston, USA, January 2014 WHAT IS PIRACY? Piracy is the downloading, streaming, screening, copying, distribution and/or selling of copyright- protected content such as movies and TV shows, without paying for it. HOW DOES PIRACY AFFECT ME? WHY SHOULD I CARE? Downloading, streaming or burning a movie or TV show without paying deprives the content creators or owners of what is legally theirs. The creators of movies and TV programs include not only the high- profile producers, directors and actors, but also thousands of artists, technicians and personnel such as writers, stunt performers, set builders and painters, cinematographers, costume designers, make- up artists, caterers and animal wranglers. While it s true that many of the up front creators gain financially from royalties, the majority of creators behind the scenes are freelance and earn a modest and fixed income during the period that the program is in production. Their livelihood is dependent on the number of productions they are involved in and they may have significant gaps between jobs. REAL CONSEQUENCES I m a film editor. I m sure that when people illegally download, they don t think of the impact on my profession and livelihood. But when investors, both studios and individuals, can t recoup their money because of piracy, fewer films are made and jobs like mine become even scarcer. Jason Ballantine Co- Editor The Great Gatsby One effect of piracy is that both Hollywood studios and independent production companies are making fewer films. This means less work for local and international film technicians, and fewer films & TV programs means less choice for us all. Australian creative content industries contribute $90 billion to our economy annually and employ over 6% of our workforce. 1 Piracy costs Australia $575 million in losses to the film industry and over 6,000 potential jobs across the economy each year. 2 5

6 Because screen content loses money to piracy, investors are more cautious about financing programs. Piracy, freeloading or copyright theft by whatever name - robs the Australian film and TV industry of funds that help develop our talent, provide jobs and produce and distribute the film and TV product of the future. DOWNRIGHT UNAUSTRALIAN Did you know that Australia produced the world s first feature length film, The Story of the Kelly Gang, which was released in 1906? And since that time movies like Crocodile Dundee, Mad Max, Strictly Ballroom, Animal Kingdom and many more, plus TV programs such as Rake, Neighbours and Summer Heights High have continued to ensure Australia s place on the international screen content map. Piracy affects our emerging talent. Think about the many Australian actors, directors, cinematographers, costume designers and producers who have become internationally successful or won major industry awards. Our industry needs investment and backing to provide opportunities to develop young talent in all fields. Making a film isn t simply a 9 to 5, Monday to Friday job. It s fueled by a passion and desire to bring a project to life for the audience. Many people spend years to get a movie made - with no guarantee of any financial return. Less than 4 out of 10 movies ever recoup their original investment - it s a very high- risk business. SHOW ME THE MONEY! Piracy is a multi- million dollar business. Whether that is from physical sales of DVD s and Blu- rays, or from subscriptions or advertising on infringing websites, organisations that facilitate content piracy make significant amounts of money - none of which ever goes back to the original creators of the work. Accessing pirated movies and TV programs poses the risk of malware and other computer viruses. A 2013 research study identified that 99% of the advertisements displayed on rogue websites are categorized as High Risk (including malware, gambling sites and scams). 3 HOW CAN I TELL IF A MOVIE OR TV PROGRAM IS PIRATED? If you can buy or download a movie before its cinema release or while it s still showing If the playback quality is poor, artwork and features such as trailers, commentaries, and language choice are missing DVD covers are displayed in a folder or not at all If it has been downloaded via a file- sharing network, and there is no Australian classification Unless it is a legitimate catch up service for a TV network, if you are not paying for the content it is probably a pirate site. WHAT CAN I DO TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE? Avoid streaming or downloading from pirate websites. Use legitimate sites the money you pay will filter back to the creators, owners or distributors of the content. Enjoy the experience of the original on the big screen with full sound & colour. Buy or rent the DVD or Blu- ray and enjoy all the extras (deleted scenes, bloopers and the director s commentary). 1 Valuing Australia s Creative Industries : A report released Feb 2014 by the Australian Government s Creative Industries Innovation Centre. 2 Ipsos Media CT, Oxford Economics: Economic Consequences of Movie Piracy Australia Jan A systematic approach to measuring advertising transparency online: an Australian case study Dr. Paul A. Watters, University of Ballarat

7 Student Resource Pack CONTENTS 1. The Big Picture 2. The Vocabulary of Filmmaking 3. Types of Shots 4. Types of Angles 5. Camera Movement 6. Sample Script 7. Storyboard Template 8. Sample Storyboard 9. Planning Ahead - Schedule Template 10. Cutting Remarks Picture and Sound Editing 11. Music to Your Ears Advice and Options 12. Resources and Links 7

8 The Big Picture My Story My Content Short Film Competition Discuss the concept. Decide on an idea. Create a timeline. Develop the storyline. Write the script. Sketch the storyboard. Collect the people. Decide a location, or locations. Collect props and costumes. Decide the shoot day or days. Work out a schedule. Check everything is ready to go. Shoot the film. Edit the images. Compose, record or select the music. Add the front and end titles. Premiere screening - cast and crew, supporters, friends. Popcorn! Check the files. Upload to Vimeo deadline is 5pm Friday 8 August Congratulations great work! 8

9 The Vocabulary of Filmmaking SHOT A continuous block of footage from a single point- of- view. Types of Shots - see illustrated examples in the Resource Pack: o Wide shot (also called establishing shot or extreme long shot) o Long shot o Full shot o Mid shot (or medium close- up) o Close- up o Extreme Close- up ANGLE Refers to the angle at which the subject is shot. Types of Angles - see illustrated examples in the Resources Kit: o Overshot o High angle o Eye level o Low angle o Undershot o Static shot - motionless o Dolly shot mounted on a mobile platform o Pan the camera turns horizontally o Tilt the camera tilts up and down, vertically o Zoom the magnification of the subject by the camera is increased (zoom in) or decreased (zoom out) Hint: Don t overuse zooms! o Tracking shot the camera moves with the subject o Point- of- view a shot of what the character is looking at TRANSITIONS AND EDITING TERMS How the film moves from one shot to the next o Cut - a change between shots in either camera angle or placement o Dissolve - a gradual change of image from one shot to the next o Wipe - one image moves across the screen to replace another o Fade - a gradual transition from a normal image to black (fade out), or vice versa (fade in) o Rough cut - the first assembly of shots prior to editing o Title - the name of the film shown as text on the screen o Credits - the list of actors, crew and acknowledgements shown on the finished film EQUIPMENT o Camera - a device for recording images o Lens - the optical device used to focus an image onto the film stock or sensor o Viewfinder - the eyepiece that sees what the camera will record o Tripod - the three- legged device that supports the camera o Pan handle - the handle that moves the camera from side to side, or up and down 9

10 Types of Shots Shot size refers to how close the camera is to the subject. There are six basic shot sizes: WIDE SHOT/EXTREME LONG SHOT Often used at the beginning of a scene to show where the scene will take place. For this reason, this type of shot is often called an establishing shot. LONG SHOT In a long shot, it is usually possible to discern individuals but there is also a great deal of background. 10

11 FULL SHOT A full shot shows a character from head to toe. This type of shot is often used as a master shot for the scene, showing all the action that occurs. MID SHOT A mid shot, or medium close- up, is often used when filming conversations. It is one of the most frequently used shots in film and television. 11

12 CLOSE- UP A close- up usually shows a character s face. Often used when shooting conversations, this is also one of the most frequently used shot sizes in film and television. EXTREME CLOSE- UPS Are used to show small details, such as a character s eyes. 12

13 Types of Angles Camera angle refers to the angle at which the subject is shot and makes an important contribution to cinematic storytelling. OVERSHOT The camera is positioned directly above the subject. This is often used in Wide/Establishing shots, where the camera flies over city streets. HIGH ANGLE The camera is positioned above the subject, looking down at an angle. This angle makes the subject appear smaller, powerless and more vulnerable. 13

14 EYE LEVEL This is the most commonly used camera angle in film and television. Whereas most other camera angles are highly stylised, an Eye Level shot creates a sense of realism because this is how we see the world. LOW ANGLE The camera is positioned below eye level, looking up, to imply a sense of power and dominance. 14

15 UNDERSHOT The camera is positioned directly beneath the subject, looking up, often coupled with Point- of- View shots when the character is looking up at something. 15

16 Camera Movement Camera movement is an important storytelling tool. Here is a range of different ways the camera can be moved: STATIC A static shot is a shot that is motionless, usually filmed on a tripod for stability. DOLLY A dolly is any sort of moving platform that a camera is mounted on. Professional camera crews often lay down tracks, which the camera can be moved along. Sometimes, the camera is mounted in the back of a car. Skateboards, office chairs and supermarket trolleys are the dollies of choice for low budget camera crews. A dolly in is when the camera moves closer to a subject, a dolly out is when it moves further away. PAN The camera turns horizontally when mounted on a tripod. TILT The camera tilts up/down when mounted on a tripod. CRANE The camera is mounted on a crane, helping filmmakers to achieve dynamic overhead shots. HANDHELD Handheld camera movement is often used to achieve a sense of realism. Films like Super 8, The Blair Witch Project and The Bourne Supremacy use handheld camera movement extensively. Handheld camera movement achieves a sense of realism partly because audiences associate this sort of camera movement with documentary film. Poor use of handheld camera movement is one of the shortcomings of many amateur films. STEADICAM A device that allows camera operators to achieve smooth, fluid camera movement. ZOOM The lens of a camera is used to magnify an image. TRACKING SHOT A tracking shot is when the camera follows a subject - on a dolly, steadicam or handheld. FOCUS When composing a shot, filmmakers also consider what will be in focus. Depth of field is a term which describes how far the camera can see into the distance. Narrow depth of field is when only part of the image is in focus and much of the background or foreground is out of focus. Deep focus is when everything, even distant objects, is perfectly in focus. Orson Welles film Citizen Kane was one of the early films to use this technique. A pull focus is when filmmakers shift the focus from one object to another. POINT- OF- VIEW SHOT A point- of- view shot shows what a character is looking at. To achieve a point- of- view shot, you need a shot of your character looking at something. This is usually a close- up or mid shot. You then cut to a shot of what they re looking at. 16

17 Sample Script Format CAN I WALK THE DOG? 1. EXTERIOR BUS STOP DAY The bus pulls up at the stop, and Liv and Mrs Poulos get off. Liv carries her school bag, Mrs Poulos has a bag of shopping, but she has a moon boot on her foot and is using a walking stick. LIV Hi, Mrs Poulos, gosh, what s happened? MRS POULOS Hello Liv, I went skiing and hurt my ankle. LIV Can I help you carry your shopping home? Gratefully, Mrs Poulos hands over the shopping bag to Liv. 2. EXTERIOR MRS POULOS HOUSE DAY When they reach the front gate, Mrs Poulos dog, Candy, rushes out to meet them. MRS POULOS Thanks Liv, that was a huge help. LIV My pleasure. Hi Candy - who s taking you for walks? MRS POULOS Yes, that s a real problem. She s really missing her walks. LIV Maybe I could take her to the park? Right now? As soon as I change out of my uniform? MRS POULOS She d love that, but you need your mother s OK. LIV I ll run home and ask! 3. INTERIOR MRS POULOS KITCHEN DAY Mrs Poulos is having an afternoon snack. Liv rushes in, very happy. LIV Mum said that s fine, can you ring her and confirm? MRS POULOS Wonderful! Here s Candy s lead. And...thank you. Liv and a very happy Candy head out the door and down the front path. 17

18 Sample Storyboard 18

19 Storyboard Template 19

20 Schedule (click here to download template) 'MY STORY, MY CONTENT' SHORT FILM COMPETITION SCHEDULE TEMPLATE Day 1 Scene Number Shot Description When Where Who What Crew e.g. Opening Shot of Mrs Poulos and Liv getting off the bus When is this scene being filmed? At what location is this scene being filmed? Who is in the scene (on camera)? (Props, Costumes etc) Which crew members are required? Day 2 20

21 Cutting Remarks Editing Your Film For your film to have its greatest impact on the audience, you will want to control the way your material is presented. You will choose the shots you use, the order in which the shots appear, and the length of time each shot appears on screen in other words, you will edit your footage. The first stage is to assemble a rough cut, with your shots in order but not necessarily at their final length. At rough- cut stage you may decide that you need a couple of extra shots pick- ups. These are often close- ups to make an action clearer, or to show a reaction on a character s face. You may also decide that you don t need some shots, and they ll end up on the cutting room floor. In the editing stage, you will need to make creative and technical decisions, and there is plenty of advice available to help you with both. The Wikihow site is great: Movies, and offers a link to download some free editing software. EDIT IN CAMERA There are good, simple editing systems available for both Macs and PCs, but if you can t access a computer, don t worry you can edit in camera. That means you need to shoot your film in sequence (shoot the scenes in the same order as the action takes place), and plan ahead how long each shot will be and how it will connect to the one before and the one after. Plan carefully and you can create a fine film. There are more tips on in- camera editing on this site: EDITING SYSTEMS Video editing doesn't require an expensive computer, especially if you're a beginner. You'll need a decent monitor and video card, which come installed on most new computers. If you have an older computer, check it against your video editing software specifications to make sure it will work for video editing. This site gives helpful advice on both hardware and software: CREATIVE SKILLS AND CHOICES There is no right way to cut your film, but there are lots of resources online that can help you understand the effect and power of your choices. There are many websites that show examples of editing techniques - here s one: editing- tips.html The main things to remember are:! Think about want you want your audience to see and feel! Have a really good reason to make the cut! Cut on action where possible! Begin and conclude a scene with action! Avoid jump cuts For many other helpful tips, have another look at ACMI s information about editing: 21

22 Sound Editing Good sound always makes a film more engaging. Imagine your favourite film without sound effects. But bad sound can have the opposite effect... DIALOGUE Try to be sure that the dialogue recorded during the shoot is clear and isn t muffled by the sound of passing planes, trains or cars. If there is a problem, shoot another take (filmed scene). You might want an actor to record some lines during the editing. You might need to replace some of the dialogue recorded during the shoot, to fix a problem. You might want to include some additional off- camera lines for one of your characters, to emphasise a point. You might want to record some voice- over or narration to help tell your story. You can often use a mobile phone to do the recording, and transfer it on to your editing system. SOUND EFFECTS (OR FX) Good sound effects can add power to your film, as long as they don t overwhelm the dialogue. You can record sound effects during the shoot, either on camera or on a mobile phone, or you can record them during editing to add extra emphasis to some part of your film. Remember that you don t always need to record the actual sound as it occurs you can collect a barking dog any time, and a couple of coconut halves can give a very good impression of galloping horses. Australian primary and secondary students can also download free sound effects from ABC s RAWR website, but you will need to fill in a sound licence details here: Music can be very important to a film. Let s look at the next section... 22

23 Music to Your Ears Music on your film soundtrack is a powerful way to express the action and emotion of your film. Here are some ways to include music in your film without infringing the rights of composers, musicians and performers. And there s a very positive side to all this a friend who can compose or perform is a valuable creative collaborator for you. WRITE IT YOURSELF then you re the rights holder. There are apps for computer and phones that help you write music. Even if you think you can't Garage Band (Mac or ipad) has "loops" that make music- making as easy as working with collage Another one is Hyperscore - (Hint - Finding a friend who can play the piano will help) ORIGINAL MUSIC share the creative fun! Find a friend with a guitar, and find a way to record them. Most computers and phones can record audio. Maybe even have them play their music while watching your film They can even play music that is out of copyright, like Bach or Beethoven. To be safe, basically if the composer died over 100 years ago, you can use their music (but you'll have to make your own recording - you can't use someone else's recording without permission) Find a local band or musician who could compose you a score. Your school band or music club? If you re really lucky or very persuasive a film composer might be able to help you USE A SONG - No, you can't use your favourite pop song - it's illegal. But you could ask permission from a friend, a local unsigned band or singer and use their song You might want to edit the song to fit your film, or make it shorter, or ask them to record it without the vocals You ll need a written agreement - called a synchronisation license FREE MUSIC kind of, sort of... Use one of the so- called "copyright free" music libraries. Google has one for use with YouTube clips There are others you can find online, this site will help you: free- music_b37470 You may need to apply for permission to use the music, but most don't cost 23

24 DO YOU NEED TO RECORD ANY MUSIC? If so, be sure to record it ahead of time, and remember to bring something to play it on. Of course, you might decide to add music to your film after it is edited. *** Be sure you have the right to use the music - for more help see the MUSIC section in the Resource Pack, and the music links below. DO YOU NEED TO RECORD ANY SPECIAL SOUND EFFECTS DURING THE SHOOT? See the SOUND EDITING section in the Resource Pack, and the links below. Here is some further helpful advice for preparing your shoot: shoot to- break- down- and- schedule- your- no- budget- movie/ Final Thoughts WHAT HAVE YOU GOT SCHEDULED? Good planning helps make a relaxed and happy shoot. You should schedule your shoot on the Schedule Template (Resource Pack), especially if it will take more than one day to shoot your film. You should make a list of all the people involved in your shoot, with their phone numbers and online contacts it helps you keep them informed of what s happening. Make sure each person knows what to bring, whatever it is camera, videotapes, lights, props, costumes, makeup. Animals, vegetables and minerals... SHOOT TO THRILL Remind yourself of the kinds of shots and movement you can use by reviewing: You might like to create a shot list to help your cast and crew understand the shoot day or days. Here s some help: Be sure that everyone involved knows who, where, when and what. And what s for lunch... Then enjoy your shoot! 24

25 Very Useful Stuff Note: Some of the sites below are more suitable for experienced filmmakers. The sites are marked with this symbol: ABOUT MY STORY MY CONTENT SHORT FILM COMPETITION Here are all the details and contacts you ll need to enter: A BIRD S EYE VIEW These sites will give you a great deal of useful general information about filmmaking. Some of the sections below will direct you to specific parts of these sites for information about particular areas and activities. started a- Movie Movies TALKING THE TALK You have the Vocabulary of Film in the Resource Pack. These next sites will give you some more help, including examples of what various shots and camera movement are called, and what you can achieve with them: A very comprehensive and professional glossary. SCRIPT AND STORYBOARD Here are some ideas about how to develop your story and write it down. There is a sample script layout in the Resource Pack, and you can get more ideas and inspirations from these sites: your- story/ 1bc1-48a5-92e1-4b6db107fcde/SuggScriptLayout.pdf 25

26 STORYBOARDS Will help you turn your story into pictures. You can use the Storyboard Template provided in the Resource Pack, and find more help on these sites: EDITING SOFTWARE Start by investigating the editing software on your computer, and then get extra help from these sites: Movies for a superb overview editing- tips.html ten- editing- apps?utm_source=emarsys&utm_medium= &utm_campaign=kftv+bulletin+3+april- &utm_content=_ SOUND EDITING MUSIC Be sure to read the section on MUSIC in the Resource Pack it contains vital information about creating or finding music that is available to be used in your film. Here are some sites that will guide you to use music that is available to student filmmakers: UP, UP AND AWAY These sites will help you move to the next level of filmmaking. They have advice about courses, competitions, finance and festivals you can consider as your creative skills develop