Removal of Order Domain Content in Rotating Equipment Signals by Double Resampling
|
|
- Bruce Hopkins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Removal of Order Domain Conen in Roaing Equipmen Signals by Double Resampling By: Charles L. Groover Marin W. Trehewey Deparmen of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Penn Sae Universiy Universiy Park, PA 680 USA Kenneh P. Maynard Michell S. Lebold Applied Research Laboraory Penn Sae Universiy Universiy Park, PA 680 USA Submied o: Mechanical Sysems and Signal Processing Corresponding Auhor: Marin W. Trehewey 39 Reber Building Penn Sae Universiy Universiy Park, PA 680 USA FAX: Submied: June 003 Revised: Sepember 003
2 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling Absrac Fixed frequency conen (i.e., componen or srucural resonances) in specra obained from roaing equipmen can be masked by he srong sources a harmonics (order) of he shaf running speed. The raio of he fixed frequency componens o he order componens can be greaer han 60 db making inerpreaion of resonances in he specra difficul. Hence he order componens are view as a corruping phenomenon. An approach o remove he order componens from he specra, wihou affecing he remaining frequency domain informaion is presened in his work. The echnique uilizes a sequence of daa sampling and ransformaions, beween he ime, order and frequency domains as follows:. Vibraion daa is sampled using a consan ime basis ( ).. The imes corresponding o a consan angular basis ( θ) are deermined. 3. The vibraion daa is inerpolaed o a consan angular basis ( θ). 4. The consan angle sampled daa is ransformed via he FFT o he order domain. 5. The high ampliude order componens are now exacly bin cenered and can be removed from he specra. 6. An inverse FFT is applied o reurn o a consan angular incremen sampled ( θ) array, sans order conen. 7. The consan angular incremen sampled ( θ) array is inerpolaed o an array sampled wih consan ime basis ( ). 8. A FFT is applied and hen sandard specral esimaion procedures are applied o compue he vibraion specra wih he high level orders removed. The heoreical and implemenaion deails of he double resampling approach are discussed. The approach is applied o experimenal orsional vibraion daa acquired from a laboraory es rig designed o simulae a urbine roor. The es resuls show ha he mehod can recover fixed frequency componens (i.e., urbine blade naural frequencies) in he presence of order componens 50 db higher.
3 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 3. Inroducion Forced vibraion in roaing equipmen can generally be separaed ino wo caegories; ) variable frequency componens relaed o he machine s roaion rae; and ) fixed frequency relaed vibraion. Specral analysis is commonly used o separae and idenify he frequencies of imporance. For synchronous machines all he frequency componens remain fixed regardless if hey are caused by he machine s inheren roaion (e.g., imbalance) or a fixed frequency componen (e.g., srucural resonance). However, for asynchronous machines he running speed changes, eiher drifing or experiencing rapid speed changes depending on he applicaion. In his case, all he vibraion relaed o a machine s roaion (i.e., imbalance) change proporionaely in frequency o he running speed variaions while he fixed frequency componens remain consan. To rack he frequency variaions in relaion o changes in he equipmen running speed, order analysis is used. Frequency and order analysis are similar, bu wih differen independen argumens. Frequency analysis applies a Fourier ransform o a vibraion signal digiized wih a uniform sampling ime inerval ( ). The resuling specrum s independen variable is in Hz. Order analysis applies a Fourier ransform o a vibraion signal sampled on he basis of a uniform angular shaf roaion incremen ( θ). The independen specral variable is orders, or muliples of shaf running speed. Hence, any vibraion direcly caused by he machine s roaional speed will remain a a fixed order regardless of running speed. A significan body of work exiss boh in order processing algorihms [,,3] and applicaions [4,5]. Order analysis has proven o be effecive o rack vibraion componens in relaion o variaion in running speeds. However, an arifac of he ransformaion from he
4 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 4 frequency domain o he order domain is ha all fixed frequency componens (i.e., resonance vibraion) will change orders as he running speed varies. Therefore, in applicaions where fixed frequency componens are imporan, frequency based analysis is appropriae. Whereas, when roaional relaed componens are imporan, order analysis is appropriae. In some applicaions boh are imporan and i is necessary o be able o separae he componens. A very demanding applicaion requiring accurae frequency idenificaion in he presence of roaional dependen componens is found in he healh monioring of urbine blades [6] in urbomachinery. The monioring mehod uses he urbine blade bending naural frequencies as a srucural healh diagnosic feaure. The blade naural frequencies are deeced by analysis of he roaing shaf orsional vibraion signaure. As a crack develops in a blade is naural frequency drops. Hence, he measuremen of he blade frequencies can be ulimaely used as a diagnosic meric o monior he srucural inegriy of he blade. The deecion of he blade frequencies in he orsional domain requires ha blade modes couple wih shaf orsional modes. Because of he physical scale of he blades o he shafing, he blade bending o shaf orsion coupling produces very small orsional vibraion levels. The relaively large ampliude vibraion caused by roaional relaed componens furher compounds he deecion of he blade frequencies. The high level roaion componens can poenially make he harvesing he very small signals associaed wih blade vibraion in he orsional domain very difficul, if no infeasible. Oher examples of problems of his ype may be found when i is necessary o separae fixed order from fixed frequency componens. For example, gear ooh healh
5 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 5 diagnosics in drive rains and gearboxes [7]. Again, he bending frequencies of he gear eeh are moniored and used as a healh diagnosic feaure and can difficul o disinguish from he srong order componens. Impac esing can be used o idenify he naural frequencies in roaing equipmen while operaing [8]. When he vibraion response is acquired from an impac, i will inherenly include he fixed frequency resonances and he roaing relaed componens. The fixed order componens need o be idenified and separaed o enable idenificaion of he naural frequencies. The raio of he fixed frequency componens o he order componens can be greaer han as 60 db making inerpreaion of resonances in he specra difficul. Hence, he order componens are viewed as a corruping phenomenon. An approach o remove he order componens from he specra, wihou affecing he remaining frequency domain informaion is presened in his work. The echnique uilizes a sequence of daa sampling and ransformaions, beween he ime, order and frequency domains as follows:. Vibraion daa is sampled using a consan ime basis ( ).. The imes corresponding o a consan angular basis ( θ) are deermined. 3. The signal ampliudes corresponding o he consan angular basis ( θ) are deermined via a compued order resampling inerpolaion. 4. The consan angle sampled daa block is ransformed via he FFT o he order domain. 5. The high ampliude order componens are now exacly bin cenered and can be removed from he specra, wihou affecing daa in adjacen bins.
6 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 6 6. The order domain specral daa block, sans order conen, is inverse ransformed back o an array sampled wih a consan angular basis ( θ). 7. The consan angle inerval array is inerpolaed back o a conac ime inerval array ( ). 8. An FFT and sandard specral esimaion procedures are hen applied o esimae he frequency based vibraion specra wih he high level orders removed. In he following secions he heoreical basis of he order removal mehod will firs be presened. The processing echnique will hen be demonsraed wih orsional vibraion daa acquired from a laboraory es sand. The paper concludes wih an assessmen of he mehod s capabiliies.. Double Resampling for Order Conen Removal Consider a simulaed analog daa signal and he synchronous keyphasor signal from a hypoheical piece of roaing equipmen. The simulaed signal could represen a number of possible physical measuremens including, an acceleromeer, microphone, load cell, srain gage, ec. and will use generic unis of volage in his discussion. The signal and keyphasor are shown in Fig. (). Fig. (A) shows a fixed frequency 0 Hz signal superimposed on a higher ampliude signal which is increasing in frequency. The keyphasor signal, Fig. (B), shows a sharp pulse occurring once every shaf revoluion. I is obvious from he keyphasor ha he shaf speed is acceleraing since he ime beween he keyphasor pulses is decreasing. The frequency specrum of he signal is shown in Fig. (). The 0 Hz fixed frequency componen is clearly idenifiable along wih broader low frequency conen around -3 Hz associae wih he changing shaf speed. As he shaf
7 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 7 speed increases he fixed roaion componen would evenually dominae he 0 Hz fixed frequency componen when he frequencies coincide. I is his possible corruping face of he roaional relaed componens ha arise in some applicaions and is he moivaion for his effor. To simplify he idenificaion of low level fixed frequency specral feaures in he presence of high level shaf speed harmonics is presened in his secion. The mehod uilizes a series of resampling inerpolaions along wih forward and inverse Fourier ransforms as follows: Sep : Fixed Time Sample Daa Acquisiion Firs, a sufficienly long discree daa array from an analog ransducer signal, x(), on he roaing equipmen operaing a he desired condiions is acquired. ( ) x( r ) x r = () where r is an ineger index and is he ime based sampling inerval. The sample rae should be appropriae for he desired analysis frequency range and ani-alias proeced by he use of filers. A once per revoluion key phasor signal synchronized o he acquired dynamic signal should also be recorded. The key-phasor achomeer signal should use a significanly higher sample rae as o provide a very accurae esimae of he shaf speed. Fig. (3) depics he analog signal wih he discree array superimposed when digiized wih a fixed sampling frequency. Noe, ha here are varying numbers of discreized daa poins during each respecive cycle of he shaf s roaion. This is direcly due o using a fixed frequency sampling rae applied o an angularly acceleraing shaf.
8 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 8 Sep : Fixed Angular Sample Time Idenificaion A compued order racking algorihm is now uilized o change he independen variable o he shaf roaion angle (θ) from ime (). The discree angular sampling process will produce a discree array wih an idenical number of discreized daa poins per shaf revoluion, regardless of he speed. The angular based sampling inerval is defined as: 360 o θ = () O where O represens an ineger number of angular incremens around he shaf. The angular discreizaion produces he array: ( θ ) = x( r θ) x r (3) where r is an index. The compued order inerpolaion mehod o obain he array in Eqn. (3) was firs proposed in [] and has proven o be effecive and robus. The firs sep is he deerminaion of he imes ha correspond o he fixed angular sampling inervals, (r θ). Calculaion of hese new sampling imes requires an accurae reference of he shaf roaion. Accuracy of he fixed angle sampling imes is highly dependen upon correcly deecing he edge of he achomeer signal. Afer acquiring accurae keyphasor imes, he desired imes corresponding o r θ can be deermined. The assumpion ha he reference shaf experiences a consan acceleraion is made [] in order o creae he relaionship beween shaf angular posiion and ime: () = b + b + b θ (4) 0
9 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 9 The coefficiens of Eqn. (4) can be deermined by solving hree independen equaions using he imes (,, 3 ) recorded for hree coniguous keyphasor pulses, as shown in Eqn. (5). = b b b 0 (5) The soluion of Eqn. (5) for he coefficiens yields []: ( ) ( ) [ ] ( )( )( ) b + = (6) ( )( )( ) b + = (7) ( )( )( ) b = (8) Once he coefficiens have been deermined, he desired sampling imes can be calculaed by solving quadraic Eqn. (4) for ime as a funcion of angular shaf posiion (r θ). Two soluions exis, bu only one yields realisic resuls (posiive values of ime) as shown in Eqn. (9): ( ) ( ) 0 r r b b b 4b b θ + = θ (9) where: r is an ineger and θ r = r θ. New polynomial coefficiens from Eqns. (6), (7) and (8) are deermined for every new keyphasor pulse. The desired sampling imes are calculaed over he range of 0.5 θ r.5 for each polynomial in order o avoid he overlap beween he consecuive
10 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 0 coefficien soluions. The only requiremen is ha he record be boh an ineger number of shaf revoluions and an ineger muliple of θ []. The approximaion used o creae Eqn. (4) enables his mehod o correcly rack a sysem wih consan acceleraion. More complex models of he shaf roaion are possible, bu he increased compuaion ime involved and lack of increased accuracy have no warraned heir applicaion. Errors due o a physical sysem no fully saisfying he approximaion are generally small, since he coefficiens are updaed for each achomeer pulse. Sep 3: Compued Fixed Angular Inerval Sample Inerpolaion Now ha he imes corresponding o he fixed angular inerval sample have been calculaed ((θ r )), he signal ampliude values a hese respecive imes mus be deermined. The discree ampliudes of original roaing equipmen signal, x(), are known only a values corresponding o r. Since he imes (θ r ) will in general be differen, an inerpolaion is necessary. Various inerpolaion schemes may be used o obain he fixed angle sampled signal ampliudes, x(θ r ), from he fixed ime sampled daa array x( r ) [9]. The rouine used in [], enails oversampling he signal by expanding he original ime vecor and applying a finie impulse response (FIR) filer. The FIR filer allows he original daa o pass hrough and inerpolaes beween he values so ha he mean squared errors are minimized. The mehod in [] uses an oversampling facor of along wih a 0-poin FIR filer designed o give a passband flaness of ±0.08% and a sopband rejecion greaer han 04 db []. To improve he compuaional speed he acual filer used in his algorihm is implemened as a lookup able sored in he memory. This leads o some round off error yielding a dynamic range closer o 80 db [0].
11 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling An alernaive inerpolaion was implemened in his work. Afer he desired fixed angle sampling imes have been deermined, (θ r ), he nex sep is o up-sample he daa in order o enable he use of a simple inerpolaion mehod. The discree ime sampled daa array, x( r ), was increased by an up-sampling facor of 3 producing a well defined waveform. A cubic spline inerpolaion was used o calculae he signal ampliudes corresponding o he desired consan angle sampling imes, (θ r ) from he up-sampled array. Cubic spline inerpolaion was shown o have he leas amoun of error when used in his ype of applicaion [,]. The process produced a new consan angle sampled daa array x(θ r ). The acual coding used he Malab inerp command []. A graphical depicion of he consan angle inerpolaion, x(θ r ), from he fixed ime sep sampled daa, x( r ), is shown in Fig. (4). The original analog signal is graphed as a solid line and a blown up ime segmen of he daa in Fig. (3) is shown. The consan ime sampled daa is marked by he aserisk (*) symbol. This daa is he discree array ha would be available from he analog-o-digial converer. The diamond ( ) marked poins represen he discree waveform ampliude when sampled wih respec o a consan angle of roaion ( θ). The ime values corresponding o he angular incremens are deermined by he procedure discussed in sep and he inerpolaion process described herein esimaes signal ampliudes. Sep 4: Order Domain Specral Esimaion A FFT algorihm is now applied o he consan angle sampled daa array, x(θ r ) by; N ( o ) = x ( θ ) r = 0 π n r i N X e (0) n r
12 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling The order specrum in unis of (v rms) can be calculaed from Eqn. (0) and is shown in Fig. (5). I clearly shows he high ampliude componen relaed o he firs order, or he shaf roaional running speed. Unlike he frequency based specrum in Fig. (), his componen does no smear as he running speed changes. Whereas he fixed frequency componen a 0 Hz in Fig. () becomes smeared as he shaf roaional speed increases. Sep 5: Order Removal The corruping high magniude order conen can now be removed from he signal. The key o he removal is he fac ha all he order componens are exacly bin cenered due o angular based sampling, as seen in Fig. (5). The index k ha corresponds o ineger orders in he specrum compued from he FFT in Eqn. (0) can be deermined from Eqn. (), producing Eqn (). ( θ O) k = j () where j is an ineger and j N θ O. The upper limi of j can be adjused o a lower value or o only roublesome orders if desired. I is a hese values in he order specrum ha i is desirable o remove heir effecs from he signal. Furhermore, i is imporan o reain fideliy in boh he real and imaginary values of he specrum since an inverse Fourier ransform will be applied laer. To accomplish he order conen removal several alernaive mehods were evaluaed. A direc zeroing of he order conen was unrealisic, since i did no compensae for he signal levels from oher sources. This was paricularly problemaic when an order and a resonance were in he same region. An alernaive mehod uses a linear inerpolaion of he bins complex values direcly surrounding each ineger order.
13 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 3 [ X( o )] + Re[ X( o )] Im[ X( o )] Im[ X( o )] Re X ~ (o ) k k + i k + k + k = + () where he index k is defined in Eqn. (). Noe, he symbol is used o denoe a quaniy in which he order conen has been removed. The mehod expressed in Eqn. () was found o work reasonably well, bu occasionally encounered difficulies. When processing signals from a sysem ha have well-defined phase shifs [3], such as a synchronous moor drive, he removal was ineffecive. An alernaive mehod based on he local complex minima surrounding an ineger order is shown in Eqn. (3): ( o ) min[ X( o ),X( o ) ] X ~ k k k + = (3) This mehod was found o be more robus wih acual experimenal daa under various operaional condiions [3]. Hence, i is used subsequenly in his work. Fig.(6) depics he order domain specrum wih he firs order conen removed. I is apparen ha he high ampliude firs order conen is absen while he remaining par of he specrum in unaffeced. Sep 6 Fixed Angular Inerval Array Wihou Order Conen An inverse FFT is now applied o he order domain array, X ~ ( o n ). N r = 0 π n r i N x~ ( θ ) = X ~ ( o ) e (4) r This produces a consan angle sampled array in which he ineger relaed order conen has been removed. n
14 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 4 Sep 7 Inerpolaion o Fixed Time Sample Array Wihou Order Conen A reverse operaion o Sep 3 is now performed whereby he fixed angular sampled array is inerpolaed o a fixed ime sample array. Recall ha he imes corresponding o he angular sample basis (θ r ) are equal o (θ r ). The signal x~ ( θ r ) is inerpolaed o obain he signal ampliudes ha occur on a consan ime base sample, r. This resuls in a fixed ime sampled array, x~ ( r ), wih he order conen removed. Similar o he coding in Sep 3, he implemenaion uses he Malab inerp command wih a cubic spline []. The resuls of Seps 6 and 7 when applied o he daa shown in Fig. (6) is shown in Fig. (7). The resuling ime waveform is a sine wave wihou he high ampliude order relaed componens seen in he original waveform in Fig. (). Sep 8 Frequency Based Specral Esimaion Wihou Order Conen The FFT algorihm is now applied o he discree ime sampled array, x~ ( r ), o compue a frequency based ransform. N r = 0 π n r i N X ~ ( f ) = x~ ( ) e (5) n Daa windows and ensemble averaging mehods are applied in conjuncion wih Eqn. (5) o improve he qualiy of he specral esimaes. The resuling specrum is shown in Fig.(8). Comparison o Fig. () shows ha he order conen is effecively removed leaving only he fixed frequency componens in he specrum. r 3. Capabiliies of Fixed Order Conen Removal Procedure The capabiliies of he order removal process will be examined using acual experimenal vibraion daa from a roaing equipmen es rig. Consider a commonly
15 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 5 used sysem o measure orsional vibraion of a roaing shafing sysem [4,5] as shown in Fig (9). Signal deecion involves four main aspecs; shaf encoding; ransducion; analog demodulaion; and daa discreizaion. The shaf encoding used a arge zebra srip wih alernaing black and whie sripes prined on paper or polyeser and glued o he shaf. Alernae mehods include he use of a iming gear or opical encoder. The ransducer was an infrared inensiy based reflecive fiber opic sensor. An analog demodulaor was used o produce a volage signal proporional o he shaf orsional vibraion from he carrier signal generaed by passage of zebra ape on he roaing shaf. The volage from he demodulaor is hen discreized for furher processing, such as specral analysis. The implemenaion and uilizaion of his hardware configuraion for orsional vibraion measuremen was previously presened in [5]. Fig. (0) shows a picure of a laboraory es rig developed o sudy orsional vibraion of a shaf wih a simulaed bladed disk assembly. The shaf is suspended by oil impregnaed flanged brass bearings, and is driven by a /7 h hp moor, wih a maximum speed of 0,000 rpm, using a DC power supply. A he opposie end of shaf from he moor was a simulaed bladed disk assembly. Eigh sainless seel hreaded rods are used o represen he blades. Two lock nus are posiioned a he end of each rod o produce a movable mass. The movable nus allow changes o be made in each rod s naural frequencies by changing heir respecive radial locaion. The insrumenaion followed he signal deecion schemaic diagram in Fig (9). The encoding zebra ape consised of 60 black and whie lines mouned ono an aluminum wheel nex o he drive moor. A single black sripe on he side of he
16 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 6 aluminum wheel creaed a one per revoluion keyphasor. Two fiber opic probes were posiioned o sense he zebra ape and he keyphasor as shown in Fig. (). Torsional vibraion daa was colleced while he sysem roaed a a consan speed of approximaely 3400 rpm. The daa was acquired wih a fixed sampling frequency and processed wih an Agilen (HP) E433B card in a VXI mainframe. The specrum was calculaed via a FFT algorihm using 30 ensemble averages and is shown in Fig. (). The specrum shows high ampliude conen a ineger muliples of he nominal 57 Hz running speed, or a fixed orders. The coupled blade bending-orsional mode occurs around 0 Hz and is barely apparen in he specrum. The shaf orsional mode is a approximaely 60 Hz and is almos unnoiceable. The high ampliude order conen obscures he low level orsional naural frequency signals. The skirs on he fixed order conen is caused by leakage due o he nonperiodic capure of he signal. The corruping high ampliude order conen resuls from he zebra ape encoding approach. Ideally he zebra ape has idenical secions of alernaing black and whie sripes. However several pragmaic issues relaed o prining and insallaion inroduce errors caused by:. Priner resoluion. The priner may be incapable of exacly reproducing he desired zebra srip widh due o he dpi (dos-per-inch) resoluion. This inroduces a bias error whereby srips are produced wih varying numbers of prined raser lines.. End effecs. When insalling he ape around he shaf circumference here may be an overlap or void when aemping o mach he firs and las sripe
17 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 7 on he shaf. This produces a disincly differen response ha he evenly spaced sripes and occurs a a once per revoluion cycle. 3. Tape insallaion errors. In heory he ape sripes should be insalled parallel o shaf axis. Pracically his is difficul o accomplish. Also, he ape may srech when placing i around he shaf. These errors produce a sysemaic paern for every revoluion of he shaf ha deviaes from he ideal regularly spaced condiion. These errors manifes hemselves as specral conen frequencies ha are ineger muliples of he shaf running speed. The daa in Fig. () was acquired wih he shaf roaing a a consan speed. The corruping naure of he order componen would furher exacerbae he idenificaion of he fixed frequency componens if he running speed were o vary. As he running speed changes he specral frequencies would change proporionaely. Hence, even broader high ampliude frequency regions would resul having he poenial o dominae and compleely obscure he idenificaion of a naural frequency. This example was seleced because i clearly demonsraes he corruping naure ha fixed order relaed componens can have on fixed frequency componens. Furhermore, i represens a raher severe se of condiions and hence serves an excellen case o illusrae he proposed mehod o eliminae he order conen from he specrum. Daa is again colleced from he es sand, bu his ime he processing discussed in Secion are applied. The discree ime daa array and keyphasor ime samps were acquired by he Agilen VXI sysem. The daa was processed using a rouine programmed in Malab. For he sake of breviy, only criical graphics associaed wih he performance of he algorihm o he order removal will be presened. Fig. (3) shows one record afer
18 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 8 Seps -4 have been applied. For visual clariy, a symbol marks each bin individually. The high ampliude order conen is a exac muliples of he shaf running speed. Furhermore, is bin-cenered naure is visible by he fac ha only one daa poin possesses he high ampliude wih he adjacen bins being considerably lower ampliude. This characer is in conras o he skir behavior of he frequency specrum in Fig. () and is he key o he abiliy o remove i. The resuls afer he order removal process is described in Sep 5 is applied o he same daa sample is shown in Fig. (4). The corruping order conen is now gone. Nex, seps 6-8 are hen compleed. The process is repeaed o obain a oal of 30 ensemble frequency records ha are averaged ogeher. The final specrum, wih he order conen removed, is shown in Fig. (5). Noe, ha he orsional naural frequencies of he shafing sysem ha were almos non apparen in he original specrum in Fig. () can be readily idenified. Furhermore, comparing he resuls in Fig. () o Fig. (5) demonsraes ha a dramaic improvemen in he effecive dynamic range is realized. 4. Concluding Remarks This work has discussed an algorihm by which order relaed specral conen can be separaed and removed from fixed frequency conen on signals acquired on roaing equipmen. The processing enhancemen is produced by a sequence of digial resampling o faciliae ransformaion beween he ime, order and frequency domains. Processing in he respecive domains allows he masking effec of he high level order componens o be eliminaed. The required inerpolaions and Fourier ransforms have been coded in Malab for evaluaion of he mehod. The algorihm has been shown no only o be
19 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 9 effecive in removing he fixed order conen bu also improves he effecive dynamic range by removing he order relaed skirs in he frequency domain. Laboraory ess clearly demonsraed he proposed mehod s abiliy o improve orsional vibraion signals allowing he deecion of low ampliude signals. The approach has been applied in several oher demanding siuaions wih excellen resuls. A laboraory es was performed where a fixed frequency orsional mode coincided wih an ineger muliple of he running speed [3]. Iniially he low ampliude fixed frequency componen was compleely masked by he order componen. Afer applicaion of he order removal algorihm, presenly herein, he orsional componen was readily idenifiable. A field es was also performed on a hree-megawa hydroelecric power uni o demonsrae he poenial o apply his daa processing algorihms in an indusrial environmen [3, 5]. This es showed ha applicaion of he proposed mehod produced a more useful orsional vibraion signaure han he originally acquired daa. Furhermore, i demonsrae is abiliy o handle issues ha ofen arise in he field ha may no be apparen in he more conrolled laboraory seing. More invesigaion is necessary o more fully characerize and quanify he algorihm s capabiliies. The processing relies on a sequence of inerpolaions, which has poenial sources of error. Alernaive inerpolaion schemes should be ried. Because mos inerpolaion mehods are based upon polynomials, which require a well-defined signal o be accurae, his mehod was iniially used o faciliae boh resampling seps, ime-o-order-resampling and order-o-ime resampling. If a Fourier series inerpolaion mehod could be applied o boh seps hen he required oversampling could be reduced while sill yielding accurae resuls [6]. This inerpolaion scheme could, herefore
20 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 0 reduce he compuaional and memory demands. A horough error analysis of he various inerpolaion schemes is needed o evaluae how hese inheren errors will manifes hemselves in he respecive specra. Experience wih he algorihm o dae, has yielded excellen resuls in several demanding orsional vibraion laboraory and field measuremen siuaions. This bodes well for he algorihm s poenial in applicaions where i is desired o separae fixed frequency from order componens.
21 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling References. Poer, R., and Gribler, M. 989 SAE Paper 893. Compued Order Tracking Obsolees Older Mehods.. Fyfe, K. R., and Munck, E. D. S., 997 Mechanical Sysems and Signal Processing, (). Analysis of Compued Order Tracking. 3. Vold, H. and Leuridan, J., 993 SAE Paper High Resoluion Order Tracking a Exreme Slew Raes Using Kalman Tracking Filer. 4. Vold, H., Herlufsen, H., Marins M., and Corwin-Renner, D., 997 Sound and Vibraion, 3(5). Muli Axle Order Tracking wih Vold-Kalman Tracking Filer. 5. Agilen Technologies, Palo Alo, CA, USA. Effecive Machinery Measuremens Using Dynamic Signal Analyzers, Applicaion Noe AN Maynard, K. P., and Trehewey, M. W., 999 Proceedings of he 53 rd Meeing of he Sociey for Machinery Failure Prevenion Technology, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA April 9-. On The Feasibiliy of Blade Crack Deecion Through Torsional Vibraion Measuremens. 7. McFadden, P.D., 987 Mechanical Sysems and Signal Processing (). Examinaion of a Technique for he Early Deecion of Failure in Gears by Signal Processing of he Time Domain Average of he Meshing Vibraion. 8. Marscher, W.D., 999 Proceedings of he 7 h Inernaional Modal Analysis Conference, Sociey for Experimenal Mechanics. The Deerminaion of Roor Criical Speeds while Machinery Remains Operaing hrough Use of Impac Tesing. 9. IEEE Programs for Digial Signal Processing, 979 IEEE press, New York, John Wiley & Sons. 0. McDonald, D., and Gribler, M, 99 Proceedings of he 9 h Inernaional Modal Analysis Conference, Sociey for Experimenal Mechanics. Digial Resampling: A Viable Alernaive for Order Domain Measuremens of Roaing Machinery.. Munck, E.D.S., 994 MS Thesis, Universiy of Albera, Canada. Compued Order Tracking Applied o Vibraion Analysis of Roaing Machinery.. Malab, The MahWorks, Inc. Naick, MA, USA. 3. Groover, C.L., 000 MS Thesis, Deparmen of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Penn Sae Universiy. Signal Componen Removal Applied o he Order Conen in Roaing Machinery. 4. Vance, J. M., 988 Roordyamics of Turbomachinery, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 5. Maynard, K.P, Trehewey, M.W. and Groover, C. L., rd Meeing of he Sociey for Machinery Failure Prevenion Technology, Virginia Beach, VA, USA. Applicaion of Torsional Vibraion Measuremen o Shaf Crack Monioring in Power Plans. 6. Schanze, T., 995 IEEE Transacions on Signal Processing, 43(6). Sinc Inerpolaion of Discree Periodic Signals.
22 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling Lis of Symbols FFT Fas Fourier Transform f frequency Im Imaginary par of a complex values quaniy i = k index correspond o an ineger order min selecs he minimum of complex valued argumens on a norm basis N FFT block size n array index o order O number of angular sampling incremens per shaf revoluion Re real par of a complex valued quaniy r array index coninuous ime variable r discree ime array in ineger muliples of (θ r ) ime array corresponding he fixed angular sample a θ r X(o n ) order domain discree Fourier ransform X ~ ( o n ) order domain discree Fourier ransform wih ineger order conen removed X ~ ( f n ) frequency domain discree Fourier ransform wih ineger order conen removed x() coninuous funcion of ime, or an analog signal x( r ) discree array sampled wih a fixed ime incremenal basis, x~ ( r ) discree array sampled wih a fixed ime incremenal basis,, wih ineger order conen removed x(θ r ) discree array sampled wih a fixed angular incremenal basis, θ x~ ( θ r ) discree array sampled wih a fixed angular incremenal basis, θ, wih ineger order conen removed ime based sampling inerval θ angle based sampling inerval
23 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 3 a. Signal (v) 0 - b Time.5 Keyphasor (v) Time Figure. Signal from a simulaed piece of roaing equipmen. a. Analog dynamic signal b. Once per revoluion keyphasor
24 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling v rms Frequency (Hz) Figure. Specrum of dynamic signal in Figure A sampled wih a consan ime inerval ( ).
25 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling vols Time Figure 3. Analog signal from a simulaed piece of roaing equipmen and he corresponding discree array sampled wih a consan ime inerval ( ).
26 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 6. θ θ θ. θ analog signal vols Time Figure 4. Analog signal from a simulaed piece of roaing equipmen wih discree arrays; * consan ime sampling inerval ( ); consan angle sampling inerval ( θ).
27 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling v rms Orders Figure 5. Order specrum of signal from a simulaed roaing equipmen in Figure wih consan angle inerval samples ( θ) via compued order sampling mehod.
28 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling v rms Orders Figure 6. Order specrum of signal from a simulaed roaing equipmen in Figure wih order conen removed.
29 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 9 Figure 7. Double resampled ime waveform in Figure wih order conen removed.
30 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 30 Figure 8. Double re-sampled specrum for ime waveform in Figure wih order conen removed.
31 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 3 Phoosensiive opic ransducer Fiber opic cable Angsrom resolver A-D converer Equally spaced black and whie sripe code 9. Analog demodulaor Shaf experiencing orsional vibraion Figure 9. Schemaic of orsional vibraion measuremen sysem on a roaing shaf.
32 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 3 Figure 0. Torsional vibraion es sand.
33 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling 33 Figure. Close up of orsional vibraion zebra ape insallaion and fiber opic ransducer placemen.
34 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling db Blade Bending Mode Region Shaf Torsional Mode Region Frequency (Hz) Figure. Torsional vibraion specrum from experimenal es sand in Fig. (0) wih a running speed of 340 rpm (57 Hz), wih 30 ensemble averages.
35 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling db Orders (Muliples of Shaf Speed) Figure 3. Order domain specrum for a single record.
36 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling db Orders (Muliples of Shaf Speed) Figure 4. Order domain specrum wih order conen removed for one ensemble sample.
37 Groover, Trehewey, Maynard & Lebold - Order Removal by Double Resampling Blade Bending Naural Frequencies Firs Shaf Torsional Naural Frequency db Frequency (Hz) Figure 5. Torsional vibraion specrum in Fig. () afer he order removal processing has been applied wih 30 ensemble averages.
Measurement of Capacitances Based on a Flip-Flop Sensor
Sensors & Transducers ISSN 1726-5479 26 by IFSA hp://www.sensorsporal.com Measuremen of Capaciances Based on a Flip-Flop Sensor Marin KOLLÁR Deparmen of Theoreical Elecroechnics and Elecrical Measuremen,
More informationAdaptive Down-Sampling Video Coding
Adapive Down-Sampling Video Coding Ren-Jie Wang a, Ming-Chen Chien ab and Pao-Chi Chang* a a Dep. of Communicaion Engineering, Naional Cenral Univ., Jhongli, Taiwan; b Dep. of Elecrical Engineering, Chin
More information-To become familiar with the input/output characteristics of several types of standard flip-flop devices and the conversion among them.
Experimen 6 Sequenial Circuis PART A: FLIP FLOPS Objecive -To become familiar wih he inpu/oupu characerisics of several ypes of sandard flip-flop devices and he conversion among hem. References Donald
More information10. Water tank. Example I. Draw the graph of the amount z of water in the tank against time t.. Explain the shape of the graph.
1. Waer ank The graph A cylindrical ank conains ml of waer. A = (minues) a hole is punched in he boom, and waer begins o flow ou. I akes exacly 1 seconds for he ank o empy. Example I. Draw he graph of
More informationAdvanced Handheld Tachometer FT Measure engine rotation speed via cigarette lighter socket sensor! Cigarette lighter socket sensor FT-0801
Advanced Handheld Tachomeer Measure engine roaion speed via cigaree ligher socke sensor! Cigaree ligher socke sensor FT-0801 Advanced Handheld Tachomeer Roaion pulse no needed. Roaion speed measured via
More informationDO NOT COPY DO NOT COPY DO NOT COPY DO NOT COPY
676 Chaper 8 Sequenial Logic Design Pracices 8.9.8 Synchronizing High-Speed Daa Transfers A very common problem in compuer sysems is synchronizing exernal daa ransfers wih he compuer sysem clock. A simple
More informationTHERMOELASTIC SIGNAL PROCESSING USING AN FFT LOCK-IN BASED ALGORITHM ON EXTENDED SAMPLED DATA
XIX IMEKO World Congress Fundamenal and Applied Merology Sepember 6 11, 9, Lisbon, Porugal THERMOELASTIC SIGNAL PROCESSING USING AN FFT LOCK-IN BASED ALGORITHM ON EXTENDED SAMPLED DATA L. D Acquiso 1,
More information4.1 Water tank. height z (mm) time t (s)
4.1 Waer ank (a) A cylindrical ank conains 8 ml of waer. A = (minues) a hole is punched in he boom, and waer begins o flow ou. I akes exacly 1 seconds for he ank o empy. Draw he graph of he amoun of waer
More informationPhysics 218: Exam 1. Sections: , , , 544, , 557,569, 572 September 28 th, 2016
Physics 218: Exam 1 Secions: 201-203, 520-529,534-538, 544, 546-555, 557,569, 572 Sepember 28 h, 2016 Please read he insrucions below, bu do no open he exam unil old o do so. Rules of he Exam: 1. You have
More informationTelemetrie-Messtechnik Schnorrenberg
Funcion Descripion of Digial Telemery 1. Digial Telemery Sysems 1.1 Telemery Sysems wih PCM-Technology For he wireless ransmission of several informaion channels, several differen RF ransmission frequencies
More informationA Turbo Tutorial. by Jakob Dahl Andersen COM Center Technical University of Denmark
A Turbo Tuorial by Jakob Dahl Andersen COM Cener Technical Universiy of Denmark hp:\\www.com.du.dk/saff/jda/pub.hml Conens. Inroducion........................................................ 3 2. Turbo
More informationMELODY EXTRACTION FROM POLYPHONIC AUDIO BASED ON PARTICLE FILTER
11h Inernaional Sociey for Music Informaion Rerieval Conference (ISMIR 010) MELODY EXTRACTION FROM POLYPHONIC AUDIO BASED ON PARTICLE FILTER Seokhwan Jo Chang D. Yoo Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering,
More informationNonuniform sampling AN1
Digial Alias-free Signal Processing Applicaion Noes Nonuniform sampling AN1 Sepember 2001 1 Inroducion To process signals digially, hey obviously have o be presened in he appropriae digial forma. Therefore
More informationBesides our own analog sensors, it can serve as a controller performing variegated control functions for any type of analog device by any maker.
SENSOR CTROERS SERIES High-funcional Digial Panel Conroller / Inpu Bes parner for analog sensors 2 Analog Inpu Versaile conrol wih analog sensors Besides our own analog sensors, i can serve as a conroller
More informationG E T T I N G I N S T R U M E N T S, I N C.
G E T T I N G I N S T R U M E N T S, I N C. WWW.GETTINGINSTRUMENTS.COM SAN DIEGO, CA 619-855-1246 DUAL MODE ANALOG / DIGITAL STIMULUS ISOLATION UNIT MODEL 4-AD INSTRUCTION MANUAL GETTING INSTRUMENTS, INC.
More informationOn Mopping: A Mathematical Model for Mopping a Dirty Floor
On Mopping: A Mahemaical Model for Mopping a Diry Floor Connor Palaucci McGill Universiy Faculy of Engineering Absrac Several imes in my life I have been old ha mopping he floor is no a valid mehod of
More informationLab 2 Position and Velocity
b Lab 2 Posiion and Velociy Wha You Need To Know: Working Wih Slope In las week s lab you deal wih a lo of graphing ideas. You will coninue o use one of hese ideas in his week s lab, namely slope. Howeer,
More informationTHE INCREASING demand to display video contents
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2014 797 Compressed-Domain Video Reargeing Jiangyang Zhang, Suden Member, IEEE, Shangwen Li, Suden Member, IEEE, andc.-c.jaykuo,fellow, IEEE
More informationTRANSFORM DOMAIN SLICE BASED DISTRIBUTED VIDEO CODING
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 6, No. 5 (2011) 542-550 School of Engineering, Taylor s Universiy TRANSFORM DOMAIN SLICE BASED DISTRIBUTED VIDEO CODING A. ELAMIN*, VARUN JEOTI, SAMIR
More informationFirst Result of the SMA Holography Experirnent
Firs Resul of he SMA Holography Experirnen Xiaolei Zhang Peer Brako Dan Oberlander Nimesh Pae1 Tirupai K. Sridharan A4nony A. Sark December 11, 1996 Submillimeer Array Memorandum, No. 102 Absrac This memo
More informationA Methodology for Evaluating Storage Systems in Distributed and Hierarchical Video Servers
A Mehodology for Evaluaing Sorage Sysems in Disribued and Hierarchical Video Servers William Tezlaff, Marin Kienzle, Dinkar Siaram BM T. J. Wason Research Cener Yorkown Heighs, NY 10598 Absrac Large scale
More informationA ROBUST DIGITAL IMAGE COPYRIGHT PROTECTION USING 4-LEVEL DWT ALGORITHM
Inernaional Journal of Advanced Technology in Engineering and Science wwwiaescom Volume No, Issue No, November 4 ISSN online: 348 755 A ROBUST DIGITAL IMAGE COPYRIGHT PROTECTION USING 4-LEVEL DWT ALGORITHM
More informationOverview ECE 553: TESTING AND TESTABLE DESIGN OF. Ad-Hoc DFT Methods Good design practices learned through experience are used as guidelines:
ECE 553: TESTING AND TESTABLE DESIGN OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS Design for Tesabiliy (DFT) - 1 Overview Definiion Ad-hoc mehods Scan design Design rules Scan regiser Scan flip-flops Scan es sequences Overhead
More informationAUTOCOMPENSATIVE SYSTEM FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE CAPACITANCES
6 Auocompensaive Sysem for Measuremen of he Capaciances Radioengineering ATOCOMPENSATIVE SYSTEM FOR MEASREMENT OF THE CAPACITANCES Marin KOLLÁR, Vikor ŠPÁNY, Tomáš GABAŠ Dep. of Elecronics and Mulimedia
More informationMULTI-VIEW VIDEO COMPRESSION USING DYNAMIC BACKGROUND FRAME AND 3D MOTION ESTIMATION
MULTI-VIEW VIDEO COMPRESSION USING DYNAMIC BACKGROUND FRAME AND 3D MOTION ESTIMATION Manoranjan Paul, Junbin Gao, Michael Anoolovich, and Terry Bossomaier School of Compuing and Mahemaics, Charles Sur
More informationCE 603 Photogrammetry II. Condition number = 2.7E+06
CE 60 Phoogrammery II Condiion number.7e06 CE 60 Phoogrammery II Condiion number.8 CE 60 Phoogrammery II CE 60 Phoogrammery II CE 60 Phoogrammery II CE 60 Phoogrammery II CE 60 Phoogrammery II Simulaed
More informationDigital Panel Controller
SENSOR CTROERS SERIES Digial Panel Conroller NPS / Inpu Bes Parner for Analog Sensors 2 Analog Inpu PS-18V Power Supply Versaile Conrol wih Analog Sensors Bornier : IP 20 Applicable SUNX s analog s Laser
More informationSC434L_DVCC-Tutorial 1 Intro. and DV Formats
SC434L_DVCC-Tuorial 1 Inro. and DV Formas Dr H.R. Wu Associae Professor Audiovisual Informaion Processing and Digial Communicaions Monash niversiy hp://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~hrw Email: hrw@csse.monash.edu.au
More informationMonitoring Technology
Monioring Technology IT ine Monior IR 9112/710, IS 9112/711, IS 9112/712 varimeer 0244240 Circui diagram IR 9112/710 IS 9112/712 According o IEC/EN 60 255, DIN VDE 0435-303, IEC/EN 61 557 For rooms used
More informationEX 5 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS (GROUP 1BT4) G
EX 5 IGITAL ELECTRONICS (GROUP BT4) G Afer compleing he ask and sudying Unis 2., 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, you will be able o (ick all ha apply): Explain he concep of memory in digial sysems and why we alk abou
More informationCircuit Breaker Ratings A Primer for Protection Engineers
Circui Breaker Raings A Primer for Proecion Engineers Bogdan Kaszenny, Schweizer Engineering Laboraories, Inc. Joe Rosron, Souhern Saes, LLC Absrac This paper explains he asymmerical shor-circui inerruping
More informationCoded Strobing Photography: Compressive Sensing of High-speed Periodic Events
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 1 Coded Srobing hoography: Compressive Sensing of High-speed eriodic Evens Ashok Veeraraghavan, Member, IEEE, Dikpal Reddy, Suden Member, IEEE,
More informationWorkflow Overview. BD FACSDiva Software Quick Reference Guide for BD FACSAria Cell Sorters. Starting Up the System. Checking Cytometer Performance
BD FACSDiva Sofware Quick Reference Guide for BD FACSAria Cell Sorers This guide conains insrucions for using BD FACSDiva sofware version 6. wih BD FACSAria cell sorers. Workflow Overview The following
More informationA Delay-efficient Radiation-hard Digital Design Approach Using CWSP Elements
A Delay-efficien Radiaion-hard Digial Design Approach Using SP Elemens Charu Nagpal Rajesh Garg Sunil P Khari Deparmen of EE, Texas A&M Universiy, College Saion TX 77843. Absrac In his paper, we presen
More informationA Delay-efficient Radiation-hard Digital Design Approach Using CWSP Elements
A Delay-efficien Radiaion-hard Digial Design Approach Using SP Elemens Charu Nagpal Rajesh Garg Sunil P Khari Deparmen of EE, Texas A&M Universiy, College Saion TX 77843. Absrac In his paper, we presen
More informationEnabling Switch Devices
Enabling Swich Devices A4EG A4EG Enabling Grip Swich wih Disinc Feel for Three Easily Discernible Posiions The difficul ask of configuring safey circuis is now easily achieved by combining he A4EG wih
More informationThe Art of Image Acquisition
HALCON Applicaion Noe The Ar of Image Acquisiion Provided Funcionaliy Connecing o simple and complex configuraions of frame grabbers and cameras Acquiring s in various iming modes Configuring frame grabbers
More informationTEA2037A HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL DEFLECTION CIRCUIT
APPLICATION NOTE HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL DEFLECTION CIRCUIT By B. D HALLUIN SUMMARY Page I INTRODUCTION....................................................... 2 II FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF................................
More informationDrivers Evaluation of Performance of LED Traffic Signal Modules
Civil Engineering Sudies Transporaion Engineering Series No. 120 Traffic Operaions Lab Series No. 5 UILU-ENG-2002-2010 ISSN-0917-9191 Drivers Evaluaion of Performance of LED Traffic Signal Modules By Rahim
More informationSolution Guide II-A. Image Acquisition. Building Vision for Business. MVTec Software GmbH
Soluion Guide II-A Image Acquisiion MVTec Sofware GmbH Building Vision for Business Overview Obviously, he acquisiion of s is a ask o be solved in all machine vision applicaions. Unforunaely, his ask mainly
More informationRegion-based Temporally Consistent Video Post-processing
Region-based Temporally Consisen Video Pos-processing Xuan Dong Tsinghua Universiy dongx1@mails.singhua.edu.cn Boyan Bonev UC Los Angeles bonev@ucla.edu Yu Zhu Norhwesern Polyechnical Universiy zhuyu1986@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
More informationSolution Guide II-A. Image Acquisition. HALCON Progress
Soluion Guide II-A Image Acquisiion HALCON 17.12 Progress The Ar of Image Acquisiion, Version 17.12 All righs reserved. No par of his publicaion may be reproduced, sored in a rerieval sysem, or ransmied
More informationUPDATE FOR DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL HOLLOW SECTION CONNECTIONS VOLUME 1 DESIGN MODELS, First edition 1996 A.A. SYAM AND B.G.
REF: ASI TN006 Version ASI Head Office Level 13, 99 Moun Sree Norh Sydney NSW 060 Tel: 0 9931 6666 Email: enquiries@seel.org.au (ABN)/ACN (94) 000973 839 www.seel.org.au ASI TECHNICAL NOTE TN006 V Auhors:
More informationThe Art of Image Acquisition
HALCON Applicaion Noe The Ar of Image Acquisiion Provided Funcionaliy Connecing o simple and complex configuraions of frame grabbers and cameras Acquiring s in various iming modes Configuring frame grabbers
More informationLABORATORY COURSE OF ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION BASED ON THE TELEMETRY OF SEVERAL PARAMETERS OF A REMOTE CONTROLLED CAR
Proceedings, XVII IMEKO World Congress, June 22 27, 2003, Dubrovnik, Croaia XVII IMEKO World Congress Merology in he 3rd Millennium June 22 27, 2003, Dubrovnik, Croaia LABORATORY COURSE OF ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION
More informationComputer Graphics Applications to Crew Displays
Fairfield Universiy DigialCommons@Fairfield Mahemaics Faculy Publicaions Mahemaics Deparmen 8-1-1983 Compuer Graphics Applicaions o Crew Displays Joan Wyzkoski Weiss Fairfield Universiy, weiss@fairfield.edu
More information2015 Communication Guide
2015 Communicaion Guide Polarec, LLC 46 Safford Sree Lawrence, MA 01841 Inquiries: info@polarec.com POLARTEC.COM 2015 Communicaion Guide Welcome 1 Overview 2 The Polarec Brand Collecion of Fabrics 3 Polarec
More informationR&D White Paper WHP 120. Digital on-channel repeater for DAB. Research & Development BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION.
R&D Whie Paper WHP 120 Sepember 2005 Digial on-channel repeaer for DAB A. Wiewiorka and P.N. Moss Research & Developmen BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION BBC Research & Developmen Whie Paper WHP 120 A.
More informationapplication software
applicaion sofware Dimmer KNX: 1, 3 and 4-fold Elecrical/Mechanical characerisics: see produc user manual Produc reference Produc designaion Applicaion sofware ref TP device Radio device TXA661A TXA661B
More informationReal-time Facial Expression Recognition in Image Sequences Using an AdaBoost-based Multi-classifier
Real-ime Facial Expression Recogniion in Image Sequences Using an AdaBoos-based Muli-classifier Chin-Shyurng Fahn *, Ming-Hui Wu, and Chang-Yi Kao * Naional Taiwan Universiy of Science and Technology,
More informationTruncated Gray-Coded Bit-Plane Matching Based Motion Estimation and its Hardware Architecture
1530 IEEE Transacions on onsumer Elecronics, Vol. 55, No. 3, AUGUST 2009 Truncaed Gray-oded Bi-Plane Maching Based Moion Esimaion and is Hardware Archiecure Anıl Çelebi, Suden Member, IEEE, Orhan Akbulu,
More informationLATCHES Implementation With Complex Gates
LECTURE 7 SEUENTIAL MOS LOGIC CIRCUITS Implemenaion Wih Primiive Gaes Lecure Goals * Undersand and be able o design: laches and flip-flops implemened wih primiive gaes laches and flip-flops implemened
More informationEvaluation of a Singing Voice Conversion Method Based on Many-to-Many Eigenvoice Conversion
INTERSEECH 2013 Evaluaion of a Singing Voice Conversion Mehod Based on Many-o-Many Eigenvoice Conversion Hironori Doi 1, Tomoki Toda 1, Tomoyasu Nakano 2, Masaaka Goo 2, Saoshi Nakamura 1 1 Graduae School
More informationSMD LED Product Data Sheet LTSA-G6SPVEKT Spec No.: DS Effective Date: 10/12/2016 LITE-ON DCC RELEASE
Produc Daa Shee Spec No.: DS35-2016-0088 Effecive Dae: 10/12/2016 Revision: - LITE-ON DCC RELEASE BNS-OD-FC001/A4 LITE-ON Technology Corp. / Opoelecronics No.90,Chien 1 Road, Chung Ho, New Taipei Ciy 23585,
More information(12) (10) Patent N0.: US 7,260,789 B2 Hunleth et a]. (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 21, 2007
Unied Saes Paen US007260789B2 (12) (10) Paen N0.: US 7,260,789 B2 Hunleh e a]. (45) Dae of Paen: Aug. 21, 2007 (54) METHOD OF REAL-TIME INCREMENTAL 5,671,342 A 9/1997 Millier e a1. ZOOMING 5,745,710 A
More informationapplication software
applicaion sofware Dimmer KNX: 2 and 4 oupus Elecrical/Mechanical characerisics: see produc user manual Produc reference Produc designaion Applicaion sofware ref TP device Radio device TXA662AN 2-fold
More informationAutomatic Selection and Concatenation System for Jazz Piano Trio Using Case Data
Proceedings of he 48h ISCIE Inernaional Symposium on Sochasic Sysems Theory and Is Applicaions Fukuoka, Nov. 4-5, 2016 Auomaic Selecion and Concaenaion Sysem for Jazz Piano Trio Using Case Daa Takeshi
More informationAN-605 APPLICATION NOTE
a AN-605 APPLICAION NOE One echnology Way P.O. Box 906 Norwood, MA 006-906 el: 7/39-4700 Fax: 7/36-703 www.analog.com Synchronizing Multiple AD95 DDS-Based Synthesizers by David Brandon INRODUCION Many
More informationQ = OCM Pro. Very Accurate Flow Measurement in partially and full filled Pipes and Channels
Q = Σ i i i OCM Pro Very ccurae Flow Measuremen in parially and full filled Pipes and Channels OCM Pro New in he Field of Flow Measuremen Measuremen of he Real Flow Velociy Profile Spaial llocaion of Single
More informationDIGITAL MOMENT LIMITTER. Instruction Manual EN B
DIGITAL MOMENT LIMITTER Insrucion Manual EN294 1379 B FORWARD Thank you very much for your purchasing Minebea s Momen Limier DML 802B. This manual explains insallaion procedures and connecing mehod and
More informationSupercompression for Full-HD and 4k-3D (8k) Digital TV Systems
Supercompression for Full-HD and 4k-3D (8k Digial TV Sysems Mario Masriani Absrac In his work, we developed he concep of supercompression, i.e., compression above he compression sandard used. In his conex,
More informationDeterminants of investment in fixed assets and in intangible assets for hightech
Nunes, P., Serrasqueiro, Z., & Maos, A. (2017). Deerminans of invesmen in fixed asses and in inangible asses for high-ech firms. Journal of Inernaional Sudies, 10(1), 173-179. doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-1/12
More informationAN ESTIMATION METHOD OF VOICE TIMBRE EVALUATION VALUES USING FEATURE EXTRACTION WITH GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODEL BASED ON REFERENCE SINGER
AN ESTIMATION METHOD OF VOICE TIMBRE EVALUATION VALUES USING FEATURE EXTRACTION WITH GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODEL BASED ON REFERENCE SINGER Soichi Yamane, Kazuhiro Kobayashi, Tomoki Toda 2, Tomoyasu Nakano 3,
More informationPersonal Computer Embedded Type Servo System Controller. Simple Motion Board User's Manual (Advanced Synchronous Control) -MR-EM340GF
Personal Compuer Embedded Type Servo Sysem Conroller Simple Moion Board User's Manual (Advanced Synchronous Conrol) -MR-EM340GF SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (Read hese precauions before using his produc.) Before
More informationNovel Power Supply Independent Ring Oscillator
Novel Power Supply Independen Ring Oscillaor MOHAMMAD HASSAN MONTASERI, HOSSEIN MIAR NAIMI ECE Deparmen Babol Universiy of Technology Shariay S, Babol, Mazandaran IRAN mh.monaseri@gmail.com Absrac: - A
More informationCHEATER CIRCUITS FOR THE TESTING OF THYRATRONS
. AUGUST 1954 43 CHEATER CIRCUITS FOR THE TESTING OF THYRATRONS I. MEASUREMENT OF GRID CURRENT hy M. W. BROOKER *) and D. G. WARE **). 621.387: 621.385.38 The range of hyrarons now being produced commercially
More informationMELSEC iq-f FX5 Simple Motion Module User's Manual (Advanced Synchronous Control) -FX5-40SSC-S -FX5-80SSC-S
MELSEC iq-f FX5 Simple Moion Module User's Manual (Advanced Synchronous Conrol) -FX5-40SSC-S -FX5-80SSC-S SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (Read hese precauions before use.) Before using his produc, please read his
More informationPhilips Reseàrch Reports
VOL. 30 No. 5 OCTOBER 1975 Philips Reseàrch Repors EDITED BY THE RESEARCH LABORATORY OF N.V. PHILIPS' GLOEILAMPENFABRlEKEN. EINDHOVEN, NETHERLANDS R928 Philips Res. Reps 30, 277-290, 1975 BaFCI :Eu2+,
More informationVideo Summarization from Spatio-Temporal Features
Video Summarizaion from Spaio-Temporal Feaures Rober Laganière, Raphael Bacco, Arnaud Hocevar VIVA lab SITE - Universiy of Oawa K1N 6N5 CANADA laganier@sie.uoawa.ca Parick Lamber, Grégory Païs LISTIC Polyech
More informationCommunication Systems, 5e
Communicaion Sysems, 5e Chaper 3: Signal Transmission and Filering A. Bruce Carlson aul B. Crilly 010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Chaper 3: Signal Transmission and Filering Response of LTI sysems Signal
More informationSOME FUNCTIONAL PATTERNS ON THE NON-VERBAL LEVEL
SOME FUNCTIONAL PATTERNS ON THE NON-VERBAL LEVEL A GREAT MANY words have been wrien on he subjec of 'beauy,' many very beauiful and many very wise. They explain quie clearly why cerain hings, or classes
More informationMean-Field Analysis for the Evaluation of Gossip Protocols
Mean-Field Analysis for he Evaluaion of Gossip Proocols Rena Bakhshi, Lucia Cloh, Wan Fokkink, Boudewijn Haverkor Deparmen of Compuer Science, Vrije Universiei Amserdam, Amserdam, Neherlands Cenre for
More informationIN THE FOCUS: Brain Products acticap boosts road safety research
Brain Producs Press Release Conens Issue N 3/2006 IN THE FOCUS IN THE FOCUS: Brain Producs acicap booss road safey research Brain Producs Inside Brain Producs New General Manager User Research Scienific
More informationSAFETY WARNING! DO NOT REMOVE THE MAINS EARTH CONNECTION!
INTRODUCTION The GL2 coninues ALLEN & HEATH s commimen o provide high qualiy audio mixing consoles engineered o mee he exacing requiremens of oday s audio business. I brings you he laes in high performance
More informationDiffusion in Concert halls analyzed as a function of time during the decay process
Audiorium Acousics 11, Dublin Diffusion in Concer halls analyzed as a funcion of ime during he decay process Claus Lynge Chrisensen & Jens Holger Rindel Odeon A/S, Lyngby, Denmark Agenda Why invesigae
More informationComputer Vision II Lecture 8
Compuer ercepual Vision and Sensor II Summer 4 Augmened Compuing Compuer ercepual Vision and Sensor II Summer 4 Augmened Compuing Compuer ercepual Vision and Sensor II Summer 4 Augmened Compuing Compuer
More informationComputer Vision II Lecture 8
Compuer ercepual Vision and Sensor II Summer 4 Augmened Compuing Compuer Vision II Lecure 8 Tracking wih Linear Dnamic Models 2.5.24 Basian Leibe RWTH Aachen hp://www.vision.rwh-aachen.de leibe@vision.rwh-aachen.de
More informationVideo inpainting of complex scenes based on local statistical model
Video inpaining of complex scenes based on local saisical model Voronin V.V. (a), Sizyakin R.A. (a), Marchuk V.I. (a), Yigang Cen (b), Galusov G.G. (c), Egiazarian K.O. (d) ; (a) Don Sae Technical universiy,
More informationThe Impact of e-book Technology on Book Retailing
The Impac of e-book Technology on Book Reailing Yabing Jiang Graduae School of Business Adminisraion Fordham Universiy yajiang@fordham.edu Evangelos Kasamakas Graduae School of Business Adminisraion Fordham
More informationVECM and Variance Decomposition: An Application to the Consumption-Wealth Ratio
Inernaional Journal of Economics and Finance; Vol. 9, No. 6; 2017 ISSN 1916-971X E-ISSN 1916-9728 Published by Canadian Cener of Science and Educaion VECM and Variance Decomposiion: An Applicaion o he
More informationAutomatic location and removal of video logos
Auomaic locaion and removal of video logos Wei-Qi Yan 1 Jun Wang 2 Mohan S. Kankanhalli 1 1 School of Compuing Naional Universi of Singapore Singapore e-mail: {anwq mohan}@comp.nus.edu.sg 2 Facul of Elecrical
More informationStudent worksheet: Spoken Grammar
Grammar o go! Language healh-check Suden workshee: Spoken Grammar Time for your language healh-check. Find ou how Grammar Scan can help you achieve greaer accuracy. Firs do he diagnosic ess o check your
More informationAnd the Oscar Goes to...peeeeedrooooo! 1
And he Oscar Goes o...peeeeedrooooo! 1 Bey Agnani and Henry Aray 2 Universiy of Granada November, 2010 Absrac In his aricle we are ineresed in how he producion of Spanish feaure films reacs o an Oscar
More informationSigning Naturally, Teacher s Curriculum Guide, Units 7 12 Copyright 2014 Lentz, Mikos, Smith All Rights Reserved.
Signing Naurally, Teacher s Curriculum Guide, Unis 7 12 Copyrigh 2014 Lenz, Mikos, Smih All Righs Reserved. No par of his book (excep brief quoaions o be included in a review) may be reproduced, sored
More informationTUBICOPTERS & MORE OBJECTIVE
The Mah Projecs Journal Page 1 LESSON PLAN TUBICOPTERS & MORE OBJECTIVE The goal of his lesson is wo-fol:1) Suens raw conclusions from graphs wihin conexs an 2) Suens use hese conexs o iscern he meaning
More informationUnited States Patent (19) Gardner
Unied Saes Paen (19) Gardner 4) MICRPRGRAM CNTRL UNITS (7) Invenor: Peer Lyce Gardner, Tolebank, England (73) Assignee: Inernaional Business Machines Corporaion, Armonk, N.Y. 22 Filed: Nov. 13, 197 (21)
More informationTheatrical Feature Film Trade in the United States, Europe, and Japan since the 1950s: An Empirical Study of the Home Market Effect
Thearical Feaure Film Trade in he Unied Saes, Europe, and Japan since he 1950s: An Empirical Sudy of he Home Marke Effec David Waerman Dep. of Telecommunicaions Indiana Universiy 1229 E. 7 h S. Bloomingon,
More informationTrinitron Color TV KV-TG21 KV-PG21 KV-PG14. Operating Instructions M70 M61 M40 P70 P (1)
4-084-17-1(1) Triniron Color TV Operaing Insrucions Before operaing he uni, please read his manual horoughly and reain i for fuure reference. GB KV-TG1 KV-PG1 KV-PG14 001 Sony Corporaion M70 M61 M40 P70
More informationSinging voice detection with deep recurrent neural networks
Singing voice deecion wih deep recurren neural neworks Simon Leglaive, Romain Hennequin, Roland Badeau To cie his version: Simon Leglaive, Romain Hennequin, Roland Badeau. Singing voice deecion wih deep
More informationMarjorie Thomas' schemas of Possible 2-voice canonic relationships
Marjorie Thomas' schemas of Possible 2-voice canon Real Time Tempo Canons wih Anescofo Chrisopher Trapani Columbia Universiy, New York cm2150@columbia.edu ABSTRACT Wih recen advances in score-following
More informationBLOCK-BASED MOTION ESTIMATION USING THE PIXELWISE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MOTION COMPENSATION ERROR
Signal & Image Processing : An Inernaional Journal SIPIJ Vol.3 No.5 Ocober 2012 BLOCK-BASED MOTION ESTIMATION USING THE PIXELWISE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MOTION COMPENSATION ERROR Jun-Yong Kim 1 Rae-Hong
More informationf, I f, f, t t A Tale of Two Cities : A Study of Conference Room Videoconf erencing I ELEI{TE)ENLE 0nulo Telepresence Project
. T. T T f, f, f, ELE{TE)ENLE 0nulo Telepresence Projec A Tale of Two Ciies : A Sudy of Conference Room Videoconf erencing Gale Mooe OMARTO TELEPRESEN CE P RO E CT December'1994 T T l Execuive S ln lae
More informationLCD Module Specification
LCD Module Specificaion Model: LG128643-SMLYH6V Table of Conens COVER & CONTENTS 1 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS 2 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS 3 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4 OPERATING PRINCIPLES & METHODES 7 DISPLAY
More informationType: Source: PSU: Followspot Optics: Standard: Features Optical Fully closing iris cassette: Long lamp life (3000 h) Factory set optical train:
f Manon - 1419C Compac - 1200 W MSD Type: Followspo Source: 1200 W MSD PSU: Magneic Opics: 13 o 24 zoom Sandard: 110 V Norh american Followspo Economical ye full of feaures The full range of feaures on
More informationH3CR. Multifunctional Timer Twin Timer Star-delta Timer Power OFF-delay Timer H3CR-A H3CR-AS H3CR-AP H3CR-A8 H3CR-A8S H3CR-A8E H3CR-G.
Solid-sae Timer H3CR Please read and undersand his caalog before purchasing he producs. Please consul your OMRON represenaive if you have any quesions or commens. Refer o Warrany and Applicaion Consideraions
More informationZEP - 644SXWW 640SX - LED 150 W. Profile spot
f ZEP - 644SXWW 640SX - LED 150 W Type: Profile spo Source: LED 150 W PSU: Elecronic - DMX Opics: 16 o 35 zoom Colour emperaure: 3200 K Profile spo The new powerful LED profile An evoluion of he award-winning
More informationSource and Channel Coding Issues for ATM Networks y. ECSE Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, U.S.A
Source and Channel Coding Issues for ATM Neworks y V.Parhasarahy, J.W.Modesino and K.S.Vasola ECSE Deparmen, Rensselaer Polyechnic Insiue, Troy, NY 12180, U.S.A Email: ParhasarahyV@indy.ce.com, fmodesin,vasolag@ecse.rpi.edu
More informationHierarchical Sequential Memory for Music: A Cognitive Model
10h Inernaional Sociey for Music Informaion Rerieval Conference (ISMIR 009) Hierarchical Sequenial Memory for Music: A Cogniive Model James B. Maxwell Simon Fraser Universiy Philippe Pasquier Simon Fraser
More informationAdaptive Resampling - Transforming From the Time to the Angle Domain
Adaptive Resampling - Transforming From the Time to the Angle Domain Jason R. Blough, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Department Michigan Technological University
More informationSartorius Combics Series
Operaing Insrucions Sarorius Combics Series Indicaor Models CAISL1, CAISL2, CAIS1, CAIS2 98648-018-24 Conens Conens Noes on Using his Manual..................... 3 Warnings and Safey Precauions.................
More information